10 - Chapter 4
10 - Chapter 4
10 - Chapter 4
Chapter 4
INTRODUCTION
The Researcher in this Chapter, for the sake of convenience of Readers, has
incorporated the views on the concept of „Entrepreneurship‟, as expressed by different
Economists belonging to different Schools of Economics / Ideology .
This Chapter also covers, in brief, the common problems faced by Women
Entrepreneurs in India. The Annexure 1 and 2 to this Chapter cover a brief account of
leading Women Entrepreneurs in India and Women Entrepreneurs‟ Organizations /
Associations in India and abroad, respectively. This will help the Readers to know
and realize the extent of development of entrepreneurship among women in terms of its
trend, characteristics and scope.
This Chapter, therefore, is divided in to Two Sections and Two Annexure as
follow :
Section 1
Entrepreneurship
The word „entrepreneur‟ was applied to business in the 18th century by the
French economists, the first to introduce the term Entrepreneur defined him as an agent
who purchases the means of production for converting into marketable products, sold
at a price which he would receive for his manufactured products.3
According to the I.L.O., “entrepreneurs are people who have the ability to see
and evaluate business opportunities, to gather the necessary resources, to take
advantage of them and to initiate appropriate action to ensure success.”4
132
Sociologists consider entrepreneur as a sensitive energizer, the Psychologists
look upon him as conductive to development and Political Scientists consider him as a
leader of the system, for Economists consider him as an agent or initiator of
9
economic growth.
134
bearer of non-insurable risk. Both, Cantillion and Say have extended the concept of
entrepreneurship to every economic activity and regarded everybody as an important
entrepreneur. 13
The classical economists never defined the term entrepreneur precisely. Words
like adventure, undertaker and projector were used in the writings of Adam Smith,
Pigou and others too.
From among Neo-classical theorists are (2.1) Leon Walrus (2.2) Alfred
Marshall (2.3) John Stuart Mill (2.4) Francis Walker (2.5) Francis Hawley (2.6) J. M.
Keynes. In this period a clear distinguish was made between an entrepreneur and a
capitalists. No major changes or additions in the concept of entrepreneurship are visible
, however, it portrays the flow of thinking during that period.
Leon Walrus considered entrepreneur as a coordinator of factors of production.
He treated an entrepreneur as the 4th factor of production who, with the help of other
factors, like, land, labour and capital, buys productive services and sales goods.22
Alfred Marshall defined entrepreneurship in a comprehensive manner and
assigned risk bearing and management as the main function of the entrepreneur. He
mentioned the difference between the functions of the capitalists and management. But
he did not elaborate the difference. According to him an entrepreneur is an individual
who „adventures‟ or „undertakes risks‟, who brings together the capital and the labour
required for the work, who arranges or engineers its general plan and who superintends
its minor details. He stresses on the aspect of coordination and organization.23
John Stuart Mill emphasized the function of direction in production in
production process and he stressed that the function requires “no ordinary skill”. He
advocated the word in the sense of organizer who was paid for his non-manual type of
work. He stressed upon the function of direction in production and this function
requires extraordinary skills. .24
Francis Walker made a distinction between capitalists and entrepreneur
considering entrepreneur as engineer of progress and the chief agent of production.
According to him, the true entrepreneur is one who is endowed with more than average
capacities in the task of organizing and coordinating the various other factors of
136
production. He should be a pioneer and a captain of industry. The supply of such
entrepreneurs is, however quite limited. Eterpriser, in general, consists of several
grades of organizations, skills and capabilities. The more efficient entrepreneurs
receive a surplus reward over and above the managerial wages and this sum constitutes
true profit ascribable to superior talent. A spirit of enterpriser distinguishes
entrepreneurs from managers, capitalists and professionals. .25
Francis Hawley described risk taking as a distinguishing attributes of the
entrepreneurs and ranked this at par with the other factors of production, like, land,
labour and capital . 26
J. M. Keynes placed the entrepreneurs in the role of a decision-maker within
the firm. His function is to fix the amount of employment at that level which is
expected to maximize the amount of employment at that level which is expected to
maximize the excess of the proceeds over the factory costs. Keynes entrepreneur is an
active factor of production. He must face uncertainty, in his ability to forecast
demand. 27
137
Knight‟s view, entrepreneurs bear with responsibility and the consequences of making
decisions. Under uncertainties, the entrepreneur can make profits, since, the lack of
sufficient knowledge prevents the perfect adjustment of supply by competitors to a
non-profit equilibrium. Knight‟s explanation has the advantage of making profit, as a
return to the function of entrepreneurship. 29
According to him entrepreneur has to act in anticipation of future events.
Entrepreneur earns profit because he undertakes risks. Knight calls the non-insurable
risk as uncertainty. He classifies risk into two types, i.e. insurable risk and non-
insurable risk. Entrepreneur can safeguard / protect himself from insurable risk by
insurance policy, which is not possible with respect to Non-insurable risk, for which he
earns profit. Uncertainty bearing, therefore is an essential element of
entrepreneurship. 30
After having traced the origin and growth of the concept of entrepreneurship, it
is necessary to refer to the developments in the concept during the last two or three
decades, when there have been rapid changes in the World Economy.
John H. Kunkel states that the Industrial entrepreneurship depends upon four
structures. They are limitation structure, demand structure, opportunity structure and
labour structure, usually found within a society or community. According to him, the
supply of entrepreneurs depends on the existence and extent to which these four factors
144
are found in a society or community. Entrepreneurship depends on a combination of
circumstances that are difficult to create and easy to destroy. 66 The theory is based on
experimental psychology, identifies sociological variables as the determinants of
entrepreneurial supply.
John H. Kunkel has developed a behavioral model, which presumes that that
internal state of man is unpredictable and beyond the scope of measurement and
objective analysis. The model is concerned with the activities of individuals and their
relations with social structures and physical condition. "According to this behavioral
model, the determinants of an individual's activities are to be found largely in the
conditioning procedures, both deliberate and accidental to which he has been subjected
in the past and in the sets of reinforcing and discriminative stimuli which become part
of his behavioral chains and are part of present social context." 67
Peter Drucker define entrepreneur as one, who always searches for change,
responds to it and exploits it as an opportunity. Entrepreneurs are always innovative
in nature. According to him Entrepreneurs are innovators. 68
145
always looks for a change, responds to it and exploits it as an opportunity. An
entrepreneur innovates and creates resources to be used for economic values.
Entrepreneur converts material into resource and combine them for more productive
use. 71
146
His observation on the democratic social structure that affords numerous choices is also
75
very significant.
David McClelland concerned himself with economic growth and the factors that
influence it. He wanted to find the „internal factors‟, i.e. „human values and motives that
lead men to exploit opportunities and take advantage of favorable trade conditions‟.
147
Hisrich defines entrepreneurship as the process of creating something new with
value, by devoting the necessary time and effort, assuming the accompanying financial,
psychic, and social risks and receiving the resulting rewards of monetary and personal
satisfaction and independence.
He states that the entrepreneurs emerge from diverse activities with multiple
dimensions, such as (1) profession based, like engineering, medical, agricultural and
industrial entrepreneurs, and (2) behavior based, like innovation, imitative, Fabian and
drone entrepreneurs. In behavior-based, varied behaviourial traits decide the nature and
type of entrepreneurship. Socio-economic background of entrepreneurs, their problems,
and the attitude of the government towards industries, decide nature and type of
industrial entrepreneurship. 81
Kakinada is a well developed District Town of Andhra Pradesh with high rate
of literacy and modest industrial structure. McClelland conducted the „Experiment‟,
initially, in America, Mexico and Mumbai, and subsequently a fledged programme in
Kakinada of Andhra Pradesh in 1964 and, hence, the Experiment goes in the name of
said Town as “Kakinada Experiment”. The said “Kakinada Experiment” conducted by
McClelland believes that inducement achievement may help to break barriers of
“limited aspiration”. Under this experiment 52 young adults / participants were
selected from business and industrial community and were put through three months
orientation / training programme at the Small Industries Extension Training ( SIET )
Institute at Hyderabad, with an objective to induce the achievement motivation. The
training was designed (1) to stimulate the imagination and encourage introspection
149
into personal motivational and community goals (2) trainees were asked to control
their thinking and talk to themselves positively, (3) to imagine themselves the need of
challenges and success for which they had to set planned and achievable goals, and
strive to get concrete and frequent feedback , (4) to try to imitate their role models /
those who performed well. 84(a)
It was observed that after two years that who have completed the training
course performed well as compared to comparable groups who did not complete the
training. In order to assess the need for achievement, McClelland used Thematic
Appreciation Test (TAT). With the results of Kakinada experiment, McClelland
arrived at conclusion that (1) participant displayed most active business behavior, and
(2) referred to worked longer hours,
It was observed with McClelland‟s Kakinada Experiment that (1) traditional
beliefs did not determine the mental make-up of the participants, (2) participants have
an urge to do something and have an opportunity to do so in their business. (3) suitable
training can provide necessary motivation to an entrepreneur, (4) the achievement
motivation had a positive impact on the performance of the participants, (5) Kakinada
Experiment made people realize the importance of EDP ( Entrepreneurial Development
Programme) to induce motivation and competence in young and prospective
entrepreneurs.
Kakinada Experiment is used in number of other programmes to initiate
technical personnel to start their own new enterprise. In Gujarat number of various
State Agencies, under EDP ( Entrepreneurial Development Programme ) have tried to
perused persons to set-up their own enterprise., whereas, in Andhra Pradesh the Small
Industrial Development Corporation Ltd (APSSIDC) is assisting technically qualified
personnel to become entrepreneurs through Orientation Programme of SIET Institute.
With the success of Experiments in Gujarat and Andhra Pradesh, Ministry of Industrial
Development also introduced scheme for helping technical personnel to become
entrepreneurs. In U. S A. “Junior Achievement Programme” and in U. K. “Young
Entrepreneurs Programme” have been introduced with same objectives. Making
people achievement oriented or inculcate in them need for achievement was the basic
objective of such programmes based on the experience of Kakinada Experiment.
Through these programmes efforts were made to spread ambitions which is well
conceived, carefully planned, with calculated risk-taking, appropriate and timely
150
decision making and proper, without delay, execution to make ambitions more
84(b).
meaningful and fruitful.
151
4.1.4 Psychologists View :
According to William Drayton from Ashoka (NGO), there exist people, who
have vision, creativity and tenacity, but who are possessed with a need to make a
difference, to change society. These are social entrepreneurs. These are rare men and
women who possess vision, creativity and extraordinary determination to introduce
solution to social problems. 93 For social entrepreneurs, a potential to change lives, is
enormous.
152
Verghese Kurien of AMUL, Rippan Kapur of CRY, Jeroo Billimoria of
Childline, Sonali Ojha of Dream Catcher, are the good examples of social
entrepreneurship in India.
153
factors of production and creating values by employing them, 6) Different from
capitalist, the one who is coordinator and supervisor and agent of production.
2) For Neo-Classical School of Economics : Entrepreneur is one 1) Who
coordinates the functions of production, 2) An adventurer, risk bearer,
coordinator and organizer, 3) Pioneer and captain of industry, 4) Risk taker, 5)
Decision maker, active factor of production, forecaster of demand,
3) For Modern School of Economics : Entrepreneur is one 1) Who is a bearer of
responsibility and consequences of decision making under uncertainty, 2)
Seeking investment and production opportunities, 3) Risk taker and decision
maker, 4) Risk bearer, innovator, initiator of activities to generate profit by
production and distribution, 5) ( with religious consideration ) One with a set
of attitude for acquisition of money, 6) Seeking opportunities to create
something new, i. e. creativity, 7) Active and enthusiastic participant, 8)
Possessor of skill to build organization, 9) With possessing creative ideas of
producing consumer‟s goods, 10) The introducer of new ideas, providing
economic leadership, problem solver leading to economic development.
4) For Contemporary School of Economics : Entrepreneur is one with 1)
Initiating economic transition with socio-cultural approach, 2) Performs the
function of „gap-filling‟, „ input-completing activity ‟, 3) Performing multi-
dimensional functions related to manufacturing, 4) Dealing with combination
of factors of production and situation difficult to create and easy to destroy, 5)
Searching for change, respondents to and exploits it, 6) Possessing drive for
amass wealth, ability to lead and face uncertainties, 7) Doing things new and
better ways with decision making under uncertainties.
In addition to what has been stated against Points No. 1 to 7, the
following additional consideration have also been viewed by Contemporary
Economists and by those who have contributed to the „meaning and concept
of Entrepreneur‟ recently: 8) Creative problem solver, 9) Entrepreneurship
depends on four factors, limitations structure, opportunities structure, demand
structure and labour structure, 10) Exploits change as an opportunity for
different businesses, an opportunity for successful innovation, 11) An activity
generated by family background experience, an organizational phenomenon
coordinating individual efforts, 12 ) Achievement orientation, those with high
154
achievement not influenced by money reward i. e. profit, whereas those with
low achievement are influenced by profit, 13) The one who brings resources
into combinations that make their value greater by introducing changes /
innovations and a new order, 14) One driven by certain forces to obtain or
attain something, to experiment, to accomplish, or to perhaps to escape the
authority of others, 15) Appears as a threat, an aggressive competitor, a
source of supply, and one who creates wealth by utilizing resources, reducing
waste, and produces jobs others. 16) Entrepreneur is influenced by three
factors, his attitude towards the occupation, the role expectations from the
sanction groups and operational requirement of the job. 17) Entrepreneur is a
bridge between innovation / science and market. 18) Entrepreneurs today are
more adapter and imitators than true innovator.
The Researcher has tried to give a brief account of the views expressed by
different Economists on term „Entrepreneurship‟ and its conceptual evolution from
Classical School of Economics till Contemporary School of Economics i. e. from
Richard Cantillon till Peter Drucker and David McClelland, and also by those who
have contributed to the „meaning and concept of Entrepreneur‟ recently.
The Researcher in Chapter 10 , on Theoretical Tenet, will try to arrive at some
inferences, as to, what extent Women Entrepreneurs running home-based occupations
in Non-professional Unorganised Informal Service Sector, covered under present
research, satisfy the characteristics of the term „Entrepreneurs‟ as viewed by different
Economists belonging to different Schools of Economics, till recent period.
95
4.1.7 Classification of Entrepreneurs :
The entrepreneurs in business are broadly classified according to (a) the types of
business, (b) use of professional skill, (c) motivation, (d) growth and (e) stages of
development.
Clarence Danhof classifies entrepreneurs on the basis of stage of economic
development, some others have classified on the basis of their functions and
characteristics. The former reflects the role played by the entrepreneurs in the economic
development, and the later reflects the degree of their involvement.
155
The Researcher has tried to accommodate her Respondents from the broad
range of entrepreneurs, according to types of entrepreneur.
Since the subject matter of the present Thesis is not on meaning and concept of
Entrepreneurship and Entrepreneurial Motivation, the Researcher, for the sake of
convenience of Reader, prefers to make a mention of Theories of Entrepreneurship and
Entrepreneurial Motivation. This will help the interested Reader to go through the
original theories in details.
Economic Theory, Sociological Theory, Psychological Theory and Entrepreneur
Innovation Theory, High Achievement Theory, Acquired Needs Theory ( Motivation
Theory) are the different theories giving meaning and explanation of the concept of
97
the term „Entrepreneurship‟.
According to Economic Theory, Entrepreneurship and economic growth take
place when economic conditions are favourable. Economic incentives are the main
motivating factors for entrepreneurial activities such as taxation policy, sources of
finance and raw material, infrastructure availably, investment and marketing
opportunities, access to information about market condition, technology, etc.
According to Sociological Theory, Entrepreneurship is likely to get boost in a
particular social culture, social values, religious belief, customs, influence of taboos,
etc. The entrepreneur is a role performer according to role expectations by the society.
According to Psychological Theory, Entrepreneur gets the boost when society
has sufficient supply of individuals with necessary psychological characteristics, which
include need for high achievement, a vision or a foresight, ability to face opposition.
These characteristics are formed during upbringing of individual which stress on
standard of excellence, self-reliance and low father domination.
157
According to Entrepreneur Innovation Theory ( by Joseph Schumpeter ),
entrepreneur is innovative, creative and has foresight to introduce new product, new
method of production, opens new market, new source of raw material, new
organizational system.
According to High Achievement Theory ( by McClellend ), McClellend
identifies two characteristics of entrepreneurship (a) doing things in new and better
way and (b) decision making under uncertainty. They are not influenced by money or
external incentives. Profit for them is a measure of success and competency.
According to Acquired Needs Theory ( Motivation Theory by
McClellend ) a person has three types of needs at any given point of time such as
need for achievement ( get success with one‟s own efforts ), need for power ( to
dominate, influence others ) and need for affiliation ( maintain friendly relations with
others). Need for achievement ( get success with one‟s own efforts ) is the highest need
for the entrepreneurs.
People with achievement motives are motivated by standards of excellence,
delineated role and responsibilities, and concrete feedback. Those with affiliation
motives are motivated when they can accomplish things with people they know and
trust. The power motive is activated when people are allowed to have an impact,
98
impress or beat competitors.
After going through, in brief, the views expressed by different Economists
from different Schools of Economics on the concept of Entrepreneurs and
Entrepreneurship, and Theories on Entrepreneurship and Entrepreneurial Motivation,
the Researcher states in conclusion that :
Entrepreneurship is the method for bridging the gap between science and
marketplace via entrepreneurship. Many entrepreneurs have a difficult time bridging
this gap and creating new ventures. They may lack managerial skills, marketing
capability, or financial resources. Their inventions are often unrealistic, requiring
significant modifications to be marketable. In addition, entrepreneurs frequently do not
know how to interface with all the necessary entities, such as banks, suppliers,
customers, venture capitalists, distributors, and advertising agencies.
Yet, in spite of all these difficulties, entrepreneurship is presently the most
effective method for bridging the gap between science and marketplace, creating new
158
enterprises, and bringing new products and services to the market. These
entrepreneurial activities significantly affect the economy of an area by building the
economic base and providing jobs. In some areas, entrepreneurship accounts for the
majority of new products and net new employment. Given its impact on both, the
overall economy and the employment of an area, it is surprising that entrepreneurship
has not become even more of a focal point in economic development. ( Desai, 2010,
PP. 201 to 206 )
Section 2
Women owned and run businesses are highly increasing in the Economies of
almost all Countries. The hidden entrepreneurial potentials of women have been
gradually changing with the growing sensitivity to the role and economic status in the
society. Skill, knowledge and adaptability in business are the main reasons for women
99
to enter into business ventures. „Women Entrepreneur‟ is a person who accepts
challenging role to meet her personal needs and become economically independent. A
strong desire to do something positive is an inbuilt quality of entrepreneurial woman,
100
who is capable of contributing values in both family and social life. With the
advent of media, women are made aware of their own traits, rights and also the work
situations. The glass ceilings are shattered and women are found indulged in every line
101
of business from pappad to power cables. The challenges and opportunities
provided to the women of digital era are growing rapidly, and that the job seekers are
102
turning into job creators. They are flourishing as designers, interior decorators,
exporters, publishers, garment manufacturers and still exploring new avenues of
economic participation.
159
In India, although women constitute the majority of the total population, the
entrepreneurial world is still male dominated one. Women in advanced Nations are
recognized and are more prominent in the business world. Whereas, Indian Women
Entrepreneurs are facing some major problems / constraints. In the light some of these
problems / constraints, the Research tries to elaborate some of the unique
characteristics of Indian Women Entrepreneurs.
162
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164
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18 Ibid. P.1.39.
19 Ibid. P. 1.39.
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23 Ibid. P. 1.39.
24 Ibid. P .1.40.
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27 Ibid. P.17.
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165
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29 Walokar, Deepak M., “Women Entrepreneurship”, Himalaya
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32 Desai, Vasant, “Entrepreneurship and Management of
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India”. Sultan Chand and Sons, 23,
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35 Gupta (Dr.), C.B. and Srinivasan, N.P., “Entrepreneurship Development in
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36 Dhillon (Dr.), Kaur Paramjeet, “Women Entrepreneurs”, Blaze
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37 Gupta,(Dr.), C.B. and Srinivasan, N.P. “Entrepreneurship Development in
India”, Sultan Chand and sons, 23,
Daryaganj, New Delhi. 2005 P. 1.17.
166
38 Pundit Vaijayanti, “Home Based Women Entrepreneurs
in Mumbai”,
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of Mumbai, Kalina,
Mumbai . P. 20
39 Gupta (Dr.), C.B. and Srinivasan, N.P., “Entrepreneurship Development in
India”, Sultan Chand and Sons, 23,
Daryaganj, New Delhi. 2005
P. 1.19.
40 Walokar, Deepak M., “Women Entrepreneurship”, Himalaya
Publishing House,
Mumbai 2001 P.9.
41 Gupta (Dr.), C.B. and Srinivasan, N.P., “Entrepreneurship Development in
India”, Sultan Chand and Sons, 23,
Daryaganj, New Delhi. 2005
P. 1.40
42 Walokar, Deepak M. “Women Entrepreneurship”, Himalaya
Publishing House,
Mumbai 2001 P.9.
43 Schumpeter, “Theory of Economic Development”,
Harvard University Press, Cambridge,
Mass,1959, PP. 89 to 105.
44 Dakle, Sunit B., “Socio-Economic Study of Jain Women
Entrepreneurs, With Reference to Pune
District” Ph. D. Thesis Submitted to
Tilak Maharashtra Vidyapeeth, Pune,
Mar. 2011, P. 304
45 Pareek, Udai, and Nadkarni, Manohar, “Development of Entrepreneurship”,
Greater Kailash, New Dehli,1978, P.
30.
46 N. A.
47 Desai, Vasant, “Entrepreneurship and Management of
167
Small Scale Industry”, Himalaya
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P. 195
48 Ibid. P. 196
49 Dhillon (Dr.), Kaur Paramjeet, “Women Entrepreneurs”, Blaze
Publishing and Distributors
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50 Hagan, Everett-E, “Theory of Social Change : How
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51 Ibid.
52 Gupta (Dr.), C.B. and Srinivasan, N.P., “Entrepreneurship Development in
India”. Sultan Chand and Sons, 23,
Daryaganj,
New Delhi. 2005 P. 1.21.
53 Desai, Vasant, “Entrepreneurship and Management of
Small Scale Industry”, Himalaya
Publishing House, Mumbai, 2010,
P. 196
54 Ibid. P. 196
55 Ibid. P. 196
56 Ibid. P. 196
57 Ibid. P. 196
58 Dhillon (Dr.) Kaur Paramjeet, “Women Entrepreneurs”, Blaze
Publishing and Distributors
Pvt. Ltd. New Delhi. P. 25.
59 Cochran, Thomas C., “The Entrepreneur in Economic
Change”, in “ Entrepreneurship and
Economic Development” by Kilby,
Peter, (Editor), Free Press New York,
1971, P. 139.
60 Ibid. P. 139
168
61 Dhillon (Dr.) Kaur Paramjeet, “Women Entrepreneurs”, Blaze
Publishing and Distributors
Pvt. Ltd. New Delhi. P.29.
62 Desai, Vasant, “Entrepreneurship and Management of
Small Scale Industry”, Himalaya
Publishing House, Mumbai, P. 197
63 Ibid. P. 197
64 Tondon, B. C., “ Environment and Entrepreneurs”
Chug Publication, Allahabad, 1975, P.
34.
65 Stepanaek , J. E., “The Theory of Economic
Development”, Asia Publishing House,
Bombay 1962, PP. 9 and 10.
66 Dhillon (Dr.) Kaur Paramjeet, “Women Entrepreneurs”, Blaze
Publishing and Distributors
Pvt. Ltd. New Delhi. P.30.
67 N. A.
68 Drucker, Peter, “Innovation and Entrepreneurship,
Practice and principles”, Heinemann,
London, 1985, P. 17.
69 Walokar, Deepak M., “Women Entrepreneurship”, Himalaya
Publishing House,
Mumbai 2001 P.9.
70 Drucker, Peter, “Innovation and Entrepreneurship”,
William Heinemann Ltd. London,
1985, P. 27.
71 Ibid. P. 7
Dhillon (Dr.),. Kaur Paramjeet, “Women Entrepreneurs”, Blaze
Publishing and Distributors
Pvt. Ltd. New Delhi . P.29.
73 Desai, Vasant, “Entrepreneurship and Management of
Small Scale Industry”, Himalaya
169
Publishing House, Mumbai, 2010,
P. 198
74 Frank, Young, “A Macro Sociological Interpretation
of Entrepreneurship” in “
Entrepreneurship and Economic
Development” By Kilby, Peter,
(Editor) , Free Press New York,
U.S.A., 1971, P. 139.
75 Walokar, Deepak M., “Women Entrepreneurship”, Himalaya
Publishing House,
Mumbai 2001 P.15.
76 Durand, D. E. Efforts of Achievent Motivation and
Skill Training in Entrepreneuial
behavior, in Organizational Behavior
and Human performance, Vil. 14,
1975, PP 76 to 90, Quoted by
Gupta(Dr.) and Srinivasan (Dr.) in
Entrepreneurship Development in
India, Sultan Chand and Sons
Educational publication, New Delhi,
2005, P. 1.70.
77 Dakle, Sunit B., “Socio-Economic Study of Jain Women
Entrepreneurs, With Reference to Pune
District” Ph. D. Thesis Submitted to
Tilak Maharashtra Vidyapeeth, Pune,
Mar. 2011, P. 304 and 305
78 Walokar, Deepak M., “Women Entrepreneurship”, Himalaya
Publishing House,
Mumbai 2001 P.13.
79 Hisrich, Robert, “Entrepreneurship”, Tata McGraw-
Hill Publishing Co. Ltd. 2007, P.8
80 Pathak, H. N., “Problems of Small Scale
170
Enterprises”, IDBI., Bombay, 1975,
P. 5.
81 Trivedi Madhusudan “Entrepreneurship Among Tribals,
Printwell, Jaipur, 1991.
82 Hisrich D. Robert, Peter, P. Michael, “Entrepreneurship”, Special
Shephard, A. Dean, Indian Edition, Tata Mc Graw
Hill Education Pvt. Ltd.
Mumbai, 2007 P.8.
83 Dakle, Sunit B., “Socio-Economic Study of Jain Women
Entrepreneurs, With Reference to Pune
District” Ph. D. Thesis Submitted to
Tilak Maharashtra Vidyapeeth, Pune,
Mar. 2011, P. 309
84 Gupta (Dr.). C. B., and Srinivasan (Dr.), “Entrepreneurship
(a) N. P., development in India”, Sultan
Chand and Sons educational
Publication, New Felhi,
(Reprinted ) 2005. PP. 1.71
and 1.72
84 Ibid. PP 1.72 to 1.75
(b)
171
92 Ibid. P. 198.
93 Ibid. P. 202.
94 Ibid. P. 205.
95 Ibid. P. 199 and 200.
96 Desai, Vasant, “Entrepreneurship and Management of
Small Scale Industry”, Himalaya
Publishing House, Mumbai, 2010, P.
201 and 206.
97 Hisrich, R.D., Peters, M.P., “Entrepreneurship” Special
Shephard D.A. Indian Edition, Tata McGraw
Hill Education Private
Limited, New Delhi, 2007
P.17
98 Ibid. P.17
99 Dhameja S.K., “Women Entrepreneurs :
Opportunities, Performance
and Problems”, Deep and
Deep Publications Pvt. Ltd.
Garden,
New Delhi, Year 2002, P.14.
100 Ibid. P.14.
101 Ibid . P.15.
102 G. Jayalakshmi, “Women Entrepreneurship and
Changing Role of Women”, Posted :
Nov. 20, 2009
http://www.articlesbase.com/marketing
-articles/women-entrepreneurship-and-
changing-role-of-women-
1482131.html
103 Dhmeja, S. K., Women Entrepreneurs :
(a) Opportunities, Performance
and Problems”, Deep and Deep
172
Publications Pvt. Ltd. Garden,
New Delhi, Year 2002, P. 157
103 Vijaya, M. “Problems and prospects of Women
(b) Entrepreneurs in Rural Area: in ´
India : Economic Empowerment of
Women” by Ganesamarthy, V. S. ,
New Century Publication, New Delhi,
2007, PP. 136, 137.
173
Annexure to Chapter 4
Annexure 1
The Researchers tries to brief the Readers with the following glaring examples
of some of the successful Women Entrepreneurs in India.
104
1 Priyanka Malhotra
105
2 Bhawana Kakkar
Qualifications Graduate in Printing and Art and Post Graduation in Art History
Sector Service
Name of Organization Art Gallery
Position Owner
Activities Publishing Magazine, „Take-Simple Black‟. Experienced in Fashion
Designing.
106
3 Manju Bharatram
107
4 Rajashree Birla
Qualifications N. A.
Sector Service
Name of Organization Aditya Birla Service Centre
174
Position Chairperson . Looking after Rural Development Cell of Grasim,
Hindalco, Aditya Birla, Indo-Gulf and Ulta Tech.
Activities Community development in rural area around Birla Group of Plants.
108
5 Shruti
109
6 Lalita Gupte
110
7 Ms. Kalpana Morparia
111
8 Neelam Dhawan
Qualifications Graduate
Sector Service
Name of Organization Microsoft India
Position Managing Director
Activities Pioneer in I. T. Sector. With I. T. Sector for last 20 years. Worked with
HP. IBM. HCL.
175
112
9 Indra Nooyi
Qualifications Graduate
Sector Manufacturing
Name of Organization Pepsi Co. Food and Beverage Co.
Position Chief Executive Officer ( CEO ) since 2006.
Activities With the Organization since 1994. Restructuring of organization, Dealing
with mergers with Tricon, Quaker Oats Co. and Gatorade. Maintained the
Moto „Performance with Purpose‟. Concerned with Global Climatic and
Environmental Changes. Named as CEO of Global Supply Chain
Leaders Group.
113
10 Dr. Kiran Mazumdar - Shaw
Qualifications N. A.
Sector Manufacturing
Name of Organization Thermax Engineering.
Position Chairperson till 2004.
Activities Initially Director of HRD. Hired Services of Consultants from abode
for restructuring the organization. Now busy with social activities
since 2010. Bombay Management Association Awarded Management
Women Achiever of the year 2004. Awarded by Govt. of India
„Padmashri‟ for social work in 2010.
115
12 Sulajja Firodia Motwani
176
joining Kinetic Engineering. Expansion of Company from Moped to
Motorcycle, a complete range of two wheelers during her regime.
116
13 Simone Tata
Qualifications N. A.
Sector Manufacturing
Name of Organization Lakme, a subsidiary of Tata oil Mills Co.
Position Chairperson till 1996, till it is sold to Hindustan Liver Limited.
Created „Trent‟ thereafter
Activities Known as Cosmetic Czarina of India. Busy with company affairs.
117
14 Vidya Manohar Chhabria
Qualifications N. A.
Sector Manufacturing.
Name of Organization Jambo Group, Consumer Electronic and Tyres and Tubes, brewing
and distillation, Chemicals, machinery,.
Position Chairperson.
Activities Interested in developing Jumbo as Global Entity. Ranked 38 th
Powerful Women by Fortune Magazine in 2003.
118
15 Priya Paul
Qualifications Graduated in U. S.
Sector Service
Name of Organization Appeejay, a Park Hotels Chain of Boutique Hotels.
Position Chairperson. Joined as Marketing Director since 1990.
Activities Contribution to Hospitability Industry. Won the Awards, (1) The
Federation of Hotels and Restaurants Association of India conferred on
her Young Entrepreneur of the Year Award (1999‐2000), (2) nominated
for „The Economic Times Awards‟ as the Businessperson of the Year
(2002‐2003), and (3) UK‟s Tatler Magazine rated The Park ( Bangalore,
India ), a part of her Group, as one of the 101 st Best Hotel Worldwide in
2003.
177
119
16 Vinita Bali
Qualifications N. A.
Sector Manufacturing
Name of Organization Britannia Industries
Position Chief Executive since Nov. 2010
Activities With Organization alone.
120
17 Chanda Kochhar
Qualifications N. A.
Sector Service
Name of Organization ICICI Bank
Position Managing Director and Chief Executive.
Activities With the organization. Quite optimistic and hence, trying to meet the
requirement of changing role of Women in business in emerging market
economy. Won the AIMA Managing India Award 2011, for
121
Transformational Business Leader of the Year
122
18 Parvin Warsi
Qualifications N. A.
Sector Manufacturing
Name of Organization Family Business, 4 factories employing 1300 employees, with annual
turnover 100 Million Pounds.
Position Owner.
Activities Basically Indian origin, migrated to U. K. from North India in 1975.
Known as „Samosa Queen‟. Preparing food-items in U. K. Basically
Samosa, Indian, Malaysian, Thai and Chinese Food-items. Supply to
British Supermarkets. Declared as Richest Women in U. K.
123
19 Kamal Shankar Pardesi
Qualifications Illiterate. Originally from Faltan and now in Daund, Pune Dist.
Maharashtra State.
Sector Manufacturing. Initially started home-based business with the help of
Self-help-group producing 3 to 4 types of spices-masala products a
week, and now considered as one with considerably a large
manufacturing unit in „Professional Organized Formal Manufacturing
178
Sector‟.
Name of Organization Ambika Masala Udyog Sanstha, employing 30 to 40 female workers,
producing 30 to 35 quintal p.a.
Position Owner.
Activities Illiterate and hence, started her career as a daily wage farm worker. Now,
Known as „Masala Queen’ Initially, started with home based
occupation. Now „Ambika Masala Udyog Sanstha, selling 32 types of
masala product to Super Markets, Bug-Bazaar in Mumbai Pune and
other Metro Cities. Selling products in Haryana State also. Realized the
significance of Brand Name and Attractive Packaging. Now selling
masala product under Brand Name „Ambika Masala’. A Trend Setter for
Women Entrepreneurs in Unorganised Informal Service / Manufacturing
Sector. Recognized by Hon. Ex-President of India Mrs. Pratibha Patil,
then Finance Minister and now Hon. President of India Pranav Mukharji
and Hon. Chancellor of Germany Anjela Markel.
124
20 Mrs. Rashmi Bharti
179
Leading Women Entrepreneurs at the Top of the World for the year 2011. :
125
21 Güler Sabanci
Qualifications N. A.
Sector Manufacturing
Name of Organization Abanci Group. One of Turkey's largest conglomerates,
Position Chairperson since Nov. 2010.
Activities Working with the organization
126
22 Ines Kolmsee.
Qualifications N. A.
Sector Manufacturing
Name of Organization SKW Stahl-Metallurgie, the German Specialty Chemicals Group,
Position Chief Executive, since Nov. 2010.
Activities With the organization.
This is the brief account of Women Entrepreneurs in India. They are recognized
for their achievements in their respective field. These Women Entrepreneurs / Leaders
are assertive, persuasive and willing to take risks. They managed to survive and
proved successful in cut-throat competition with their hard work, diligence and
perseverance. Efforts to learn quickly from abilities, their persuasiveness, open style of
problem solving, willingness to take risks and chances, ability to motivate people,
knowing how to win and lose gracefully, are the special characteristics of the Indian
Women Entrepreneurs. Women Entrepreneurs from India are generating more wealth
than the women in any part of the world. Much potential is available among the
Indian women on their entrepreneurial ability. This potential is to be recognized,
brought out and exposed for utilization in productive sector and service sectors for the
development of the Nation.
The Researcher, however, brings to the notice of the Readers that this is the
brief account of Women Entrepreneurs belonging to the Professional Organized
Formal either Service Sector or Manufacturing Sector. This indicates that these Women
Entrepreneurs have been noticed and well recognized at an Industry level, the National
and International level.
180
This is, of course, is not the case with respect to the Women Entrepreneurs in
Non-Professional Unorganized Informal Service Sector, in spite of the fact, that their
contribution to the society and the economy, directly or indirectly, is of immense
importance.
181
References to Annexure No. 1 ( Reference Serial Nos. continued )
104 www.org/2010/04/successful-
womem-entrepreneur- in-india.html
105 Ibid
106 www.svtuition.org/2010/04/successful
-women-entrepreneurs-in-india.html
107 Ibid.
108 Ibid.
109 Ibid.
110 Ibid.
111 www.forbes.com/lists/2006/11/06wom
en-Lalita-Gupte-Kalpana-Morparia-
4HSC.html
112 www.ghallabhansali.com
113 Ibid
114 www.ghallabhansali.com/admin/file/
ghallabhansali stock Brokers pvt. Ltd.
July 2010 P1
115 Ibid. P.2.
116 Ibid. P.2.
117 Ibid. P.4.
118 Ibid. P.5.
119 www.verbeonline.com/98/people/pow
erwomen05.shtml
120 Ibid.
1121 Economic Times 13rd April 2011.
122 timesodindiatimes.com.TNN, Jan 25, Parveen Vasi „ Samosa Queen‟ among
2011 Richest U.K. Business Women,
123 Lokasatta, Daily issue, 18th Feb. 2011, Chaturang, Page 1 and
4.
124 Ibid. P. 4.
182
125 http://www.sabanci.com/sabansi basin
bulttenleri detay.asp
126 Ibid.
183
Annexure 2
This Annexure will help the Readers to get acquainted with Women
Entrepreneurs Association, extending helping hand to the needy and aspiring Women
Entrepreneurs. These associations extend help to Women Entrepreneurs right from
inception to completion of the project, marketing, finance, technical and administrative
guidance and counseling, if required. These organization conduct and arrange
Seminars, Conference, Workshops and such other activities to invite active and ever
increasing participation from Women Entrepreneurs in their own interest.
Established 1993
Nature of National Level. With membership of 15000 Individual or Institutional members.
Organization 60% from Small Scale Enterprises, 15% from Large Scale Enterprises, and
remaining from Micro-Enterprises.
Activities Entrepreneurial development among women, especially engaged in Small and
Medium Scale Enterprises Sector. Involved in Industrial Research and
Development, Skills Development, Net-working of Technical-know-how, Training.
A common platform for women Entrepreneurs to express views and ideas and to
be taken to the policy makers, i. e. Govt. Formation of Umbrella Group of Local
Organizations. Activity of assembling and representing business associations and
enterprises of all economic sectors.
128
(1) Woman Entrepreneurs Wing of NAYE
Established N. A.
Nature of The National Alliance of Young Entrepreneurs (NAYE)
Organization
Activities Create unity among Women Entrepreneurs and encourages them to participate
184
actively in the country‟s industrialization
129
(2) Indian Council of Women Entrepreneurs
131
(4) National Commission On Self Employed Women in The Informal Sector
132
(5) World Association of Women Entrepreneurs (WAWE)
133
(6) Associated Country Women of the World (ACWW) :
Nature of World Level, with 1 Cr membership from 60 Countries, especially, Rural Women
Organization Entrepreneurs.
185
Activities Provides a network through which member groups can support and help one
another. Promotes Women Entrepreneurship in agriculture and rural industries.
Activities Promotes Entrepreneurship from among grass root level Women and help to
expand the scale of operation for existing one.
Activities Promotes and develops Entrepreneurship among Women. Bring together Women
Entrepreneurs, trying to help each other and work in collaboration for welfare
maximization.
140
14) Institute of Marketing Management (IMM), New Delhi
Activities Every year confers awards on most outstanding Women Entrepreneur in the
country
187
Activities Provides employment opportunities to women. Encourages Women
Entrepreneurship. Conducts lectures, on its foundation day, on business
opportunities for Women Entrepreneurs.
144
(2) British Association of Women Entrepreneurs (BAWE)
188
145
(3) Alberta Women Entrepreneurs (AWE) ( U.K.)
Activities WEI partners, including Women's Enterprise Centre, British Columbia, Alberta
Women Entrepreneurs, Women Entrepreneurs of Saskatchewan, and Women's
Enterprise Centre, Manitoba, provide WEConnect certification and learning
opportunities in their regions of Western Canada through the Access to Supply
Chains Programme for Women Entrepreneurs.
189
substantial savings on the start-up costs of business, 6) provides educational
experiences and leadership training, and sponsors a wide range of special
conferences, workshops, seminars, and counselling services. It has established a
strong political presence, emerging as a strong voice of advocacy for small
women-owned businesses.
Affiliation The NAWBO is the United States' representative in Les Femmes Chefs
d'Entreprises Mondiales ( FCEM ), or The World Association of Women
Entrepreneurs Branches in 33 Countries, representing almost 30,000 businesses,
providing access to international business ideas and trends and provides
networking opportunities throughout the world
NAWBO is also affiliated with the Small Business Technology Coalition (SBTC)
and with the Women Business Owners Corporation (WBOC), helps small women-
owned businesses compete for Government contracts. The National Foundation
for Women Business Owners (NFWBO) is a Non-profit Research and
Leadership Development Foundation, established by NAWBO. This collects
information about women-owned businesses and makes the information available
to organizations around the Globe.
All these, referred to above, are some of the well known Women Entrepreneurs
Associations / Organizations, both, from Indian origin and Foreign origin,
contributing to the efforts and success of Women Entrepreneurs.
190
Entrepreneurs, ml
Canada.
4 Women Inventors Project, http://www.womenip.com/main.htm
Canada.
5 The Women's Forum for the http://www.womens-forum.com
Economy and Society, France.
6 World Association of Women http://www.fcem.org/
Entrepreneurs FCEM, Les
Femmes Chefs d‟Enterprise,
France.
7 Innovate Women in the Nordic http://www.quin.biz/programme.htm
and the Baltic Sea Countries,
Sweden.
8 NUTEK (Women‟s http://ww
Entrepreneurship Publication) w.nutek.se/sb/d/182/a/1158
Sweden
9 Business and Professional Women http://www.bpwintl.com/start.htm
International (BPW International)
Geneva, Switzerland.
10 Women's International http://www.winconference.net
Networking (W.I.N.),
Switzerland.
11 British Association of Women http://www.bawe-uk.org
Entrepreneurs, U.K.
12 Commonwealth Business Council, http://www.cbcglobelink.org/
London. U.K.
13 Lemelson-MIT Programme, http://web.mit.edu/invent/invent-main.html
Cambridge, MA.
U. K.
14 Centre for International Private http://www.cipe.org
Enterprise (CIPE). Washington,
D.C. U.S.A.
15 Community Capital Development, http://www.seattleccd.com/
Washington. U.S.A.
16 International Women's Tribune http://www.iwtc.org
Centre (IWTC), U.S.A.
17 Global Women's Business http://www.globewomen.com
Network, Washington.
U.S.A.
18 Organization of Women in http://www.owit.org/
International Trade (OWIT),
Washington DC. U.S.A.
19 Women Igniting the Spirit of http://whitman.syr.edu/eee/wise/Resources.html
Entrepreneurship (WISE)
Resources, New York, U.S.A.
20 Women's Technology Cluster, http://www.wtc-sf.org
U.S.A.
******************
191
References to Annexure No. 2 ( Reference Serial Nos. continued )
192
Part II
Analysis of Data
193
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