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    Newton's Law of Cooling

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    Frances Galang
    The document provides examples of solving heat transfer problems using an exponential decay/growth model. It gives the key steps as: 1) stating the known information, 2) formulating the exponential equation (T-Tm) = Ce-kt, 3) solving to find the constants C and k using initial conditions, and 4) substituting into the equation to find the unknown temperature at a given time. Five examples are worked through showing temperature changes of objects placed in different environments over time.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Newton's Law of Cooling

    Uploaded by

    Frances Galang
    224 views27 pages
    The document provides examples of solving heat transfer problems using an exponential decay/growth model. It gives the key steps as: 1) stating the known information, 2) formulating the exponential equation (T-Tm) = Ce-kt, 3) solving to find the constants C and k using initial conditions, and 4) substituting into the equation to find the unknown temperature at a given time. Five examples are worked through showing temperature changes of objects placed in different environments over time.

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    The document provides examples of solving heat transfer problems using an exponential decay/growth model. It gives the key steps as: 1) stating the known information, 2) formulating the exponential equation (T-Tm) = Ce-kt, 3) solving to find the constants C and k using initial conditions, and 4) substituting into the equation to find the unknown temperature at a given time. Five examples are worked through showing temperature changes of objects placed in different environments over time.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    224 views27 pages

    Newton's Law of Cooling

    Uploaded by

    Frances Galang
    The document provides examples of solving heat transfer problems using an exponential decay/growth model. It gives the key steps as: 1) stating the known information, 2) formulating the exponential equation (T-Tm) = Ce-kt, 3) solving to find the constants C and k using initial conditions, and 4) substituting into the equation to find the unknown temperature at a given time. Five examples are worked through showing temperature changes of objects placed in different environments over time.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
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    Example #1

    A thermometer is taken from a room that is


    20ᵒC to the outdoors where the temperature is
    5ᵒC. After a minute, the thermometer reads
    12ᵒC. What will be the reading on the
    thermometer after another minute?

    Step 1

    GIVEN
    G
    By reading the given problem, we can get the
    following:

    t=0, T=20ᵒC
    Tm=5ᵒC
    t= 1 minute, T=12ᵒC

    and we are finding the temperature reading


    on the thermometer at t=2 minutes.
    Step 2

    FORMULATE
    F
    Since there are no added conditions, we can
    assume that the temperature increase is
    proportional to the temperature at any time.
    Thus, we can use the equation
    (𝑇 − 𝑇$ ) = 𝐶𝑒 )*

    Step 3

    SOLVE
    S
    When substituting, we would first want to
    find C. To do that, we substitute values when
    t=0 and the temperature of the surrounding
    environment (t=0, T=20, Tm=5)

    𝑇 – 𝑇𝑚 = 𝐶𝑒 )*
    𝑡 = 0, 𝑇 = 20, 𝑇$ = 5
    20 – 5 = 𝐶𝑒 )(3)
    𝐶 = 15ᵒ𝐶
    Substituting C, we get our new working
    equation

    𝑇 – 5 = 15𝑒 )*

    To find the value of k, we would have to


    substitute values when t=1 minute into our
    working equation and solve. (t=1, T=12)

    𝑡 = 1, 𝑇 = 12
    12 – 5 = 15𝑒 )
    7 = 15𝑒 )
    7
    = 𝑒)
    15
    0.467 = 𝑒 )
    𝑙𝑛0.467 = 𝑙𝑛𝑒 )
    𝑙𝑛0.467 = 𝑘
    𝑘 = −0.76214005

    Substituting k, our new working equation is


    now

    𝑇 – 5 = 15𝑒 =3.>?@AB33C*
    Finally, to find T when t=2, we substitute
    these values in our working equation and
    solve

    𝑡 = 2, 𝑇 =?
    𝑇 – 5 = 15𝑒 =3.>?@AB33C(@)
    𝑇 = 15𝑒 =3.>?@AB33C(@) + 5
    𝑇 = 8.27°𝐶

    Example #2

    A metal ingot was heated to 50ᵒF, then placed


    in an oven that was preheated to 150ᵒ F. After
    10 minutes, the temperature increased to
    75ᵒF. How long would it take for the ingot to
    reach 100ᵒF?
    Step 1

    GIVEN
    G
    By reading the given problem, we can get the
    following:
    t=0, T=50 ᵒF
    Tm=150ᵒF
    t= 10 minutes, T=75ᵒF

    and we are finding the time needed to get the


    metal ingot to reach 100ᵒF

    Step 2

    FORMULATE
    F
    Since there are no added conditions, we can
    assume that the temperature increase is
    proportional to the temperature at any time.
    Thus, we can use the equation

    (𝑇 − 𝑇$ ) = 𝐶𝑒 )*
    Step 3

    SOLVE
    S
    When substituting, we would first want to
    find C. To do that, we substitute values when
    t=0 and the temperature of the surrounding
    environment (t=0, T=50, Tm=150)

    𝑇 – 𝑇𝑚 = 𝐶𝑒 )*
    𝑡 = 0, 𝑇 = 50, 𝑇$ = 150
    50 – 150 = 𝐶𝑒 )(3)
    𝐶 = −100ᵒ𝐹

    Substituting C, we get our new working


    equation

    𝑇 – 150 = −100𝑒 )*

    To find the value of k, we would have to


    substitute values when t=10 into our
    working equation and solve. (t=10, T=75)


    𝑡 = 10, 𝑇 = 75
    75 – 150 = −100)(A3)
    −75 = −100𝑒 A3)
    −75
    = 𝑒 A3)
    −100
    0.75 = 𝑒 A3)
    𝑙𝑛0.75 = 𝑙𝑛𝑒 A3)
    𝑙𝑛0.75 = 10𝑘
    𝑙𝑛0.75
    = 𝑘
    10
    𝑘 = −0.02876821

    Substituting k, our new working equation is


    now

    𝑇 – 150 = −100𝑒 =3.3@I>?I@A*

    Finally, to find t when T=100, we substitute


    these values in our working equation and
    solve

    𝑡 =? , 𝑇 = 100
    100 – 150 = −100𝑒 =3.3@I>?I@A*
    −50 = −100𝑒 =3.3@I>?I@A*
    −50
    = 𝑒 =3.3@I>?I@A*
    −100
    0.2 = 𝑒 =3.3@I>?I@A*
    𝑙𝑛0.2 = 𝑙𝑛𝑒 =3.3@I>?I@A*
    𝑙𝑛0.2 = −0.02876821𝑡
    𝑙𝑛0.2
    𝑡=
    −0.02876821
    𝑡 = 24.09 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑢𝑡𝑒𝑠

    Example #3

    A metal rod was heated to 1000ᵒC then


    immersed in a cooling oil with a temperature
    of 20ᵒC. After 15 seconds, the metal rod’s
    temperature decreased to 600 ᵒC. How long
    would it take for the temperature to decrease to
    400ᵒC?
    Step 1

    GIVEN
    G
    By reading the given problem, we can get the
    following:
    t=0, T=1000ᵒC
    Tm=20ᵒC
    t= 15, T=600ᵒC

    and we are finding the time needed to get the


    metal ingot to reach 400ᵒC.

    Step 2

    FORMULATE
    F
    Since there are no added conditions, we can
    assume that the temperature decrease is
    proportional to the temperature at any time.
    Thus, we can use the equation

    (𝑇 − 𝑇$ ) = 𝐶𝑒 )*
    Step 3

    SOLVE
    S

    When substituting, we would first want to
    find C. To do that, we substitute values when
    t=0 and the temperature of the surrounding
    environment (t=0, T=1000, Tm=20)

    𝑇 – 𝑇𝑚 = 𝐶𝑒 )*
    𝑡 = 0, 𝑇 = 50, 𝑇$ = 150
    1000 – 20 = 𝐶𝑒 )(3)
    𝐶 = 980ᵒ𝐶

    Substituting C, we get our new working


    equation

    𝑇 – 20 = 980𝑒 )*

    To find the value of k, we would have to


    substitute values when t=10 into our
    working equation and solve. (t=15, T=600)

    𝑡 = 15, 𝑇 = 75
    600 – 20 = 980𝑒 AC)
    580 = 980𝑒 AC)
    580
    = 𝑒 AC)
    980
    29
    = 𝑒 AC)
    49
    29
    ln P Q = 𝑙𝑛𝑒 AC)
    49
    29
    ln P Q = 15𝑘
    49
    29
    ln R S
    49 = 𝑘
    15
    𝑘 = −0.03498682

    Substituting k, our new working equation is


    now

    𝑇 – 20 = 980𝑒 =3.3UBVI?I@*

    Finally, to find t when T=400, we substitute


    these values in our working equation and
    solve

    𝑡 =? , 𝑇 = 400
    400 – 20 = 980𝑒 =3.3UBVI?I@*
    380 = 980𝑒 =3.3UBVI?I@*
    380
    = 𝑒 =3.3UBVI?I@*
    980
    19
    = 𝑒 =3.3UBVI?I@*
    49
    19
    ln ( ) = 𝑙𝑛𝑒 =3.3UBVI?I@*
    49
    19
    ln ( ) = −0.03498682𝑡
    49
    19
    ln ( )
    𝑡= 49
    −0.03498682
    𝑡 = 27.09 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑠

    Example #4

    A pie was taken out of a 180ᵒC oven to where


    the temperature is 35ᵒC to cool, and the
    temperature reading 65ᵒC after 30 minutes,
    what is the temperature of the pie after 2
    hours?
    Step 1

    GIVEN
    G
    By reading the given problem, we can get the
    following:
    t=0, T=180ᵒC
    Tm=35ᵒC
    t= 30, T=65ᵒC

    and we are finding the temperature of the pie


    after 2 hours.

    Step 2

    FORMULATE
    F
    Since there are no added conditions, we can
    assume that the temperature decrease is
    proportional to the temperature at any time.
    Thus, we can use the equation

    (𝑇 − 𝑇$ ) = 𝐶𝑒 )*
    Step 3

    SOLVE
    S
    When substituting, we would first want to
    find C. To do that, we substitute values when
    t=0 and the temperature of the surrounding
    environment (t=0, T=180, Tm=35)
    𝑇 – 𝑇𝑚 = 𝐶𝑒 )*
    𝑡 = 0, 𝑇 = 180, 𝑇$ = 35
    180 – 35 = 𝐶𝑒 )(3)
    𝐶 = 145ᵒ𝐶

    Substituting C, we get our new working


    equation

    𝑇 – 35 = 145𝑒 )*

    To find the value of k, we would have to


    substitute values when t=30 into our
    working equation and solve. (t=30, T=65)

    𝑡 = 30, 𝑇 = 65
    65 – 35 = 145𝑒 U3)
    30 = 145𝑒 U3)
    30
    = 𝑒 U3)
    145
    6
    = 𝑒 U3)
    29
    6
    ln P Q = 𝑙𝑛𝑒 U3)
    29
    6
    ln P Q = 30𝑘
    29
    6
    ln R S
    29 = 𝑘
    30
    𝑘 = −0.05251787

    Substituting k, our new working equation is


    now
    𝑇 – 35 = 145𝑒 =3.3C@CA>I>*

    Finally, to find T when t=2 hours that can


    be converted to 120 minutes, we substitute
    these values in our working equation and
    solve
    𝑡 = 120, 𝑇 =?
    𝑇 – 35 = 145𝑒 =3.3C@CA>I>(A@3)
    𝑇 = 145𝑒 =3.3C@CA>I>(A@3) + 35
    𝑇 = 35.27 °𝐶
    Example #5

    At 1:00 PM, a thermometer reading 70ᵒF is


    taken outside where the air temperature is
    -10ᵒF. at 1:02 PM, the reading is 26ᵒF. At
    1:05 PM, the thermometer is taken back
    indoors where the air is 70ᵒF. What is the
    thermometer reading at 1:09 PM?

    Step 1

    GIVEN
    G
    First, we need to understand that the
    thermometer is taken into two different
    locations for two different periods, outside for
    a total of 5 minutes and inside for 4
    minutes. Knowing this and reading the
    given problem, we can get the following:

    toutside=0, T0-outside=70ᵒF
    Tm1=-10ᵒF
    toutside2 = 2 minutes, Toutside2=26ᵒF
    toutside3 =5 minutes, Toutside3= T0-inside
    tinside=0, T= T0-inside
    Tm2=70ᵒF

    and we are finding the temperature reading 4


    minutes after taking the thermometer back
    inside.

    Step 2

    FORMULATE
    F
    Since there are no added conditions, we can
    assume that the temperature decrease is
    proportional to the temperature at any time.
    Thus, we can use the equation

    (𝑇 − 𝑇$ ) = 𝐶𝑒 )*
    Step 3

    SOLVE
    S

    When substituting, we would first want to


    find C. To do that, we substitute values when
    t=0 and the temperature taken while outside
    (t=0, T=70, Tm=10)

    𝑇 – 𝑇𝑚 = 𝐶𝑒 )*
    𝑡 = 0, 𝑇 = 70, 𝑇$ = 10
    70 – (−10) = 𝐶𝑒 )(3)
    𝐶 = 80ᵒ𝐹

    Substituting C, we get our new working


    equation

    𝑇 + 10 = 80𝑒 )*

    To find the value of k, we would have to


    substitute values when t=2 minutes outside
    into our working equation and solve. (t=2,
    T=26)

    𝑡 = 2, 𝑇 = 26
    26 + 10 = 80𝑒 @)
    36 = 80𝑒 @)
    36
    = 𝑒 @)
    80
    9
    = 𝑒 @)
    20
    9
    ln P Q = 𝑙𝑛𝑒 @)
    20
    9
    ln P Q = 2𝑘
    20
    9
    ln R S
    20 = 𝑘
    2
    𝑘 = −0.39925384

    Substituting k, our new working equation is


    now

    𝑇 + 10 = 80𝑒 =3.UVV@CUIB*

    Now we can find T when the thermometer is


    taken inside at t=5 minutes, we substitute
    these values in our working equation and
    solve

    𝑡 = 5, 𝑇 =?
    𝑇 + 10 = 80𝑒 =3.UVV@CUIB(C)
    𝑇 = 80𝑒 =3.UVV@CUIB(C) − 10
    𝑇Z[*\]^_ = 0.8672ᵒ𝐹

    Knowing the temperature of the thermometer
    when it is taken inside, we can use this value
    as our new T when t=0. Substituting the
    values and solving will find the new value
    for C (tinside=0, T= T0-inside,Tm=70)

    𝑇 – 𝑇𝑚 = 𝐶𝑒 )*
    𝑡 = 0, 𝑇 = 0.8672904706, 𝑇$ = 70
    0.8672– 70 = 𝐶𝑒 )(3)
    𝐶 = −69.1327

    The value for k will remain the same,


    making our new working equation

    𝑇 − 70 = −69.1327𝑒 =3.UVV@CUIB*

    Finally, to find T when t=4 minutes, we


    substitute these values in our working
    equation and solve

    𝑡 = 4, 𝑇 =?
    𝑇 − 70 = −69.1327𝑒 =3.UVV@CUIB(B)
    𝑇 = −69.1327𝑒 =3.UVV@CUIB(B) + 70

    𝑇 = 56ᵒ𝐹




    Example #6

    At 2:00 PM, a thermometer reading 80ᵒF is


    taken outside, where the air temperature is
    20ᵒF. At 2:03 PM, the temperature reading
    yield by the thermometer is 42ᵒF. Later, the
    thermometer is brought inside, where the air
    is at 80ᵒF. At 2:10 PM, the reading is 71ᵒF.
    When was the thermometer brought indoors?

    Step 1

    GIVEN
    G
    First, we need to understand that the
    thermometer is taken into two different
    locations for two different periods, outside for
    2 minutes and an unknown amount of time
    and inside within the 2:03 to 2:10 time
    period. Knowing this and reading the given
    problem, we can get the following:

    toutside=0, T0-outside=80ᵒF
    Tm1=20ᵒF
    toutside = 3 minutes, Toutside=42ᵒF
    toutside =? , Toutside= T0-inside
    tinside=0, T= T0-inside
    Tm2=80ᵒF

    and we are finding the time when the


    thermometer is brought back inside.

    Step 2

    FORMULATE
    F
    Since there are no added conditions, we can
    assume that the temperature decrease is
    proportional to the temperature at any time.
    Thus, we can use the equation
    (𝑇 − 𝑇$ ) = 𝐶𝑒 )*

    Step 3

    SOLVE
    S
    When substituting, we would first want to
    find C. To do that, we substitute values when
    t=0 and the temperature taken while outside
    (t=0, T=80, Tm=20)

    𝑇 – 𝑇𝑚 = 𝐶𝑒 )*
    𝑡 = 0, 𝑇 = 80, 𝑇$ = 20
    80 − 20 = 𝐶𝑒 )(3)
    𝐶 = 60ᵒ𝐹

    Substituting C, we get our new working


    equation

    𝑇 − 20 = 60𝑒 )*

    To find the value of k, we would have to


    substitute values when t=3 minutes outside
    into our working equation and solve. (t=3,
    T=42)


    𝑡 = 3, 𝑇 = 42
    42 − 20 = 60𝑒 U)
    22 = 60𝑒 U)
    22
    = 𝑒 U)
    60
    11
    = 𝑒 U)
    30
    11
    ln P Q = 𝑙𝑛𝑒 U)
    30
    11
    ln P Q = 3𝑘
    30
    11
    ln R S
    30 = 𝑘
    3
    𝑘 = −0.33443404

    Substituting k, our new working equation is


    now

    𝑇 − 20 = 60𝑒 =3.UUBBUB3B*
    Now we can find T when the thermometer is
    taken inside at an unknown time x, we
    substitute these values in our working
    equation and solve

    𝑡 = 𝑥, 𝑇 = 𝑇
    𝑇 − 20 = 60𝑒 =3.UUBBUB3Ba
    𝑇 = 60𝑒 =3.UUBBUB3Ba + 20
    𝑇Z[*\]^_ = 60𝑒 =3.UUBBUB3Ba + 20

    We can use the equation for Toutside as our new
    value for T when t=0. Substituting and
    solving will find an equation for C (tinside=0,
    T= T0-inside,Tm=80)

    𝑇 – 𝑇𝑚 = 𝐶𝑒 )*
    𝑡 = 0, 𝑇 = 60𝑒 =3.UUBBUB3Ba + 20, 𝑇$ = 80
    60𝑒 =3.UUBBUB3Ba + 20 – 80 = 𝐶𝑒 )(3)
    𝐶 = 60𝑒 =3.UUBBUB3Ba − 60

    We can further simplify C giving

    𝐶 = 60(𝑒 =3.UUBBUB3Ba − 1)
    The value for k will remain the same,
    making our working equation

    𝑇 − 80 = 60(𝑒 =3.UUBBUB3Ba − 1)𝑒 =3.UUBBUB3B*

    Through factoring and simplifying, our


    working equation is
    𝑇 − 80 = 60(𝑒 =3.UUBBUB3B(ab*)
    − 𝑒 =3.UUBBUB3B* )

    Finally, since we are working backwards


    from 2:10 , the value of x is less than 10, so
    we have t=10-x and the thermometer reading
    71ᵒF. Substituting the values we can solve
    the equation

    𝑡 = 10 − 𝑥, 𝑇 = 71
    71 − 80 = 60(𝑒 =3.UUBBUB3B(abA3=a)
    − 𝑒 =3.UUBBUB3B(A3=a) )
    −9 = 60(𝑒 =3.UUBBUB3B(A3) − 𝑒 =3.UUBBUB3B(A3=a) )
    −9 = 60𝑒 =3.UUBBUB3B(A3) − 60𝑒 =3.UUBBUB3B(A3=a)
    −9 − 60𝑒 =3.UUBBUB3B(A3) = −60𝑒 =3.UUBBUB3B(A3=a)
    9 + 60𝑒 =3.UUBBUB3B(A3) = 60𝑒 =3.UUBBUB3B(A3=a)
    9 + 60𝑒 =3.UUBBUB3B(A3)
    = 𝑒 =3.UUBBUB3B(A3=a)
    60
    9 + 60𝑒−0.33443404(10)
    ln c d = 𝑙𝑛𝑒 =3.UUBBUB3B(A3=a)
    60
    9 + 60𝑒 =3.UUBBUB3B(A3)
    ln c d = −0.33443404(10 − 𝑥)
    60
    9 + 60𝑒 =3.UUBBUB3B(A3)
    ln c d
    60
    = −0.33443404(10) + 0.33443404𝑥
    9 + 60𝑒 =3.UUBBUB3B(A3)
    ln c d + 0.33443404(10)
    60
    = 0.33443404𝑥
    9 + 60𝑒 =3.UUBBUB3B(A3)
    ln c d + 0.33443404(10)
    60
    = 𝑥
    0.33443404
    𝑥 = 4.96 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑢𝑡𝑒𝑠

    Time: about 2:05 PM

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