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ES 607 Foundations of Fluid Dynamics: Vinod Narayanan

1) Tensor notation simplifies complex equations in fluid dynamics through index notation developed by Einstein. 2) Rules of tensor notation include having each index appear twice in a term and implied summation over repeated indices. 3) Operations involving the Kronecker delta function (δij) and Levi-Civita symbol (εijk) follow specific rules determined by their definitions and treatment of free and repeated indices.

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71 views

ES 607 Foundations of Fluid Dynamics: Vinod Narayanan

1) Tensor notation simplifies complex equations in fluid dynamics through index notation developed by Einstein. 2) Rules of tensor notation include having each index appear twice in a term and implied summation over repeated indices. 3) Operations involving the Kronecker delta function (δij) and Levi-Civita symbol (εijk) follow specific rules determined by their definitions and treatment of free and repeated indices.

Uploaded by

Ashline
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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ES 607 Foundations of Fluid Dynamics

Vinod Narayanan

August 11, 2020

Vinod Narayanan ES 607 Foundations of Fluid Dynamics


Vector calculus
Identity :

~ = ax iˆ + ay jˆ + az k̂
A
We re-write
~ = a1 xˆ1 + a2 xˆ2 + a3 xˆ3
A
Similarly,

~ = b1 xˆ1 + b2 xˆ2 + b3 xˆ3


B

~B
A. ~ = a1 b1 + a2 b2 + a3 b3
X3
= ai bi
i=1
= ai b i

Vinod Narayanan ES 607 Foundations of Fluid Dynamics


δ Kronecker-delta function
(
1, if i = j,
δij =
0, if i 6= j.

δ11 = δ22 = δ33 = 1; δ12 = δ13 = δ21 = δ31 = ... = 0

 Levi-civita symbol : A third rank tensor



1,
 if i, j, k are cyclic.
ijk −1, if i, j, k are anti − cyclic.

0, if any index is repeating

123 = 312 = 231 = 1


132 = 321 = 213 = −1
112 = 122 = 233 = ...0

Vinod Narayanan ES 607 Foundations of Fluid Dynamics


Tensor notation

Simplifies long and complex equations in fluid dynamics

Developed by Einstein (index notation)

Rules of tensor notation


1 A free index appears once in every additive term.
2 Repeated index (dummy index) appears twice in a term
3 Summation from 1 to n is implied by a dummy index (appears twice)
4 Two terms in an expression should not have different free indices
5 An index should not appear more than twice in any given term

Vinod Narayanan ES 607 Foundations of Fluid Dynamics


Operations involving δij

δij ai
If you examine carefully, the index i is repeating.
It means, summation over index i. j is a free index.

3
X
δij ai = δij ai
i=1
= δ1j a1 + δ2j a2 + δ3j a3

But, by definition, (
1, if i = j,
δij =
0, if i 6= j.
index i is repeating (summation over i), free index is j

δij ai = aj
Vinod Narayanan ES 607 Foundations of Fluid Dynamics
δij ai = aj

Rule
Rule #1 Replace the repeating index (i) with free index (j)

Dot product of two vectors.


~B
A. ~ = δij ai bj
= aj b j
OR
= ai b i
= a1 b1 + a2 b2 + a3 b3

Vinod Narayanan ES 607 Foundations of Fluid Dynamics


Identity
~B
A. ~ = ai b i

Here i is repeating (summation over i). No free index. It is a scalar.

Vinod Narayanan ES 607 Foundations of Fluid Dynamics


Vector cross product

~×B
A ~ = ijk aj bk

Here two indices ( j&k ) are repeating. Free index is i

Meaning:
Summation over j and k
Result is a vector (i th component is given)
3 X
X 3
ijk aj bk = ijk aj bk
j=1 k=1

when i = j or k ijk = 0
and
when j = k ijk = 0

Vinod Narayanan ES 607 Foundations of Fluid Dynamics


i = 1, (a2 b3 − a2 b3 )

i = 2, (a3 b1 − a1 b3 )

i =3 (a1 b2 − a2 b1 )

Exercise for you:


3 X
X 3
ijk aj bk = ijk aj bk
j=1 k=1

Expand the sum writing all possible terms of i, j and k, write down
all the terms. Replace value of ijk with respect to the values of i, j
and k.

Vinod Narayanan ES 607 Foundations of Fluid Dynamics


~×B
A ~ = ijk aj bk
~ ×A
B ~ = ijk bj ak
= ijk ak bj
= −ikj ak bj
~×B
= −A ~

Vinod Narayanan ES 607 Foundations of Fluid Dynamics


Tripple product

~ × B).
(A ~ C~ = (ijk aj bk )ci
= jki bk ci aj
~ × (C~ .A)
= B ~
~ B)
= (A. ~ × C~

Vinod Narayanan ES 607 Foundations of Fluid Dynamics


Identity

ijk ipq = δjp δkq − δjq δkp

Vinod Narayanan ES 607 Foundations of Fluid Dynamics


Vector tripple product

~ × B)
(A ~ × C~
~×B
Let us take A ~ =R
~

~ (A
j th component of R ~ × B)
~
R = jpq ap bq

~ × B)
(A ~ × C~ = R
~ × C~
= ijk (jpq ap bq )ck
= jki jpq ap bq ck
= (δkp δiq − δkq δip )ap bq ck
= (δkp ap δiq bq ck − δkq bq δip ap )ck
= ak bi ck − bk ai ck
= ak ck bi − bk ck ai
~ C~ )B
= (A. ~ − (B.
~ C~ )A
~
Vinod Narayanan ES 607 Foundations of Fluid Dynamics

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