3 Single Phase Inductio Motors
3 Single Phase Inductio Motors
3 Single Phase Inductio Motors
Single Phase Motor Starting
Joe Evans, Ph.D
Joe.Evans@Pentairwater.com http://www.pumped101.com
Although there are many different electric motor designs, a characteristic that is common
throughout is that they are wound for either three phase and single phase power. The three
phase motor has several inherent advantages including a lower current draw per phase, an
ability to create more torque, and smoother running. But, its ability to begin rotating of its own
accord is a major advantage. Despite the fact that the three phase motor has two additional
phases, and the windings associated with them, the single phase motor is a more complex
machine.
Once running, however, the single phase motor works just like its three phase counterpart
except that it does so without the advantages of the two additional phases. Notice that I said,
“once running”. Starting a single phase motor is not as simple as starting its three phase
counterpart as it requires several additional components. Since we have established that the
three phase motor is the simpler of the two, lets begin our discussion by showing how it starts
rotating from rest.
Three Phase Motors
The three phase power curve shown in
Figure 1 consists of three separate single
phase curves evenly separated by 120
electrical degrees. Each curve completes its
360 degree motion sixty times each second.
The beauty of the three phase curve is that,
at every point on the X axis, two of the
curves have either a positive or negative
value. It does not matter whether the values
Figure 1 are positive of negative. After all, power is
measured in watts (volts x amps) and a
minus voltage times a minus current equals a positive watt. The importance of this point will
be seen when we review figure 3.
Figure 2 shows the windings of a two pole, three phase
stator. Although it is a two pole design, there are actually
two poles per phase for a total of six. As you can see, each
pole is separated by 60 degrees from its neighbor on either
side. Its synchronous speed is 3600 RPM (one rotation per
360 degree sine wave cycle times 60 cycles per second times
60 seconds). Its actual speed (slip speed) is a bit less and
depends on the motor manufacturer’s design.
Figure 2
Now Figure 3 may appear a bit complex but don’ let it confuse you. What it illustrates is that
the three phase power curve actually creates a rotating magnetic field in the stator. If you look
at the arrows that illustrate the rotor motion, you will see that they are rotating clockwise and,
at every point on the X axis
the stator creates a magnetic
field that induces a
counteracting field in the
rotor. It is this rotating field
that causes the three phase
motor to start rotating from
rest and continue to rotate as
long as power is supplied to
the stator. The multiple
poles create the high torque
and smooth running that is
characteristic of the three
phase motor. If this were a
four pole motor (1800 RPM)
the magnetic field would
rotate about twelve distinct
poles (four per phase)
creating even higher torque.
Figure 3
Lower speed motors must
do more work per rotation
than a higher speed motor of the same HP rating if their output per unit time is to be the same.
See the “Puzzler” and “The AC Induction Motor” for more on this and other motor topics.
Single Phase Motors
Figure 4 shows a single phase sine
wave. Notice that the single phase
curve, unlike its three phase cousin,
consists of only one wave form. Lets
take a look at the motor stator that
utilizes this power source.
Figure 4
In Figure 2, we saw the cross section of a 3 phase, 2 pole
motor. It contained 2 poles per phase for a total of six.
Figure 5 is a cross section of a two pole, single phase
motor. As you can see there are only two poles separated
by 180 degrees. Let’s take a look at the rotating field it
creates.
Figure 5
Figure 6 shows the magnetic field
created by the stator as the single phase
curve moves through its 360 degree
cycle. The picture on the left shows the
stator fields as the single phase wave
form rises. The left hand pole has a
North polarity while the right hand one
has a South polarity. As the wave
begins its downward movement (right
hand picture) the two stator poles
change polarity and the left one
becomes South while the right changes
to North. This alternation from North
to South (and vice versa) continues as
Figure 6
the single phase wave progresses.
Referring to this as a rotating field is really a misnomer because the single phase curve does
not create a rotating field. It simply oscillates between the two poles. Since there is not a true
rotating field the motor’s rotor will remain stationary (you have probably witnessed a
“humming” single phase motor that has failed to start due to faulty starting components).
Now if you were to spin the shaft with your hand, in either direction, the motor would start
and continue to rotate at its two pole speed. The reason it will continue to rotate is due to the
changing polarity of the stator poles and the momentum developed by the rotor. The rotor’s
momentum allows it to rotate past the “dead” areas of the stator and reach the pole areas
where induction can reoccur. (A four pole (1800 RPM) single phase motor will overcome
these dead areas and start on its own.) Check out the Franklin Electric “Puzzler” (Tesla meets
Newton) to learn more about how momentum affects the operation of single phase, 4” motors.
Since this method of motor starting is probably unacceptable to most of us so lets take a look
at some alternative starting methods.
Single Phase Starting Methods
In this section we will take a look at the four most common single phase motor designs. Their
names imply the starting method that each employs. Although there are a number of other
designs, these are the ones that are most common to centrifugal pumps. We will take a look at
how they initiate rotation and list the operating characteristics of each.
Split Phase
The split phase, or resistance start, motor is probably Figure 7
the simplest industrial duty motor and is the design
employed by Franklin two wire, submersible motors.
As seen in Figure 7, it has two sets of windings – a
start winding and a run or main winding. Each start
and run pole is separated by 90 degrees and the
windings are wired in parallel.
The start windings are made of smaller wire than that
used in the run windings and its smaller diameter
creates more resistance to electrical flow. This higher
resistance lets the current in the start winding
develop a magnetic field before one is developed in
the run winding (due to a smaller CEMF). The result
is two different fields about 30 degrees apart. It
would be better if they were evenly spaced – say 90 degrees – but even this small angle is
enough to get the motor started.
Figure 7 also shows that the start winding is connected in the circuit by a normally closed
switch. When power is applied to the motor, both the start and run windings are energized.
When the motor reaches about 75% of its rated speed the switch disconnects the start winding
from the circuit and the motor will continue to rotate on the run winding alone. The reason
for the switch is that the parallel design of the start and run windings draw quite a bit of
current during starting and, if the start windings were left in the circuit, the motor would
overheat and eventually destroy the stator. In above ground motors a centrifugal switch is
employed. In the Franklin submersible motor a thermal BIAC switch is used to drop the start
winding from the circuit.
Figure 8 shows the current curves of the start and run windings
of a split phase motor. Although the start winding current is less
than that of the run winding, it still creates an additional
magnetic field slightly ahead of that of the run winding.
Figure 8
Figure 9
Figure 9 shows something very different than that
earlier, so called, single phase rotating field. It is
truly a rotating field and, although not as efficient
as that produced by three phase power, it is able to
start the motor. The rotating field is generated by
the current normally associated with the run
winding and the leading current (and induced
magnetic field) of the start winding.
The split phase motor is a low cost design and is
available from 1/20 to 1.5 HP and is usually found
on low end centrifugal pumps and fans. It
produces low starting torque (100‐175% of run torque) and requires a very high starting
current (700‐1000% of run current). Thermal protection is more difficult due to higher
winding temperatures during starting and the frequency of starts must be limited to prevent
insulation damage.
Capacitor Start
Figure 10 is a schematic of the capacitor start motor.
The stator windings in the capacitor start motor are
exactly the same as the split phase motor except that
the start winding wire is normally sized. The stator
poles are spaced 90 degrees apart and a normally
closed switch is employed to activate and deactivate
the start windings. In the Franklin submersible motor a
Figure 10
current switch replaces the centrifugal switch used in
above ground motors.
The difference between the split phase and cap start
motor is that there is a capacitor in series with the start
winding. Unlike the split phase motor which uses
resistance to effect a small difference in the start and
run winding magnetic fields, the capacitor start motor
takes advantage of the capacitor’s inherent ability to cause current to lead voltage in a typical
sine wave. We will not go into it here but a properly sized capacitor can create almost any
angle one wishes between the start and run magnetic fields. Again, it must be disconnected
from the circuit after the motor reaches about 75% of its rated speed to keep from over heating
the stator and capacitor.
Figure 11 shows the capacitor start
current peaks of the start and run
windings separated by 90 degrees (which
is ideal). Notice too that, unlike the split
phase current curves, the start winding
current is similar to that of the run
winding.
The capacitor start motor is more costly Figure 11
than the split phase and is typically
available from ¼ to 3HP. It has a higher
starting torque (200‐400% of run torque)
and requires less starting current (400‐575% of run current). Its lower starting current also
allows a higher frequency of starts than does the split phase motor.
PSC
Well, if a capacitor can produce the proper angle between the magnetic fields of the start and
run windings, would it not be beneficial to keep it in the circuit while the motor is running?
After all it should allow smoother running and more running torque. The answer, of course,
is yes and there are a couple of ways to accomplish this.
The permanent split capacitor (PSC) motor, seen in
Figure 12, is probably the most reliable single phase
motor made. It has a run type capacitor in series with
the start winding (now refereed to as the auxiliary
winding) but does not require a switch to disconnect it.
Because the capacitor is designed for continuous use, it
cannot be sized to provide the starting boost of start
capacitor. Still, the PSC motor has a starting torque
similar to split phase motors but at a much lower
starting current.
The reason that two wire submersible motors do not
Figure 12 utilize this, far better, design is because it is difficult to
house the capacitor within the motor. It would require
a separate enclosure on the surface and, even though there would be no switch in the
enclosure (as in the typical Franklin control box) a third wire would be required and thus
defeat the whole purpose of the two wire motor.
The PSC motor is less costly than the cap start motor because a switch is unnecessary.
Horsepower ranges from ¼ to 1 and starting torque is low (30‐150% of run torque). It requires
the lowest starting current of any design (less than 200% of run current) and can withstand a
very high cycle rate. It is the most reliable motor available.
Cap Start Cap Run
The capacitor start, capacitor run motor combines the best features of the capacitor start and
PSC motors. As you can see in Figure 13, the run capacitor is always in series with the
auxiliary (start) winding. But during starting a start
capacitor, connected by a normally closed switch, is also
in the circuit. This configuration provides the starting
boost of the capacitor start motor with the smooth
running and higher running torque of the PSC motor.
In the case of above ground motors, a centrifugal switch
removes the start capacitor from the auxiliary winding
once speed reaches about 75%. Franklin submersible
Figure 13
motors use a current switch to perform the same function.
The cap start / run motor is the most costly but combines the best features of the cap start and
PSC motors. They are usually available from 1‐15 HP and offer high starting and breakdown
torque while providing smoother running characteristics at higher horsepower ratings.
Summary
Starting torque is not really an issue with most centrifugal pumps because they are “variable”
torque machines. By this I mean that the torque required is proportional to rotational velocity
of the impeller. Unlike positive displacement pumps, which require high torque during
starting, centrifugals require little initially but require more as rotational velocity increases.
The PSC motor is ideal for a single phase, centrifugal pump but is limited to about 1HP due to
the increasing inertia of the motor rotor and pump rotating element as motor and pump
horsepower increase. If it were not for the additional cost of 3 wire submersible cable it would
replace the Franklin 2 wire motor in an instant. The cap start motor is the next best step but,
again, rotor and pump inertia requires the smoother running capability of the cap start / run
design as HP increases.
For more information on electric motors and electric power download the “Puzzler” on the
Education page at http://www.pumped101.com .