HISTORICAL

EVOLUTION OF
NURSING
 Historical Evolution of Nursing

 Period of Intuitive Nursing/Medieval Period

 Period of Apprentice Nursing/Middle Ages/

Renaissance

 Period of Educated Nursing/Nightingale Era 19th-20th

century/ Modern Nursing

 Period of Contemporary Nursing/20th Century

 I. Period of Intuitive Nursing/ Medieval Period
 Nursing was “untaught” and instinctive. It was
performed out of compassion for others, out of
the wish to help others.

 Nursing was a function that belonged to women.

It was viewed as a natural nurturing job for
women. She is expected to take good care of
the children, the sick and the aged.

 No caregiving training is evident. It was based

on experience and observation.
 Period of Intuitive Nursing/ Medieval Period…

 Primitive men believed that illness was

caused by the invasion of the victim’s
body of evil spirits.

 They believed that the medicine man,

Shaman or witch doctor had the power to
heal by using white magic, hypnosis,
charms, dances, incantation, purgatives,
massage, fire, water and herbs as a
means of driving illness from the victim.
 Trephining – drilling a hole in the skull
with a rock or stone without anesthesia. It
was a last resort to drive evil spirits from
the body of the afflicted.
II. Period of Apprentice Nursing/Middle Ages/
Renaissance
 Care was done by crusaders,
prisoners, religious orders
 Nursing care was performed
without any formal education
and by people who were
directed by more experienced
nurses (on the job training).
 This kind of nursing was
developed by religious orders
of the Christian Church.
Period of Apprentice  Nursing went down to the lowest level (Dark
Nursing/Middle Ages/ Period of Nursing 17th to 19th century)
Renaissance…
 The wrath/anger of Protestantism;
confiscated properties of hospitals and
schools connected with Roman Catholicism.
 Nurses fled their lives; soon there was
shortage of people to care for the sick
 Hundreds of hospitals closed, there was no
provision for the sick, no one to care for the
sick
 Nursing became the work of the least
desirable of women – prostitutes, alcoholics,
prisoners
 Pastor Theodore Fliedner and his wife, Frederika established
the Kaiserswerth Institute for the training of Deaconesses (the
1st formal training school for nurses) in Germany.
 This was where Florence Nightingale received her 3-month
course of study in nursing.
III. Period of Educated Nursing/ Nightingale Era
19th-20th century/ Modern Nursing
 The development of nursing during this
period was strongly influenced by:
 trends resulting from wars – Crimean, civil
war
 arousal of social consciousness
 emancipation of women
 increased educational opportunities
offered to women.
 Florence Nightingale was asked by Sir
Sidney Herbert of the British War
Department to recruit female nurses to
provide care for the sick and injured in
the Crimean War.
 In 1860, The Nightingale Training School
of Nurses opened at St. Thomas Hospital
in London.

 The school served as a model for other

training schools. Its graduates traveled to
other countries to manage hospitals and
institute nurse-training programs.
The Nightingale Training School of Nurses
 Nightingale focus: vision of nursing was more on developing the
profession within hospitals. Nurses should be taught in hospitals
associated with medical schools and that the curriculum should include
both theory and practice.

 It was the 1st school of nursing that provided both theory-based

knowledge and clinical skill building.

 Nursing evolved as an art and science

 Formal nursing education and nursing service begun
 FACTS ABOUT FLORENCE NIGHTINGALE
 Mother of modern nursing. Lady with the Lamp because of her achievements in
improving the standards for the care of war casualties in the Crimean war.
 Born may 12, 1800 in Florence, Italy
 Raised in England in an atmosphere of culture and affluence
 Not contended with the social custom imposed upon her as a Victorian Lady, she
developed her self-appointed goal: To change the profile of Nursing
 She compiled notes of her visits to hospitals and her observations of the sanitary
facilities, social problems of the places she visited.
 Noted the need for preventive medicine and good nursing
 Advocated for care of those afflicted with diseases caused by lack of hygienic
practices
 FACTS ABOUT FLORENCE NIGHTINGALE
 At age 31, she entered the Deaconesses School at Kaiserswerth inspite of her family’s
resistance to her ambitions. She became a nurse over the objections of society and her
family.
 Worked as a superintendent for Gentlewomen Hospital, a charity hospital for ill
governesses.
 Disapproved the restrictions on admission of patients and considered this unchristian and
incompatible with health care
 Upgraded the practice of nursing and made nursing an honorable profession for women.
 Led nurses that took care of the wounded during the Crimean war
 Put down her ideas in 2 published books: “Notes on Nursing, What It Is and What It Is
Not” and “Notes on Hospitals.”
 She revolutionized the public’s perception of nursing (not the image of a doctor’s
handmaiden) and the method for educating nurses.
 IV. Period of Contemporary Nursing/20th Century

 Licensure of nurses started

 Specialization of hospital and diagnosis
 Training of nurses in diploma program
 Development of baccalaureate and advance
degree programs
 Scientific and technological development as
well as social changes marked this period.
◼ Health is perceived as a fundamental human right
◼ Nursing involvement in community health
 Technological advances – disposable supplies
and equipment
 Expanded roles of nurses was developed
◼WHO was established by the
United Nations

◼Aerospace Nursing was

developed

◼Useof atomic energies for

medical diagnosis, treatment
◼Computers were utilized for data collection, teaching, diagnosis,
inventory, payrolls, record keeping, billing.

◼Use of sophisticated equipment for diagnosis and therapy.

HISTORY OF NURSING
IN THE PHILIPPINES
 History of Nursing in The Philippines
1. Early Beliefs, Practices and Care of the sick
2. Early Hospitals during the Spanish Regime
3. Prominent personages involved during the Philippine Revolution
4. Hospitals & Schools of Nursing
5. Colleges of Nursing
 Early Beliefs, Practices and Care of the Sick

 Early Filipinos subscribed to superstitious

beliefs and practices in relation to health
and sickness
 Diseases, their causes and treatment were
associated with mysticism and superstitions
 Cause of disease was caused by another
person (an enemy or witch) or evil spirits
 Persons suffering from diseases without any
cause were believed to be bewitched by a
“mangkukulam”
Early Beliefs, Practices and Care of the Sick…

• Difficult childbirth was attributed

to “nonos”
• Evil spirits could be driven away
by persons with powers to expel
demons
• Belief in special gods of healing:
priest-physician, witch doctors,
herbolarios
 Early Hospitals during the Spanish Regime

 Religious orders exerted efforts to care for the sick by building

hospitals in different parts of the Philippines:
 1577 - Hospital Real de Manila
 1578 - San Lazaro Hospital

 1586 – Hospital de Indios

 1590 – Hospital de Aguas Santas

 1596 – San Juan de Dios Hospital

Prominent persons involved during the Philippine Revolution

Josephine Bracken – wife of Rose Sevilla de Alvaro – Hilaria de Aguinaldo –

Jose Rizal; installed a field converted their house into wife of Emilio
hospital in an estate in Tejeros quarters for Filipino Aguinaldo; organized
that provided nursing care to Soldiers during the Fil- the Filipino Red Cross
the wounded night and day American war in 1899
Melchora Aquino Agueda Kahabagan – Trinidad Tecson (Ina Gregoria de Jesus -
(Tandang Sora) – revolutionary leader ng Biak na Bato) – rendered great
Florence Nightingale in Laguna; provided stayed in the hospital service to
of the Philippines;
nursing services to her at Biac na Bato to the revolutionary cause
nursed the wounded
Filipino soldiers & troops care for the wounded by nursing the
gave them shelter and soldiers sick/wounded soldiers
food and raising material
relief for them
 Hospitals & Schools of Nursing
 1900 - St. Paul’s Hospital School of Nursing, Intramuros Manila
 1906 - Iloilo Mission Hospital Training School of Nursing

 1909 – distinction of graduating the 1st trained nurses in the

Phils. With no standard requirements for admission of

applicants except their “willingness to work”
Hospitals & Schools of Nursing
 April 1946 – a board exam was held outside of Manila. It was held
in the Iloilo Mission Hospital thru the request of Ms. Loreto Tupas,
principal of the school.
 1907 - St. Luke’s Hospital School of Nursing opened after four years
as a dispensary clinic.
 1907 - Mary Johnston Hospital School of Nursing
 1910 - Philippines General Hospital School of Nursing
 Colleges of Nursing
 UST College of Nursing – 1st College of Nursing in the Phils: 1946
 MCU College of Nursing – June 1947 (1st College who offered BSN –
4 year program)
 UP College of Nursing – June 1948
 FEU Institute of Nursing – June 1955
 UE College of Nursing – Oct 1958
 Milestones of Nursing in the Philippines
 1909 – 3 female graduated as “qualified medical-surgical nurses”

 1919 – The 1st Nurses Law (Act#2808) was enacted regulating the practice
of the nursing profession in the Philippines Islands. It also provided the
holding of exam for the practice of nursing on the 2nd Monday of June and
December of each year.

 1920 – 1st board examination for nurses was conducted by the Board of
Examiners, 93 candidates took the exam, 68 passed with the highest rating
of 93.5%-Anna Dahlgren

 theoretical exam was held at the UP Amphitheater of the College of

Medicine and Surgery. Practical exam at the PGH Library.
 1922 – (October 15, 1922) Filipino
Nurses Association was established (now
PNA) as the National Organization of
Filipino Nurses

 PNA first President – Rosario Delgado

 PNA Founder – Anastacia Giron-Tupas

 1953 –Republic Act 877, known as the “Nursing Practice Law” was
approved.

 RA 7164 – Philippine Nursing Act of 1991

 RA 9173 – Philippine Nursing Act of 2002

 SAN PEDRO COLLEGE
 founded in 1956 by the Dominican Sisters of the Trinity
from Quebec , Canada .
 began as a school of nursing of the San Pedro Hospital,
the first Catholic hospital in Mindanao , which the
religious sisters have been operating since their arrival
in 1948
 San Pedro Hospital School of Nursing:
 Foundations laid by Sr. Pauline Guilmette, OP and Sr. Cecil
Denis, OP
 Acquisition of land was facilitated by Most Rev. Clovis
Thibaut, PME
EVOLUTION OF NURSING EDUCATION
 Florence
Nightingale
emphasized that
the focus for
preparing nurses
should be through
nursing education,
not nursing service.
EVOLUTION OF NURSING EDUCATION
Evolutionary process of nursing education:
 Began as simple teaching on how to carry basic

nurturing measures
 Progressed to apprenticeships under physicians
and nurses
 Moved into hospitals where schools were

established (on-the-job training)

 Entered colleges and universities – formal
education programs leading to academic degrees.