PROFESSIONAL

PRACTICE
ASSIGNMENT - 1

SUBMITTED BY:PRIYANKA TIWARI [I.D, IX SEM]

03-Nov-11
Q1. Describe the overview of ARCHITECTURAL PROFESSION in INDIA.

Ans. Architectural professionals from India are given due consideration across the world.
The Indian Architects are considered as aces among the international recruiters since
their specialization ranges from subjects like urban designing, regional planning, building
engineering and management architectural conservation, industrial design, landscape
architecture, naval architecture to architecture concerning traffic and transport planning
etc.

Indian Architectural Profession in 19th century :

-The beginning can be traced to the middle of 19th century.

-In those days British firms had set up their practices in India.
-In next few years few Indian Architects trained in U.K. set up their practices in
metropolitan cities .
-Most of the buildings were designed by British Architects who belonged to the Military
Engineerig Service, eg, Victoria Terminus(now named as Chatrapati Shivaji Terminus), the
High Court, the Head Quarters Building of Municipal Corporation in Greater Mumbai.
-Private architects built most of the buildings in Ballard State, Fort and Colaba.
Indian Architectural Profession in 20th century :
-A new phase was introduced by George Wittet and Edwin Lutyens.
-The phase was distinguished by the use of features from ancient Indian monuments like
the Gol Gumhaz at Bijapur, mosques and tombs in Ahmedabad, temples all over the
country and stupa at Sanchi.
-They tried to synthesize the current British trends with Classical Indian features like use
of domes, arches, columns, brackets etc.
-The examples where the prominent features have been used are Gateway of India,
Prince of Wales Museum and General Post Office building in Mumbai.
-Many architects during this period build buildings in “Colonial Style”.
-Few architects started a new trend of designing called “Indian Traditional Style”,
examples are: Bombay Central Railway Station, Lincoln House, Bombay Hospital, Bank of
India building in Fort.
-The outstanding project designed by Edwin Lutyens include “Viceroy’s Lodge or
Rashtrapati Bhawan & 2 wings of Secretariat”. This project was based on Renaissance
principles but incorporated Indian features and motifs and was ranked as one of most
successful projects of early 20th century in India.

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Q2. Throw light on “ Architectural Profession is a nobel creative profession in India and
not a trade or business”.
Ans. The word “Architect” is derived from the Greek word “arch” meaning “chief” & the
word “tekton” meaning “carpenter” or “builder”, & hence architect is rightly called the
Master Builder.
He is an artist to a major extent as his works require taste, skill, technical learning &
ability of high & rare kind along with business acumen.
The architect is a part & parcel & active member of the family professional brotherhood
in general & does not belong to trade or business circle.
The profession of an architect is a meeting point of art and business without which the
creative ideas of an architect will remain on papers as commercial enterprises & financial
expenditures open the doors to the creative instincts of an architect.
Business includes any trade manufacturing & profit of which are chargeable to income
tax.
The element of profit is present in all,yet the profession of architect distiguishes from
trade or business on account of various characteristics and specially the profit element.
This profit is not the primary purpose in Architect profession. Profit is secondary &
incidental ones.
The primary purpose of Architects is the noble aesthetic creation, it is for the future
generations & for further development of every era which is related to it.
If the definition of “Architecture” and “Architect” be analysed, it will be clear that
profession of Architect differs widely from trade or business.
Architecture is defined as the art or science of design, construction, style, appearance of
any structure with aesthetic character.
Architect is one who possesses with due to regard to aesthetics as well as practical
consideration. Adequate skill and knowledge to enable him (i) to originate (ii) to design &
plan (iii) to supervise the erection of buildings.
Business means sale or resale. An Architect does not manufacture any commodity or
purchase any commodity for the purpose of sale or resale.
An architect means nothing to sale except for his creation of services. Every time in the
Architectural field, it requires better & better. Every creation or design can create a
landmark & a thing that will inspire to do the best sort of work.
In business we only do for our survival but in Architecture every work is for others. It
includes many factors like comfort, safety, aesthetics etc. so to achieve all the basics a lot
of work is required.
Thus function wise profession is not a trade or business.

Q3. Describe a structure of an Architect’s Office and their objectives.

Ans. The structure of an Architect’s Office consists of :

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  Architect (Principal Self/Partner/Service Assistant)
 Assistant Architect
 Architectural Assistant
 Surveyor
 Manager
 Account Clerk
 Steno – typist
 Peon usually
 Secretary in big firm
 Clerk of work (to execute the work according to the design)
The objectives of an Architect’s Office are as following :

 To set up an ultimate goal

 Analysis of problems
 To plan out the work
 Its proper implementation
 Direct execution
 To check the performance of works and staff duty execution
 To audit record
 Fee received
 Staff salary

Q4. What are the professional code of conduct and fees or scale of charges?
Ans. The Architect is a person who creates speaking monuments out of nothing. He has
not to be an artist alone but also an administrator and something of a lawyer. Besides
owing duties to his clients, fellow brothers and employees, he owes a duty to the society.
In this complexity of duties, certain rules of behaviour are absolutely essential which are
known as “Professional Code of Conduct”. It is the code of conduct or rules of behaviour
in profession which will generate not only self confidence in the architect but inculcate
in him self-discipline and make him a well respected and efficient architect.
Architect and Society
 He must ensure that his professional activities do not conflict with his general
responsibility.
 He shall apply his skill to the creative, responsible and economic development of
our country.

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  He has to promote the advancement of architecture, standards of architectural
education, research, training and practices.
 He must conduct himself in a manner which is not insulting to his professional
character.
 While practising in the other countries he must follow the code of conduct of that
place.
Architect and Client
The client is the life line of the Architect who keeps his professional wheel in motion. An
architect must offer his services of a high standard to the best of his ability.
 If in private practice, to make know client about the conditions of engagement and
scale of charges.
 He should not give the work to another architect without the prior consent of the
client.
 He is prohibited to give discounts, commission or other gifts, inducement to get
work.
 He must maintain a high standard of integrity.
Though the Professional Conduct Regulations prohibit architect to advertise his
professional services, there are certain exceptions which are as following:
 A notice of change of address may be published on three occasions &
correspondents may be informed by the post.
 An architect, may exhibit his name outside his office, & on a building either under
construction or completed for which he is or was an architect, provided the
lettering does not exceed 10 cm. in height.
 Advertisements including the name & address of an architect may be published in
connection with the calling of tenders, staff requirements and similar matters.
 May allow his name to be associated with illustrations & descriptions of his work in
the press or other public media but he shall not give or accept any consideration
for such appearance.
 May allow his name to appear in the advertisements inserted in the press by
suppliers or manufacturers of materials, used in a building he has designed,
provided his name is included in an unostentatious manner & he does not accept
any consideration for its use.
 May allow his name to appear in brochure prepared by client for the purpose of
advertising or promoting projects for which he has been commissioned.
 May produce or publish brochures, pamphlets describing his experience &
capabilities for distribution to these potential clients whom he can identify by
name and position.
 May allow his name to appear in the classified columns of the trade/professional
directory /telephone directory.
Architect and His Brother in Profession
 An architect has to compete fairly with his fellow brothers. This does not
include reduction in fee or offering inducement to the client.had

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  If an architect has been selected or employed for a job on which another
architect had previously been applied, he shall not attempt to obtain or to
offer to accept commissions for that job. Moreover he has to give notice to
the outgoing architect that he is undertaking that job.
 There is a self-imposed code of conduct among the architects not to take
away the work of first architect till he gives his no objection certificate.
 The retiring architect can have no objection for the substituted architect,
provided his professional dues are paid up. If he still refuses the substituted
architect can take over the work without inviting any misconduct, but he
should give the notice.
 One exception only at preliminary stage is that the client may consult as
many architects as he wants provided he makes payment of each.
Architect and His Employees, Associates and Consultants

The architect is to,

 Provide his employees or associates with suitable working environment,
compensate them fairly & facilate their professional development.
 Recognise and respect the professional contributions of his employees
and/or associates and/or consultants.
 Enter, into agreement with defining their scope of work, responsibilities,
functions, fees and mode of payment.

General

 The code further puts a restriction on the architect to take another architect as a
partner if the latter stands disqualified for registration by the reason of the fact
that his name has been removed from the register under the architect’s act
1972.
 On the other hand if an architect practices as a partner in a partnership firm or is
in charge and is responsible to a company registered under the company’s act
1956, for the conduct of business of such company, he shall ensure that such
partnership firm or the company as the case may be complies with the
architects.

Q5. What are the objectives of IIA? Describe the categories of membership of IIA.
Ans. Indian Institue of Architects (IIA)

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- The IIA was established in the year 1917 as Bombay Architectural Student
Association in Mumbai.
- It was converted into the IIA in the year 1929.
- It is a voluntary organisation registered under the Indian Society Act XXI of
1860 and the charitable trust act.
- It has membership of about thousands of members in all over India and other
countries like UK, USA, middle east and African countries.

The objectives of IIA are as following :

1. To organize and unite architects in India.

2. To promote the architectural profession.
3. To encourage the growth of architectural education and to institute awards
for teachers and students.
4. To prescribe syllabus and condemn examinations for those who do not have
excess to formal education in architecture.
5. To bring about necessary changes in laws relating to architectural practice.
6. To organize conferences, seminars, lectures etc. on matters relating to
architecture and to award medals, certificates, prizes etc.
7. To co-ordinate activities relating to architecture with other like minded
bodies.
8. To promote improvement of living standards and to increase awareness
among the public about the architectural profession.

The categories of Membership of IIA are as following :

1. Honourary Fellow Member : Any individual not necessarily an architect who

has contributed to the growth of architectural profession in some way can
be elected by the IIA council as honourary fellow. IIA has elected eminent
persons as honourary fellow. This class of membership does not entitle the
recipient excess to registration under Architect’s Act 1972.
2. Fellow Member : An associate member who has attained the age of 36years
and has either practiced independently or served in a senior and responsible
capacity in an architectural office/private/public and made a significant
contribution to the profession can be elected as a fellow member. In the
year 1985 IIA amended its byelaws to make it possible for an non-architect
to be elected as a fellow member. Fellow members alone can act as a
arbitrators in arbitration matters if the contract form prescribed by the IIA
has been adapted.
3. Associate Member : Any person who has attained the age of 21years and
graduated from one of the institution recognized by IIA or has been
registered with COA can become an associate member of IIA on application.
Those who pass IIA examination are also eligible to become associate

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 member. An associate member after 7years of independent practice or
10years service in a responsible position can apply for fellow membership.
4. Licenciate Member : Any person who is registered with COA constitutes
under the Architect Act of 1972 is eligible for to apply for Licenciate
Membership. A Licenciate Member has all the privilege of an associate
member except that he is not eligible to vote on matters relating to change
in IIA constitution and byelaws. After serving as Licentiate member for
7years, a member can apply for associate membership.
5. Student Member : A student enrolled in one of the architectural institution
can on application can become a Student member. A Student member can
attend conferences, seminar, lectures, etc. but cannot attend general body
meeting or participate in any election conduced by IIA. He can have access
to library of IIA. Sometimes IIA organize special lectures, training programme
and other co-curricular activity for Student members.
6. Retired Member : Any member of IIA after attaining the age of 55years and
on completely retiring from service or profession can apply for Retired
Membership. Such members exempted from payment of annual
membership subscription. They enjoy all the privileges enjoyed by
fullfledged members except that they are not eligible to seek election to any
IIA post or vote in such elections. A Retired member can resume the earlier
full membership on formly reapplying and payment of normal subscription.
A Retired member can use MIIA as suffix with their name.

Q6. Who are the key office bearers of IIA and how are they elected?
Ans.

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Q7. Describe various byelaws of IIA.
Ans. The following shall be the Bye-Lows of the Institute, until and unless such
times as the same shall be modified, altered or added in the manner hereafter
prescribed.
1. INTERPRETATION:

In these Bye-Laws unless there is something in the subject or context

inconsistent therewith:
"THE INSTITUTE" shall mean the Indian Institute of Architects.
"THE COUNCIL" shall mean members elected from time to time, which include
the President, Two Vice-Presidents, the Honorary Treasurer, and two or more
Jt. Honorary Secretaries, being the office-bearers, and other members.
This shall also include the Immediate Past-President (exofficio member), and
the Chairmen of the Chapters.
"BYE-LAWS" shall mean these Bye-Laws and such other Bye-Laws' as shall, for
the time-being, be in force.
"MEMBERS, OF THE INSTITUTE" means any person who has been admitted to
the Membership of the Institute, whether a Fellow, Associate, Licentiate, or
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Hon. Member, all of whom may hereafter be referred to as Members.
The Institute may also have attached to it Students and Subscribers who shall
not be entitled to the privileges of Membership except as defined in the Bye-
Laws.
"STATE OR UNION TERRITORY" shall mean a State or Union Territory within
the Republic of India.
Words importing the masculine gender only shall include the feminine, and
the singular number shall include the plural.
2. HEADQUARTERS:
The Headquarters of the Institute shall be situated in Bombay. The
Headquarters can be shifted to any other place as may be decided by three-
fourths majority of members voting by ballot.
3. REGISTRATION:
Any person who at the time of the formation of this Institute is an Associate
Member of the Bombay Architectural Association, and possesses the
qualification which entitles him under the Constitution to become either a
Fellow or an Associate of the Indian Institute of Architects shall be registered
as such, on signing the necessary declaration form.

3. STUDENTS:
Students shall be persons studying architecture with a view to enter the
profession of Architecture, and shall be studying in an architectural Institution
approved by the Council.
4. SUBSCRIBERS:
A Subscriber shall be either a person who was a memberof the Bombay
Architectural Association at the time of adoption of the original Constitution of
the Institute, now amended or a person who in the opinion of the Council is
likely to render assistance is promoting the objects of the Institute.
5. CLASSES OF MEMBERS:
 Fellow Members
 Associates
 Licenciates
 Honourary Members
 Retired Members

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Q8. Explain the liabilities of professional Architect as per conditions of engagement set
by IIA.
Ans. The question of Architect’s liability has assumed a great deal of importance and
concern owing to recent building collapses as a result of which Architects were arrested
and refused bail for a long period of time. Added to this is applicability of Consumer
Protection Act to Architects.
COA has defined Architect’s liability in clear terms :
Principles of Liabilities : Architects are liable to their clients in three ways;
 Moral Liability
 Professional Liability and Legal Liability due to negligence
 Criminal Liability
Moral Liability :-
 This type of liability is vague in nature.
 It can be described as conflict of interest, failure to suggest alternatives, lack of
application of mind, etc.
 Courts often refer to dereliction of duty on moral and ethical grounds where some
matters do not clearly fall under professional liability.
 This liability is such that the client may entertain doubts about Architect’s
integrity.

Professional Liability :-
 An Architect is professionally liable if his client suffers financial loss due to lack of
proper professional service.
 This may include faulty design, delay in issuing drawings and instructions to
contractor, recommending untested materials , making commitments on behalf of
client without his express authority.
Rule no. 13 of Rules & Regulations framed under section 45 of Architect’s Act,
1972 states under the heading “Liability” as under :
1. An Architect shall be liable if he fails to exercise all reasonable skill, care and
diligence in the discharge of his duties, in particular compliance with local
building bye-laws.
2. The liability of Architect shall start with the commencement of the project
and continue for a period of two years after the completion of project.
3. An Architect shall not be liable for any damage resulting from any act of a
contractor or supplier which is not in accordance with the contract
documents or the instructions of the Architect.

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 4. An Architect shall not be liable for any violation of legal provisions or rights
of third parties unless such provision or rights have been specifically brought
to the notice of the Architects in writing by the client.

Interpretation : Any question arising out of the Condition of Engagement and Scale of
Professional Charges may be referred by an Architect or a client to the
Council of Architecture for advice and the advice so given shall be final and
binding between the parties. In 2002 Council of Architecture by its
Document has further clarified Architect’s Professional Liability. A gist of
this document is as under:

Architect’s Professional Liability :

 Professionals are required to discharge their obligations and commitments
diligently and befitting the quality and standards of services.
 The laws of the land mandate that the professionals should provide services to
the consumers in a required manner exercising duty of care.
 Professionals must not commit any negligency while providing services to the
consumers.
 The concrete actions against Architect have brought disrepute,embarrassment
and mental agony to them when they are unconnected with the reasons
responsible for the collapse of building. Whenever buildings or any other built
form collapses, legal action is taken against Architect without inquiring into
their faults and the circumstances leading to the collapse.
 The Professional liability of Architect for the building designed and supervised
by them : the building afterwards remain under the control and management
of owners/occupants and not under the superintendence of the Architect who
was originally engaged for the design and supervision of construction.
 It has been the constant desire and earnest request of the professionals that
Council of Architecture being a statutory body regulating the Architectural
Education and profession throughout the country, it should formulate
guidelines on Architect’s professional liability.
 The Council has prescribed guidelines on “Architect’s Professional Liability” to
make Architects, owners and occupants aware about the manner and
circumstances in which an Architect should be held responsible for a negligent
act or deficient service.
 The Council highlights the duties and responsibilities of owners and occupiers
towards preservation of their buildings.

Legal Liability due to negligency :-

 As a professional, the architect is expected to advice his client to the best of his
ability.

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  He cannot be penalized if his advice does not prove to be the best possible under
the prevailing conditions.
 Since the client invests large amounts in building, he must have legal remedy when
the Architect is negligent.
 If the client can prove negligency on the part of the Architect, the client can obtain
heavy damages from the Architect.

Criminal Liability :-

 If an Architect commits some kind of criminal act such as forgery, fraud,

misrepresentation, perjury, criminal negligence, he is liable for action in a court of
law under the Code of Criminal Procedure. He can be awarded rigorous
imprisonment, fine or both.
- Forgery include forging documents and permissions given by statutory
authorities.
- Fraud involves misuse of funds given on trust for payments to authorities or
contractors.
- Misrepresentation means giving wrong or incomplete information
intentionally or posing as an authorized agent of client without proper
authority.
- Perjury means telling a lie while under oath.
- Criminal negligence involves death or destruction of property through willful
negligence.

Q9. What do you understand by Architect’s Act 1972?

Ans. The Architect’s Act of 1972 which came into force on 1st September 1972 has the
following objectives :
 To prepare register of qualified architects on the basis of a approved qualification to
safeguard the interest of common man.
 To regulate the profession of architect by evolving a “Code of Ethics” and by laying
down minimum standard of architecture education in India.
To achieve these objectives a statutory body known as “Council of Architecture” has
been created. It is headed by its President.
Summary of Architect’s Act, 1972
Since Independence in 1947, building construction activity in India has expanded on a
phenomenal scale. Many unqualified architects calling themselves as Architects are
undertaking construction of buildings which are uneconomical and unsafe; thus
bringing into disrepute the profession of Architects. With the passing of this
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legislation, it will be unlawful for any person to designate himself as Architect unless
he has requisite qualification and is duly registered under the Act.
The main features of this Act are:
1. A corporate body known as “Council of Architecture” is created.
2. It has powers for registration of Architects.
3. It enrolls persons holding recognized degree or diploma in Architecture; or persons
who have been practising as Architects for a period of 5years before September 1st
1972.
4. It recommends to Government additional qualifications acceptable for
registration.
5. It holds enquiries into the misconduct of Architects and takes suitable action.
6. It prescribes minimum standards of education and training of Architects in India.
This Act protects the title “Architects”, but they can not style themselves as
Architects.
The act consists of four chapters and a schedule that includes-

Chapter I: This chapter contains the short title of the Act- viz Architects Act.
1972 and definitions of words such as Architect, Council of Architecture, Indian
Institute of Architects, etc.

Chapter II: This chapter deals with Council of Architecture, its office bearers,
their election, meetings of the Council, formation of committees, officers and
staff of COA, its finances, recognition of architectural qualifications and of
architectural institutions.

Chapter III: This chapter deals with the procedure for registration of Architects,
preparation of Register, fees for initial registration, renewal, re-instatement,
removal from register, procedure for inquiries relating to misconduct etc.

Chapter IV: This chapter deals with matters such as penalty for claiming to be
registered, prohibition against the use of title "Architect", powers of Central
Government to make rules, power of Council to make regulations, etc.

Schedule: This schedule contains recognized Indian Degrees and Diplomas in

Architecture and some recognized qualifications in other countries.

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Q10. List various membership of COA. Explain their functions and duties.
Ans. The various membership of COA are :
 COA is headed by its President
 He is assisted by an Executive Committee and a Council consisting of 45 odd
members representing
- the Indian Institute of Architects - five Architects possessing recognized
qualifications elected by the Indian Institute ofArchitects from among its
members.
- Heads of Architectural Institutions in India - five persons elected from among
themselves from heads of Architectural Institutions in India imparting full-
time instruction for recognized qualifications.
- Chief Architects of all states and Union territories - an Architect from each
State nominated by the government of that state.
- Union Ministry of Education (which now forms a part of Union Ministry of
Human Resources Development) - the Chief Architect in the ministries of the
Central Government to which the Government business relating to defence &
railways has been allotted & head of the Architectural Organizations in the
Central Public Works Department, ex officio.
- Institution of Engineers - two persons nominated by the Institution of
Engineers (India) from among its members.
- Institution of Surveyors - one person nominated by the Institution of
Surveyors of India among its members.
- All India Council for Technical Education - two persons nominated by the All
India Council for Technical Education established by the resolution of the
government of India in the late Ministry of Education.
- The President & vice-President of the council shall be elected by the members
of the Council from among themselves; If on the first constitution of the
Council & until the president is elected, a member of the Council nominated
by the central Government in this behalf shall discharge the functions of the
President.
- An elected president or Vice-President of the Council shall hold office for a
term of 3 years or till he ceases to be a member of the Council, whichever is
earlier, but subject to his being a member of the Council, he shall be eligible
for re-election.
 The council is assisted by a Registrar – who is a full time employee of the Council.
The Registrar is empowered to carry out certain functions prescribed by the
Architects Act.

Duties and Functions of various committees of COA

1. Executive Committe
 This committe is headed by the President.

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  It has a Vice President and 5 members elected by the Council from among its
own members.
 The tenure of this committee is of 3 years.
 It is required to formulate the budget, carry out specific directives of the
Council, take action on reports of various committees and assist the President in
laying down the policy.
2. Disciplinary Committe
 This committee consists of 3 members.
 It is headed either by President or Vice-President who is assisted by 2 or more
members.
 The tenure of this committee is of 3 years.
 It is required to conduct hearings in all cases of unprofessional conduct
referred to it by Council and report its findings and recommendations to the
Council.
3. Appeals Committe
 This committee consists of 2 or 3 members.
 It is usually headed by the Vice-President.
 It considers appeals made by aggrieved persons whose applications for
registration have been rejected by the Registrar.
4. All India Board of Studies in Architecture
 This Board was created as a result of a Memorandum of Understanding with
All India Council for Technical Education (AICTE).
 It consisted of about 15 members who were not necessarily members of the
Council.
 Non-council members were selected on the basis of their professional
background and connection with architectural institutions.
 This Board dealt with architectural education matters such as minimum
standards, syllabus, inspection of educational institutions imparting education
in Architecture etc.

Apart from the above mentioned committees the Council is empowered to

appoint special committees to deal with specific matters.

Q11. Describe the procedure for electing president and vice-president of COA.
Ans. The procedure for electing president and vice-president of COA is as follows :
 The President and Vice President of the Council shall be elected by the members of
the Council present at the time of election from amongst themselves.
 The date, time and place of election shall be intimated, to each of the members of
the Council by the nominated President and Vice President of the Council.

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  Any member present shall be entitled to propose the name of any other member
present for election as the President and Vice President and that proposal shall be
required to be seconded by a member other than the proposer or the one whose
name is proposed; provided that one member shall be entitled to propose or
second only one name.
 Any candidate may withdraw his candidature before the actual election.
 If the name of only one candidate is duly proposed and seconded, the Retiming
Officer shall forthwith declare in Form No.VII such candidate as duly elected.
 If the number of candidates duly proposed and seconded exceeds one, an election
shall be held by secret ballot.
 Before the commencement of the election, the Returning Officer shall invite the
members of the Council to inspect the ballot box, in case they like to do so, and he
shall then lock the box.
 At the time of actual election, the members present in the meeting shall, one by
one, sign against their names in the list containing the names of all the members in
alphabetical order and placed alongside the ballot box.
 After a member has signed his name in the said list, he shall be given a ballot
paper in Form No. VII which he shall drop into the ballot box after affixing there on
a cross (X) mark against the name of the candidate of his choice.
 As soon as the members present and wishing to exercise the right to vote have
done so, the Returning Officer shall open the ballot box and take out from it the
entire ballot papers, examine them and reject as invalid such of them.
 The Returning Officer shall then proceed to arrange the valid votes according to
the candidates in whose favors they have cast and count them separately for each.
 After the counting is over, the Returning Officer shall make an announcement in
the meeting about the votes secured by each of the candidates and the Returning
Officer shall also declare in Form No. VIII the candidate securing the largest
number of valid votes as duly elected to be the President of the Council.
 In the event of two or more candidates securing the same number of votes and
that number being more than the number of votes secured by any candidate other
than the two or more securing the same number of votes, the determination as
between such candidates shall be by draw of lots and the candidate on whom the
lot falls, shall be declared elected.

Q12. Describe the qualification for registration under the Act 1972.
Ans. The qualification for registration under the Act 1972 are as following :
1. Bachelor of architecture:

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  Degree awarded by Indian universities established by an act of central or state
legislature by Indian institute of technology, Kharagpur.
2. Diploma in architecture:

 National Diploma by All India Council for Technical Education.

 Five year full time diploma of Sir J.J. School Of Art, Bombay, after 1941.
 Of state board of technical education and training of Andhra Pradesh with effect
from 1960.
 Diploma of government college of arts and architecture, Hyderabad, till 1959
subject to condition that candidates concerned have special final examination held
by state board of Andhra Pradesh as given below.
 Of university of Nagpur with effect from 1965.
 Of government of Maharashtra.
 Of kalabhavan technical institute, Baroda school of architecture, Ahmedabad.
3. Membership of The Indian Institute of Architects:

Q13. Explain the legal responsibilities of Architect to the employer.

Ans. Architect’s Responsibilities : An Architect must accept responsibility due to the
confidence placed in his judgement and integrity by his client. The acceptance of
responsibility carries an obligation to carry out specified tasks in a professional
manner.
Some of the Important Tasks & Responsibilities of Architects :
 Advisory – Giving competent and appropriate advice to client
 Service – Providing requisite data for construction
 Legal – Advising about laws & rules governing buildings
 Staff – Creating right conditions for effective working
 Co-ordinating – Ensuring right order in a right manner
 Supervisory – Ensuring that the work is of desired quality
An Architect owes responsibility to the following :
 His client
 His profession
 His own organization
 His Design team
 To the society at large

In conclusion, members of public and executives of public bodies should select an

Architect after knowing his role thoroughly well, issue an appointment letter as
recommended by Council of Architecture and ensure that he provides competent
professional service in thier own interest and in the best interest of users and occupiers.

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