STEM Track 2 Gen Bio 1 Unit I Lesson 3

LA CONSOLACION COLLEGE BACOLOD
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Distance Education
Instructional Module
Lesson 3 (Week 3)
Learning Content:
1. Cell Cycle
a. Mitosis
b. Meiosis
OVERVIEW
In the first 2 lessons we studied the cell structures and functions, the various cell
modifications and its biological importance. Let us try to understand the other essential tasks
of a cell to keep us alive – this is Cell Division. Why must cells divide and how do they divide?
If you recall, one of the tenets of the Cell Theory is that cells come from pre-existing
cells. It emphasized the importance of cell division and that no single cell exists today if not
from a parent cell. It allows the organism to grow and develop, to reproduce, and to repair
worn-out or damaged tissues (cell replacement).
However, cells do not just divide at any time. It follows a particular cycle known as
the Cell Cycle. In this lesson, you will look at the different stages of the cell cycle and what
happens in every stage.
LEARNING GOALS
Upon completion of this lesson, you will be able to:

a. characterize the phases of the cell cycle and their control points;
b. describe the stages of mitosis and meiosis given 2N = 6;
c. illustrate the changes in the chromosomes in every stage of mitosis and
meiosis, given 2N = 6; and
d. realize the value of life at the cellular level and manifest the value of sharing
to promote a life worth living through journal writing.
ELICIT
Recall the following important biology concepts on cell division from your JHS science
class:
General Biology 1 (SHS) This instructional material is exclusively for LCCB only | Page 1
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 Multicellular organisms have two types of cells based on function and chromosome
number:
o body cells or somatic, vegetative cells
o reproductive cells
 Body cells are diploid; they have two sets of chromosomes represented by the
symbol 2N.
 Reproductive cells are haploid; they have only one set of chromosomes represented
by the symbol N.
Task 1 Let’s Count! (Formative Assessment)

Item no. 1 is already answered for you. This will be your guide. Go back to the definitions I
have written above this task and try to apply the concepts to the given problems.
1. An earthworm has 36 chromosomes.
a. N = 18
b. How many pairs of chromosomes are there in an earthworm’s every single body
cell? 36
c. How many chromosomes do its sperm contains? 18
2. A pineapple plant’s gamete has 25 chromosomes.
a. What is the diploid number for a pineapple? _________
b. What is the haploid number for a pineapple? ________
c. How many chromosomes does its every root cell contain? ________
3. In a chinchilla, 2N=64.
a. What is N for a chinchilla cell? _______
b. How many chromosomes does a chinchilla’s gamete have? ________
c. How many chromosomes does a chinchilla’s somatic cell have? __________
4. Cat has a haploid number of 19.
a. What is 2N for a cat cell? _______
b. How many chromosomes does a cat’s egg have? ________
c. How many chromosomes does a cat’s skin cell have? _________
5. Radish plant has 18 chromosomes.
a. What is the diploid number for a radish stem cell? ________
b. What is 2N for a radish? ________
c. How many chromosomes are in a radish ovule? _______
6. A human liver cell has 46 chromosomes.
a. How many chromosomes does a human male sperm cell have? ________
b. A human female egg cell? __________
c. A human female muscle cell? _________
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Brain Teaser: Did you enjoy counting the chromosome number? : ) What is it’s implication to
you?
____________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
Let’s proceed further if this part is already fully understood. Again, always consult some
references/books for clarifications and still have doubts, I’m just a call/message away : )
Engage
The Cell Cycle
 One distinctive characteristic of a species is a constant chromosome number in each

cell.
 In a diploid cell, each kind of chromosome is represented by a pair; the two identical
chromosomes are described as homologous.
 A karyotype is the general morphology of the somatic chromosome. Generally,
karyotypes are represented by arranging in the descending order of size keeping their
(chromosomes) centromeres in a straight line.
Task 2 Cell Division vs. Cell Cycle (Formative Assessment)
Examine the 2 sets of karyotypes. Count the numbers of chromosomes found in each type of
cell and describe their appearance. Write your observations in the graphic organizer found
on the next page.
Set A Set B
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Image source: https://www.chegg.com/homework-help/questions-and-answers/1-data-analysis-

hela-cells-genetic-mess-aa-aa-e-normal-human-cell-karyotype-essentially-ph-q41455946
My Description:
Set A Set B
How would you explain the differences you have figured out between the two cells?
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
 Organisms follow a complex sequence of events by which their cells grow and divide.
 The cell cycle represents all phases in the life of a cell.
o All cells are derived from pre-existing cells
o New cells are produced for reproduction, growth and to replace damaged or
old cells
o It differs in prokaryotes (bacteria) and eukaryotes (protists, fungi, plants, &
animals)
 Asexual reproduction involves a single cell dividing to make 2 new,
identical daughter cells
 Mitosis & binary fission are examples of asexual reproduction
 Sexual reproduction involves two cells (egg & sperm) joining to make a
new cell (zygote) that is NOT identical to the original cells
 Meiosis is an example
 To keep the cells identical, the instructions for making cell parts are encoded in the
DNA, so each new cell must get a complete set of the DNA molecules as that of the
parent.
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o DNA must be copied or replicated before cell division. Each new cell will then
have an identical copy of the DNA
Original DNA strand
Unzipping and replication of the DNA
Two new, DNA identical

strands
 Cell cycle checkpoints normally ensure that DNA replication and mitosis occur only
when conditions are favorable and the process is working correctly.
o Checkpoint – a critical control point in the cell cycle where ‘stop’ and ‘go-
ahead’ signals can regulate the cell cycle.
o The Cell Cycle control system is driven by a built-in clock that can be adjusted
by external stimuli (i.e., chemical messages)
 Animal cells have built-in ‘stop’ signals that halt the cell cycles and
checkpoints until overridden by ‘go-ahead’ signals.
o Three major checkpoints are found in the G1, G2, and M phases of the Cell
Cycle.
 The G1 checkpoint ensures that the cell is large enough to divide and
that enough nutrients are available to support the resulting daughter
cells.
 If a cell receives a ‘go-ahead’ signal at the G1 checkpoint, it will
usually continue with the Cell cycle.
 If the cell does not receive the ‘go-ahead’ signal, it will exit the
Cell Cycle and switch to a non-dividing state called G0 (known
as the quiescent stage). Most cells in the human body are in
the G0 phase.
 The G2 Checkpoint – ensures that DNA replication in S-phase has been
successfully completed.
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 The Metaphase, M Checkpoint or Spindle Checkpoint – ensures that all

of the chromosomes are attached to the mitotic spindle by a
kinetochore.
Cell Division
 Cells divide for growth, repair and reproduction.

 Cell division involves the division of the nucleus (karyokinesis) and the division of the
cytoplasm (cytokinesis).
 There are two types of cellular division: mitosis and meiosis.
o Mitosis consists of one division, at the end of which, two daughter cells are
formed. Mitosis maintains the chromosome number from the parent cell to
the daughter cell.
 Multicellular organisms go through mitosis to grow and repair
damaged tissues, while unicellular organisms use it as a form of
asexual reproduction.
o Meiosis consists of two successive cell divisions (Meiosis I and Meiosis II), at
the end of which, four daughter cells are formed. Meiosis reduces the
chromosome number of the daughter cells to half that of the parent cell.
 Sexually reproducing organisms undergo meiosis to produce haploid
gametes in preparation for sexual reproduction.
Cell Cycle and Checkpoints
Task 3
Label the diagram with the following:
Anaphase Interphase (3) Mitosis
Cell division (M Phase) Prophase Telophase
Cytokinesis S-DNA replication Metaphase
G1 – cell grows G2 – prepares for mitosis G1 checkpoint
M checkpoint G2 checkpoint G0 stage
Then on the diagram, lightly color the G1 phase BLUE, the S phase YELLOW, the G2
phase RED, and the stages of mitosis ORANGE. Color the arrows indicating all of the
interphases in GREEN. Color the part of the arrow indicating mitosis PINK and the
part of the arrow indicating cytokinesis BROWN.
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Task 4 Mitosis
Fill-in the graphical organizer with the essential descriptions on mitosis
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On the next page are actual images of actively dividing cells of onion (Allium cepa) root tip.
Each pictured onion cell is labelled with a number. Identify the stage of mitosis the onion
root tip cell was undergoing when arrested for mounting. Also identify the cell captured at
its resting stage or interphase. Write your answers in the graphic organizer below.
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Cell #1 Cell #2 Cell #3 Cell #4 Cell #5 Cell #6 Cell #7 Cell #8 Cell #9 Cell
#10
Task 5. Meiosis
Name the phase of meiosis as shown in each diagram. Identify the correct meiotic event
that happens during that particular phase by choosing from the stated events below. Write
only the number that corresponds to such event. Note: metaphase II of meiosis is already
identified and the event is also defined - #4 (chromosomes line up along the equator, not in
homologous pairs).
1. Homologous chromosomes pair up and form tetrad

2. Spindle fibers move homologous chromosomes to opposite sides
3. Nuclear membrane reforms, cytoplasm divides, 4 daughter cells formed
4. Chromosomes line up along equator, not in homologous pairs
5. Crossing-over occurs
6. Chromatids separate
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7. Homologs line up along equator

8. Cytoplasm divides, 2 daughter cells are formed
ex.
Metaphase II
4
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Explore
 Refer to your colored diagram on page 7 to answer the questions on pp. 12 – 13.
 Given the chromosome number, 2N= 6, illustrate the changes in the 6 chromosomes
following the events that happen in every stage of mitosis and meiosis by doing Task
6 on pp. 13 – 14.
Extend
 Perform Task 7 – My Journal Writing – page 15.
Reminders:
 The succeeding pages are the worksheets that you need to accomplish
and submit (pp. 12 – 15)
 Every lesson in the module is a weekly task, you are provided with a weekly class
schedule to follow, and thus you need to accomplish the whole lesson according to
the allotted time in the class schedule. You need to manage your time.
 Second, always be on time, Friday of every week is the scheduled pick up and
submission of the weekly lesson. Submission of accomplished lesson packages is thru
your class mentor.
 Third, do not leave any task unanswered. Don’t even forget to indicate your name.
Always make it a habit to review your lesson tasks before the submission time.
 Lastly, clarity and neatness of work pays off.
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STEM Track 2: General Biology 1 (Week 3)

NAME: ______________________________________ DATE: __________________
Grade & Section: ______________________________ SCORE: _________________
Unit I: Lesson 3
Task 3: Cell Cycle and Checkpoints
Refer to your colored diagram on page 7 to answer the following questions:
1. What is a cell cycle?
2. What is the longest stage of the cell cycle?
3. During what stage does the G1, S, and G2 phase happen?
4. During what phase of the cell cycle does mitosis and cytokinesis occur?
5. During what phase of the cell cycle is DNA replicated?
6. During what phase of the cell cycle does the cell grow?
7. During what phase of the cell cycle does the cell prepare for mitosis?
8. How many stages are there in mitosis?
9. Put the following stages of mitosis in order: anaphase, prophase, metaphase, and
telophase.
10. Put the following stages of the cell cycle in order: G2, S, G1, M.
11. Place the following in order: G2, G1, S, mitosis, cytokinesis.
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12. Place the following actions in order: DNA replication, cell grows, cell division, cell
prepares for mitosis.
13. What happens in every checkpoint of the cell cycle?
G1 Checkpoint G2 Checkpoint M Checkpoint
14. Briefly explain the importance of these checkpoints in the life of the cell.
Task 6: Mitosis and Meiosis

Given the chromosome number, 2N= 6, illustrate the changes in the 6 chromosomes
following the events that happen in every stage of mitosis and meiosis.
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Task 7: Journal Writing

 If you have understood how every single cell in your body undergoes the cell cycle
and when and how it divides, you are surely caught amazed by the intricate pattern
of what life is all about and realized that life is to be valued.
 At this point I would like you to share your own personal experiences toward
appreciation and celebration of your life through journal writing. Below are your
guide questions.
Guide Questions:
1. What do you think will happen if one day, your cell stops dividing or would
unstoppably divide?
2. Jesus have taught us that sharing is one of the moral activities that a good Christian
must do, that is, giving to those who are in need and expect nothing in return. Today,
the whole world is in crisis, our country is not spared on this health crisis which is due
to the pandemic that COVID – 19 has brought us. Many are in vain, struggling to
survive and we need to help each other. Did you do your part already? List down the
ways you have done so far in helping those in need and/or list down your plan on
how you will practice giving to those who are in need today and even to those who
suffered from other calamities.
Checked by:
________________
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REFERENCES
Belardo, Giselle Millete M. (2016). General Biology 1 Philippine Edition. Philippine
Adaptation: Vibal Group, Inc..
Nalog, Rachell Ann T. & Pabatao, V. A. (2010). Telling and Re-Telling the Story of Jesus
Through Science. Quezon City, Philippines: Rex Crown Publications, Inc.
Pandirahan, Kamashi. (2020). The Cell Cycle. Teach Me Physiology. Retrieved from
https://teachmephysiology.com/basics/cell-growth-death/cell-cycle/
Teaching Guide for Senior High School General Biology 1 Specialized Subject/ Academic
STEM. (2016).Quezon City, Philippines: The Commission on Higher Education.
The Cell Cycle Coloring Worksheet. Retrieved from

https://www.commackschools.org/Downloads/cell%20cycle%20worksheet.pdf
The Biology Corner. Meiosis – Name the Phases. Retrieved from

https://www.biologycorner.com/worksheets/meiosis2.html
PRAYER FOR THE BEATIFICATION OF

VENERABLE MOTHER CONSUELO BARCELO
(Co-foundress of the Augustinian Sisters of Our Lady of Consolation in the Philippines)
God of Love and Compassion, you endowed Venerable Mother Consuelo
with great love and zeal for your honor and glory. We commend to You her life
and example of love of God and neighbor. With faith and trust in Your gracious providence,
we pray for her beatification sp that she may continue to inspire us in seeking Your will
and living a holy life. God of mercy, we also humbly present to You our need, united with the
confirmation of the holiness of life of Venerable Mother Consuelo.
(Silently mention your intentions)
In gratitude for your boundless blessings, we praise and thank you,
Our God, Father, Son and Holy Spirit. Amen.
Our Lady of Consolation, pray for us.
Our great father, St. Augustine, pray for us.
Mother Rita, Venerable Mother Consuelo, and
all deceased Sisters, Priests and Brothers, intercede for us.
MY HEART IS RESTLESS, UNTIL IT RESTS IN YOU, O LORD.

STEM Track 2 Gen Bio 1 Unit I Lesson 3

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LA CONSOLACION COLLEGE BACOLOD

Galo Corner Gatuslao Streets, Bacolod City 6100, Philippines

Upon completion of this lesson, you will be able to:

Task 1 Let’s Count! (Formative Assessment)

 One distinctive characteristic of a species is a constant chromosome number in each

Task 2 Cell Division vs. Cell Cycle (Formative Assessment)

Image source: https://www.chegg.com/homework-help/questions-and-answers/1-data-analysis-

Original DNA strand

Unzipping and replication of the DNA

Two new, DNA identical

 The Metaphase, M Checkpoint or Spindle Checkpoint – ensures that all

 Cells divide for growth, repair and reproduction.

Fill-in the graphical organizer with the essential descriptions on mitosis

1. Homologous chromosomes pair up and form tetrad

7. Homologs line up along equator

 Perform Task 7 – My Journal Writing – page 15.

STEM Track 2: General Biology 1 (Week 3)

1. What is a cell cycle?

2. What is the longest stage of the cell cycle?

3. During what stage does the G1, S, and G2 phase happen?

5. During what phase of the cell cycle is DNA replicated?

8. How many stages are there in mitosis?

11. Place the following in order: G2, G1, S, mitosis, cytokinesis.

13. What happens in every checkpoint of the cell cycle?

G1 Checkpoint G2 Checkpoint M Checkpoint

Task 6: Mitosis and Meiosis

Task 7: Journal Writing

The Cell Cycle Coloring Worksheet. Retrieved from

The Biology Corner. Meiosis – Name the Phases. Retrieved from

PRAYER FOR THE BEATIFICATION OF

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