Computational

Fluid Dynamics
MSc / PGcert / PGdip

Department of Fluid Mechanics

and Computational Science
2010
 Computational Fluid Dynamics
Qualification MSc (with PG Certificate / PG Diploma )

School School of Engineering

Course Director: Dr Evgeniy Shapiro

The aim of this course is to offer a programme of study which will enhance the skills of the
graduate student providing a detailed introduction to the fundamentals of Computational
Fluid Dynamics (CFD) together with an insight into the applications of CFD across the
breadth of the subject.

For more details of this course please contact

Dr. Evgeniy Shapiro

Fluid Mechanics and Computational Science
School of Engineering
Cranfield University
Cranfield
Bedfordshire, MK43 0AL
United Kingdom

Tel +44 (0) 1234 754763

Email e.shapiro@cranfield.ac.uk
Online Prospectus: http://www.cranfield.ac.uk/soe/msccfd

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"The course is designed to meet the educational needs of graduates planning to make CFD one of their
professional skills. It sets out to bridge the gap between the introductory level of undergraduate courses and the
applied expertise acquired by engineers using CFD in industry. Students will gain the knowledge and
appreciation of CFD methods necessary for strong foundations to a career in this exciting engineering discipline."
Chris Carey, Fluent Europe's Technical Services Manager
"Computational Fluid Dynamics has traditionally been one of Cranfield University’s traditional strengths in the
Aeronautical field. The MSc in CFD course provides an excellent introduction to the subject, and equips students
with knowledge and skills necessary to pursue a career as CFD and fluid dynamics developers and practicians.
The course will also be of benefit to professional engineers who wish to enhance their understanding of theory
and gain an "insider’s" perspective of CFD applications."
Prof. Dr.- Ing. Anastasios Kokkalis, Director Flight Physics, CeBeNetwork GmbH, Engineering & IT
“The MSc in Computational Fluid Dynamics at Cranfield University is a very relevant and stimulating course,
covering the fundamental aspects of the numerical approaches and applications to industrially relevant flows. At
the same time the course exposes the current state of the art and development in CFD and covers the important
role played by experimental data in CFD for validation . The delivery of the course is well suited to mature
students like myself, who are already working in industry and who can only take the course part-time. The range
of optional modules is very good, would have liked to have chosen a few extra. The ability to remotely access the
CFD computing resources and the library facilities at Cranfield is a particularly useful facility since time on
campus as a working part-time student is very limited. I took the course as I wanted to build upon and expand
my knowledge as I use CFD in my role a s a systems engineer and it compliments my background in
experimental fluid mechanics. I found the course to be thoroughly worthwhile and enjoyable.”
Jon Powell (MSc CFD 2008)
“Choosing the MSc in CFD at Cranfield for the final year of my studies was the best decisions of my life so far.
During this academic year I consolidated my aeronautical knowledge and specialised in the field of
Computational Fluid Dynamics. Cranfield offers excellent studying conditions, especially in the field of CFD, with
well equipped IT facilities, abundance of software and most importantly, state-of-the-art High Performance
Computing centre. On top of that there is highly qualified academic staff that actively takes part in the
development of new, pioneering CFD techniques. What should also be mentioned is the fantastic university
library with an immense catalogue and access to online databases.”
Lukasz Paluszek (MSc CFD 2009)
“MSc in Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) at Cranfield University is a really good choice if you want to get an
extensive knowledge and hand-on experience in that field. A wide range of modules allows you to get as much
from the course as possible. After eleven months spend at Cranfield University you will really feel confident about
your knowledge and abilities. Lecturers are experts with an enormous experience. They do their best to make the
course interesting, they are very kind and extremely helpful. So if you have any problems, all you need to do is
just ask. Apart from standard classes, the university gives an excellent occasion to have a flight within a laboratory
aircraft Jetstream. Pilots will make it the unforgettable experience. I really recommend Cranfield University and
Computational Fluid Dynamics course to all students. During this 11-month period I have learned a lot about
CFD. Good luck with your course and enjoy it!”
Pawel Slabosz (MSc CFD 2010)

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Table of Contents
Introduction.................................................................................................................................4
Intended learning outcomes of the course.................................................................................5
Learning and Teaching...............................................................................................................6
Assessment Strategy and Methods...........................................................................................8
Syllabus...................................................................................................................................... 9
Introduction to Fluid Mechanics & Heat Transfer.................................................................10
Numerical Methods for PDEs...............................................................................................11
Numerical Modelling for Steady & Unsteady Incompressible Flows...................................12
Numerical Modelling for Steady & Unsteady Compressible Flows.....................................13
Classical Turbulence Modelling............................................................................................14
Advanced Turbulence Modelling and Simulation: LES and DNS.........................................15
High Performance Computing for CFD................................................................................16
Managing Uncertainty in CFD: Validation and Verification...................................................17
Grid Generation / CAD.........................................................................................................18
Data Analysis, Data Fusion and Post Processing in CFD....................................................19
The Role of Experimental Data in CFD.................................................................................20
CFD for Aerospace Applications..........................................................................................21
CFD for Micro and Nano Flows............................................................................................22
CFD for Rotating Wings.......................................................................................................23
CFD for Multiphase Flows and Combustion........................................................................24
CFD for Automotive Flows...................................................................................................25
CFD for Environmental Flows...............................................................................................26
CFD for Fluid-Structure Interaction......................................................................................27
Research Project (MSc).......................................................................................................28
Dissertation (PG Diploma)....................................................................................................29
PDP Skills Matrix ......................................................................................................................30
Credit Tariff................................................................................................................................31

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Introduction
Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) is the science of determining a numerical solution to
the governing equations of fluid flow whilst advancing the solution through space and time to
obtain a numerical description of the complete flow field of interest.
As a developing science, CFD has received extensive attention throughout the international
community since the advent of the digital computer. The attraction of the subject is twofold.
Firstly, the desire to be able to model physical fluid phenomena that cannot be easily
simulated or measured with a physical experiment, for example weather systems or
hypersonic aerospace vehicles. Secondly, the desire to be able to investigate physical fluid
systems more cost effectively and more rapidly than with experimental procedures.
There has been considerable growth in the development and application of CFD to all
aspects of fluid dynamics. In design and development, CFD programs are now considered
to be standard numerical tools, widely utilised within industry. As a consequence there is a
considerable demand for specialists in the subject, to apply and develop CFD methods
throughout engineering companies and research organisations.
The current status of CFD within industry may be likened to that of structural analysis a
decade ago, when it too was rapidly maturing. At that time the typical company marketing
Finite Element structural analysis programs had a turnover an order of magnitude greater
than the largest CFD vendor. Finite Element programs are now considered to be part of the
routine design and analysis cycle within industry and are available on almost every
computing platform. In a similar manner Computational Fluid Dynamics has become a
standard industry tool and is now finding its place alongside CAD and FE packages.
CFD is utilised as a design analysis tool within both industry and research organisations. The
course provides a solid background for graduates to be able to apply, in an educated
manner, CFD as a design tool for engineering applications. For those graduates who prefer
to study for a PhD. the course provides an excellent basis from which to further specialise in
the development and application of both numerical algorithms and physical models.
This course has been designed to reflect the wide application of CFD within industry, from
aerospace applications, combustion and two phase flow, heat transfer, to micro and
environmental flows. The course is organised in a modular fashion and is specifically
designed to permit both part time study by industrially supported students and more usually
one year, full time, study.

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Intended learning outcomes of the course
On successful completion of the course a student will be able to:

1. Demonstrate a critical awareness of the governing equations of fluid mechanics, and

their mathematical properties, in various formulations for compressible and
incompressible inviscid and viscous flows.
2. Demonstrate a critical awareness of the underlying principles of numerical analysis,
concepts of stability, approximation and convergence and the numerical solution of
systems of algebraic equations.
3. Demonstrate a critical awareness of different state-of-the-art CFD methods as used in
engineering practice and research and development for both incompressible and
compressible flows.
4. Demonstrate a systematic application of the principles and understanding of
limitations of techniques for the simulation of turbulent and transitional flows and thus
be able to apply these in a critical manner to practical applications.
5. Recognise the potential sources of, and discriminate between, error and uncertainty in
numerical simulations. Be aware of the tools that are available for the quantification of
error and uncertainty in computational simulations. Be able to plan and perform
credible computational simulations.
6. Demonstrate a systematic application of the requirements of grid generation for CFD
applications and alternative techniques for the visualisation and interpretation of CFD
results.
7. Demonstrate their acquired skills in applying commercial CFD software packages to
practical engineering applications.
8.
a) Demonstrate a systematic application of the use of CFD to practical scientific
and engineering fluid flow problems with the focus on planning, conducting
and reporting upon a critical analysis of one or more aspects of Computational
Fluid Dynamics.
b) Demonstrate a systematic application of the use of CFD to practical scientific
and engineering fluid flow problems with the focus on planning, conducting
and reporting a programme of research into one or more aspects of
Computational Fluid Dynamics.

Students completing the PG Certificate will be able to fulfil outcomes (1)-(7)

Students completing the PG Diploma will be able to fulfil outcomes (1)-(7) and outcome 8a.
Students completing the MSc degree will be able to fulfil outcomes (1)-(7) and outcome 8b.

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Learning and Teaching
The course is designed to achieve the broad aims of the University's curriculum through:
Acquisition of Knowledge
Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) is the science of determining a numerical solution to
the governing equations of fluid flow whilst advancing the solution through space and time to
obtain a numerical description of the complete flow field of interest. Through the Intended
Learning Outcomes the course will provide a sound foundation to the underlying fundamental
topics in fluid dynamics and the relevant numerical methods employed in CFD computational
codes.
Understanding
Through use of activities such as code development, hands-on experience of commercial
CFD codes, practical reports, problem solving, and evaluation of published research, all
students will be able to demonstrate systematic application and critical awareness of the
underlying theory.
Skills acquisition
All students will be expected to demonstrate the ability to apply commercial Grid Generation,
Flow Solver and Visualisation software packages to practical problems. In addition, students
will be required to demonstrate the ability to utilise manual and computer-based information
retrieval systems, critically evaluate their own and other’s work, work independently or as part
of a team, and communicate effectively verbally or in writing to suit a range of audiences.
Such transferable skills will be developed in a context appropriate to the application of
Computational Fluid Dynamics to practical engineering problems.
Curriculum Delivery
The research and teaching facilities within the Department of Fluid Mechanics and
Computational Science are ideally suited to teaching this course. The academic staff have
wide expertise in the application and development of CFD to practical engineering problems.
Computational Fluid Dynamics is a major research activity, being actively pursued and
applied to practical engineering disciplines throughout the Department.
Group Work
Many of the more application oriented course modules include a ‘hands-on’ practical
component as computational laboratory/tutorial sessions. During these ‘workshops’ students
will be encouraged to work together as teams, in order to build upon their combined skills,
and more efficiently manage their time when considering more complex computational
simulations.
Knowledge and understanding and their application
Students will be provided with subject material such that they can demonstrate a systematic
application and a critical awareness of the topic. The subject material will be delivered by
modules covering the major topic areas in Computational Fluid Dynamics. The modules will
reflect the current state of the art at both applied and research level.

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The taught material provides the basis for a sound understanding of the fundamental
concepts of CFD, enabling students to critically evaluate current practice and the direction of
future research innovations.
The course will allow students to demonstrate originality in the application of their acquired
knowledge through a research project in a specific topic within the broad field of
Computational Fluid Dynamics.
Through the assessment of both the taught components and the research project the
students will be able to demonstrate an independent learning ability and interest in
advancing their knowledge and understanding of the subject.
Problem solving and communication skills
Selected modules include group work as part of their computational laboratory sessions.
These will provide the opportunity for self-direction and originality in tackling and solving
problems, working effectively both individually and in teams.
The students will be expected to present the progress of their research project through the
course of the academic programme on a number of occasions to their colleagues, academic
staff and project sponsors. These will provide the opportunity to communicate clearly, both
orally and in writing, to specialist and non-specialist audiences.
Other qualities and transferable skills
The course will provide an opportunity to use some of the leading commercial software in the
field of Computational Fluid Dynamics. This will provide practical hands-on experience of the
software tools that students will be expected to use within industry. In addition, students will
be required to demonstrate the ability to utilise manual and computer-based information
retrieval systems, critically evaluate their own and other’s work, work independently or as part
of a team, and communicate effectively verbally or in writing to suit a range of audiences.
Development of generic skills such as communication, presentation, project management
and team working skills will be encouraged throughout the course. This will be achieved by
delivery of sessions offering guidance in such activities, which will then be central to many of
the assessment methods as already indicated, allowing the students both to practice these
skills and reflect on feedback given as part of the assessment process. In addition, Personal
Development Planning initiative will be offered to all students in line with Faculty Board policy.

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Assessment Strategy and Methods
The assessment methods on the course will include the following and are designed to enable
students to achieve the learning outcomes for the course in the following ways:
Written Coursework Assignments
Such assignments will take a variety of formats, from traditional style essays and
(computational) laboratory reports to presentation in the style of a poster or academic journal
style paper. Such assignments will demonstrate skills in information retrieval, literature
citation, critical evaluation, and written presentation skills to suit a variety of formats and
audiences. Problem solving activities will also be incorporated in such assignments.
Oral Presentations
In addition to an assessed oral presentation of the MSc thesis, some modules will include
oral presentation. Development of oral presentation skills throughout the course is seen as
essential preparation for a research career that frequently involves oral dissemination of
results.
Group work
Team working is seen as an essential component of the learning process, providing the
opportunity for students to demonstrate their ability to work and communicate within group
environments, further developing their own interpersonal skills. Where appropriate this will be
incorporated into the assessment for the individual modules.
Written Examination
Most modules will retain a component of written examination where appropriate. This will
demonstrate the ability of the students to retain important information, and apply it to a given
scenario on demand and in an appropriate context.
Dissertation (PgDip)
The Dissertation will allow students to demonstrate their knowledge of specific aspects of
Computational Fluid Dynamics and will provide an opportunity for the further development of
the skills developed during coursework assignments in a manner that demonstrates
independent advancement of knowledge and understanding of the subject.
Research Project and Presentation by Thesis and Oral Examination (MSc)
The Research Project and the production of a thesis and oral presentation will extend those
skills developed during coursework assignments in a manner that will be directly applicable
to the way in which research is presented in industry and academia. The research project will
provide graduates with experience of planning and conducting a post graduate M level
research project, including the ability to critically evaluate the existing research literature, to
place the proposed research into a theoretical and practical context and to demonstrate their
knowledge and understanding of Computational Fluid Dynamics through an individual
research project.
In all instances, assessment will be based on the demonstration of appropriate knowledge,
an appropriate mode of presentation, interpretation within the correct context, critical
discussion, and the use and citation of appropriate sources of information.

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Syllabus
Core Modules

The core part of the course consists of eleven subject modules. These are considered to
represent the necessary foundation subject material. The first 8 modules form the
Postgraduate Certificate qualification.

• Introduction to Fluid Mechanics & Heat Transfer

• Numerical Methods for PDE’s
• Numerical Modelling for Steady & Unsteady Incompressible Flows
• Numerical Modelling for Steady & Unsteady Compressible Flows
• Classical Turbulence Modelling
• Advanced Turbulence Modelling and Simulation: LES & DNS
• High Performance Computing for CFD
• Managing Uncertainty in Simulations: Validation & Verification
• Grid Generation / CAD
• Data Analysis, Data Fusion & Post Processing
• The Role of Experimental Data in CFD

Optional Modules

Computational Fluid Dynamics is now commonly accepted as a standard numerical tool to

be applied in a broad range of application areas wherever fluid flow occurs. The course is
designed to reflect this broad application by providing a range of optional modules to
address specific application areas:

• CFD for Aerospace Applications

• CFD for Micro and Nano Flows
• CFD for Rotating Wings
• CFD for Automotive Flows
• CFD for Multiphase Flows and Combustion
• CFD for Environmental Flows
• CFD for Fluid-Structure Interaction

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Introduction to Fluid Mechanics & Heat Transfer

Class contact hours: 20

Private study hours: 80
Total Notional Learning Hours: 100
Credit Rating: 10
Assessment method: Assignment (1/3) & Examination (2/3)
Status: Compulsory

Aim: To introduce the foundations of fluid mechanics, various formulations of governing

equations and their mathematical properties in order to establish a firm basis for other
modules.

Syllabus:
• Introduction to thermodynamics of gases and liquids
• Introduction to heat transfer
• Compressible flows
• Incompressible flows
• Dimensional analysis and similarity parameters
• Mathematics of governing equations, classification of PDEs
• Model equations for fluid dynamics
• Introduction to unstable and turbulent flows

Intended Learning Outcomes:

On successful completion of the module the student will be able to:

• Demonstrate a critical awareness of the governing equations of fluid mechanics &

Heat transfer in various formulations for compressible and incompressible viscous
and inviscid flows.
• Estimate the impact of different physical phenomena based on dimensional analysis.
• Understand mathematical properties of governing equations and be able to critically
evaluate correct boundary/initial value problems for various flows.
• Demonstrate the systematic application of the model equations and problems used in
CFD.
• Demonstrate a critical awareness of the concepts of stability and turbulence.

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Numerical Methods for PDEs

Class contact hours: 20

Private study hours: 80
Total Notional Learning Hours: 100
Credit Rating: 10
Assessment method: Examination (2/3) + Assignment (1/3)
Status: Compulsory

Aim: To introduce the basics of numerical analysis and numerical methods for partial
differential and algebraic equations.

Syllabus:
• Introduction to numerical analysis
• Discretisation approaches: finite difference, finite volume, finite element and spectral
methods
• Numerical methods for algebraic equations/systems of equations

Intended Learning Outcomes:

On successful completion of the module the student will be able to:

• Demonstrate a critical awareness of the principles of numerical analysis and concepts

of stability, approximation and convergence.
• Demonstrate the systematic application of the principles of finite
difference/volume/element and functional decomposition methods and be able to
critically evaluate these in model problems.
• Demonstrate the systematic application of the numerical solution of algebraic
equations and systems of equations.

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Numerical Modelling for Steady & Unsteady Incompressible Flows

Class contact hours: 20

Private study hours: 80
Total Notional Learning Hours: 100
Credit Rating: 10
Assessment method: Assignment (1/3) & Examination (2/3)
Status: Compulsory

Aim: To understand the state-of-the-art CFD methods used for computing incompressible
flows in science and engineering.

Syllabus:
• Overview of various formulations of the governing equations and numerical methods
for incompressible flows (linear & high-resolution methods)
• Solution approaches: pressure Poisson, projection (approximate and exact), artificial
compressibility
• Centred schemes
• TVD and Riemann solvers for incompressible methods
• Second and high-order methods (time and spatial discretisation)

Intended Learning Outcomes:

On successful completion of the module the student will be able to:

• Demonstrate a critical awareness of alternative spatial and time discretisation

methods for solving fluid mechanics problems governed by the incompressible
Navier-Stokes/Euler equations.
• Demonstrate the systematic application of the mathematical and numerical
classification and properties of different state-of-the-art CFD incompressible methods
as used in engineering practice as well as in research and development.
• Demonstrate a critical awareness of uncertainties and limitations associated with each
method.

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Numerical Modelling for Steady & Unsteady Compressible Flows

Class contact hours: 20

Private Study Hours: 80
Total Notional Learning Hours: 100
Credit Rating: 10
Assessment Method: Assignment (1/3) & Examination (2/3)
Status: Compulsory

Aim: To introduce basic concepts in the discretisation and numerical solution of the
hyperbolic systems of partial differential equations describing the flow of compressible fluids.

Syllabus:

• Mathematical properties of hyperbolic systems

• Conservation Laws
• Non-linearities and shock formation
• The concept of weak solutions
• Artificial viscosity
• Introduction to the Riemann problem
• Lax-Wendroff scheme
• McCormack's scheme
• Method of Lines and Jameson's scheme
• Introduction to Godunov's method
• Flux vector splitting methods
• Approximate Riemann solvers
• High-order and TVD methods

Intended Learning Outcomes:

On successful completion of this course the student will be able to:

• Demonstrate a critical awareness of the mathematical properties of hyperbolic partial

differential equations
• Recognise the importance of non-linearities in the formation of shock waves
• Demonstrate a critical awareness of the application and limitations of finite difference
methods for hyperbolic systems of partial differential equations
• Demonstrate a critical awareness of the characteristics of high-resolution shock
capturing schemes
• Demonstrate the systematic application of approximate Riemann solvers within simple
one-dimensional problems

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Classical Turbulence Modelling

Class contact hours: 10

Private study hours: 40
Total Notional Learning Hours: 50
Credit Rating: 5
Assessment method: Assignment
Status: Compulsory

Aim: To introduce students to closure methods for the Navier-Stokes equations as applied
to turbulent and transitional flows, and the classical physical modelling approximations
required to achieve this.

Syllabus:

• Introduction to Reynolds Averaged Navier Stokes Modelling

• Mixing Length Approaches
• Turbulent Transport
• Two Equation Models
• Non-Linear Models
• Non-equilibrium Models
• Reynolds Stress Transport Schemes
• Low-Re Modelling
• Transition Modelling Extensions
• Best Practice Guidelines
• Limits of Current Approximations

Intended Learning Outcomes:

On successful completion of the module the student will be able to:

• Demonstrate a critical awareness of the basic principles of turbulence modelling

approximations required to close RANS equations
• Discriminate between different levels of closure and their limitations
• Appreciate how modelling methods may be extended to transition prediction
• Critically select between the different types of model available in current codes

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Advanced Turbulence Modelling and Simulation: LES and DNS

Class contact hours: 10

Private study hours: 40
Total Notional Learning Hours: 50
Credit Rating: 5
Assessment method: Examination
Status: Compulsory

Aim: To understand the principles of Large Eddy Simulation (LES) and Direct Numerical
Simulation (DNS).

Syllabus:

• Overview of the basic equations used in LES, including filtered and unfiltered
formulations.
• Classical LES and subgrid scale models
• Implicit LES (numerical and physical principles)
• Numerical and physical principles of DNS
• Applications and challenges for LES and DNS

Intended Learning Outcomes:

On successful completion of the module the student will be able to:

• Demonstrate a critical awareness of the numerical and physical principles of LES and
DNS in the simulation of transitional and turbulent flow simulations.
• Demonstrate the systematic application of the key computational methods used in
LES & DNS, and subgrid scale models used in LES.
• Critically evaluate the challenges in the implementation of LES and DNS in science
and engineering.

15
High Performance Computing for CFD

Class contact hours: 10

Private Study Hours: 40
Total Notional Learning Hours: 50
Credit Rating: 5
Assessment Method: Assignment
Status: Compulsory

Aim: To introduce students to the most advanced current computing capabilities and what
these offer over desktop environments

Syllabus:

• Desktop versus supercomputing

• Parallel computing issues
• Parallellisation approaches for distributed and shared memory systems. MPI &
OpenMP
• Current CFD Process Bottlenecks
• Whole Product Applications

Intended Learning Outcomes:

On successful completion of this course the student will be able to:

• Demonstrate a critical awareness of the range of high performance computing

(hardware) platforms available for computational fluid dynamics simulations
• Demonstrate the systematic application of the essential software extensions required
for parallel computing
• Recognise what application of high performance computing can achieve

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Managing Uncertainty in CFD: Validation and Verification

Class contact hours: 10

Private Study Hours: 40
Total Notional Learning Hours: 50
Credit Rating: 5
Assessment Method: Assignment
Status: Compulsory

Aim: To introduce the concepts of error and uncertainty and how they relate to the credible
numerical solution of the partial differential equations encountered in computational fluid
mechanics.

Syllabus:

• The right answer: consistency, stability and convergence revisited

• Taxonomies of error and uncertainty
• Principles of code verification
• Introduction to the method of manufactured solutions
• Principles of solution verification
• Role of systematic iterative and space-time grid convergence studies
• Richardson extrapolation
• Principles of validation
• Statistical approaches to epistemic uncertainty
• Construction of validation hierarchies

Intended Learning Outcomes:

On successful completion of this course the student will be able to:

• Discriminate between error and uncertainty in computational simulations

• Recognise the potential sources of error and uncertainty in computational simulations
• Critically evaluate the tools that are available for the quantification of error and
uncertainty in computational simulations
• Be able to plan and perform credible computational simulations

17
Grid Generation / CAD

Class contact hours: 10

Private Study Hours: 40
Total Notional Learning Hours: 50
Credit Rating: 5
Assessment Method: Assignment
Status: Compulsory

Aim: To introduce the concepts of grid generation, including structured and unstructured
approaches. To provide hands-on experience using commercial CAD and grid generation
packages.

Syllabus:

• Geometry Modelling and Surface Grids

• Algebraic Mesh Generation
• Structured Meshes from Partial Differential Equations
• Automatic generation of Unstructured Meshes
• Multiblock Mesh Generation
• Unstructured grids by Delaunay Triangulation
• Mesh Adaptation on Unstructured Grids
• Unstructured Grids for Viscous Flows

Intended Learning Outcomes:

On successful completion of this course the student will be able to:

• Demonstrate a systematic understanding of the requirements of grid generation for

CFD applications
• Critically evaluate alternative methods for efficiently generating computational grids
• Demonstrate the systematic application of grid generation through structured single
and multiblock grids with controlled grid quality by employing commercial grid
generation packages
• Demonstrate a systematic application of the generation of unstructured grids with
controlled grid quality within commercial meshing packages

18
Data Analysis, Data Fusion and Post Processing in CFD

Class contact hours: 10

Private Study Hours: 40
Total Notional Learning Hours: 50
Credit Rating: 5
Assessment Method: Assignment
Status: Compulsory

Aim: To provide an introduction into the use of visualisation, data mining, and interactive
human-computer interfaces for the analysis and interpretation of CFD simulations.
Visualisation can be a critical component in helping an engineer gain insight into the typically
complex optimization problems that arise in design. Through the combination of visualisation
and user interaction in computer tools, the engineer's insight can help guide the computer in
the process of identifying better, more effective designs. Visualisation can also be combined
with automated data mining techniques to improve optimization procedures.

To provide hands-on experience using both commercial and community developed

visualisation packages.

Syllabus:

• Data interchange formats

• Interpretation of data
• Graphical representation of data
• Parallel data visualisation
• Data mining, reduced order modelling, model identification and surrogate models
• Data fusion
• Virtual reality visualisation

Intended Learning Outcomes:

On successful completion of this course the student will be able to:

• Demonstrate a systematic understanding of the alternative techniques for the

visualisation and interpretation of CFD results
• Apply commercial and community developed visualisation software packages to real
CFD data
• Critically evaluate the use of limited simulation data when making engineering
decisions

19
The Role of Experimental Data in CFD

Class contact hours: 10

Private Study Hours: 40
Total Notional Learning Hours: 50
Credit Rating: 5
Assessment Method: Assignment
Status: Compulsory

Aim: To provide an introduction into practical techniques for experimental data collection and
its subsequent post-processing. To contrast the resultant data representation with that
obtained through CFD simulation.

Syllabus:

• Introduction to the measurement of turbulent flows

• Velocity and pressure measurement by aerodynamic probes
• Velocity measurement by hot-wires/hot-film
• Velocity measurement by optical techniques
• Temperature measurement
• Simple optical visualisation, Shadowgraph, Schlieren
• Laser-based temperature and species measurements
• Laser Induced Fluorescence
• Skin friction, convective and radiative heat transfer
• Error analysis

Intended Learning Outcomes:

On successful completion of this course the student will be able to:

• Demonstrate a critical awareness of the alternative experimental methods available for

the investigation of turbulent fluid flow
• Demonstrate the ability to analyse and interpret quantitative and qualitative
observations
• Demonstrate a critical awareness of the relationship between the observations and the
underlying theory
• Critically interpret experimental data and contrast with that obtained from CFD
simulations

20
CFD for Aerospace Applications

Class contact hours: 10

Private study hours: 40
Total Notional Learning Hours: 50
Credit Rating: 5
Assessment method: Assignment
Status: Optional

Aim: To understand the key features of CFD methods used for simulating external flows in
aeronautical and aerospace applications.

Syllabus:

• Overview of external flow problems in aeronautical and aerospace applications.

• CFD methods for subsonic, supersonic and hypersonic regimes
• CFD methods for design
• Application examples.

Intended Learning Outcomes:

On successful completion of the module the student will be able to:

• Demonstrate a critical awareness of the range of external flow problems in

aeronautical and aerospace applications in which CFD methods can be used
• Demonstrate the systematic application of the key characteristics of CFD methods
used in these sectors
• Critically evaluate the limitations of these methods
• Demonstrate a critical awareness of the current efforts made by industry and
academia for improving the state-of-the-art methods in the above applications

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CFD for Micro and Nano Flows

Class contact hours: 10

Private Study Hours: 40
Total Notional Learning Hours: 50
Credit Rating: 5
Assessment Method: Assignment
Status: Optional

Aim: To introduce micro- and nanoscale phenomena and CFD methods used for micro and
nanoscale applications.

Syllabus:

• Introduction to micro- and nanoscale phenomena

• Areas of CFD application in micro- and nanoscience
• Borderline continuum/molecular models and their domains of applicability
• Multiscale modelling

Intended Learning Outcomes:

On successful completion of this module, students will be able to:

• Demonstrate a critical awareness of the physical phenomena specific to flows at

micro- and nano-scale
• Critically evaluate applicability of continuum CFD to a particular problem
• Demonstrate a critical awareness of the techniques that can be used at the borderline
between continuum and molecular levels.
• Demonstrate the systematic application of the concepts and current state-of-the-art
methods involved in solving multiscale problems

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CFD for Rotating Wings

Class contact hours: 10

Private Study Hours: 40
Total Notional Learning Hours: 50
Credit Rating: 5
Assessment Method: Assignment
Status: Optional

Aim: To introduce the numerical approaches required to meet the challenges of flows
associated with rotating wings, including rotorcraft, propellers, wind turbines and
turbomachinery.

Syllabus:

• Introduction to rotary wing aerodynamics

• Formulation of the governing equations in a rotating inertial frame of reference
• Numerical approaches to vortex capturing
• Blade dynamics as an example of fluid-structure interaction
• Formulation of the governing equations for moving/deforming grids
• Numerical modelling of dynamic stall

Intended Learning Outcomes:

On successful completion of this course the student will be able to:

• Demonstrate a critical awareness of the modelling challenges faced in the numerical

analysis of rotating wings
• Demonstrate the systematic application of the Navier-Stokes equations in an
appropriate rotating/moving frame of reference
• Critically evaluate the different modelling approaches that can be taken for vortex
dominated flows

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CFD for Multiphase Flows and Combustion

Class contact hours: 10

Private Study Hours: 40
Total Notional Learning Hours: 50
Credit Rating: 5
Assessment Method: Assignment
Status: Optional

Aim: To introduce physics of multiphase flows and combustion as well as numerical

methods for the simulation of multiphase and reacting flows. To provide examples of
applications.

Syllabus:

• Physical insight into multiphase and reacting flows

• Governing equations and models for multiphase flows & combustion
• Numerical methods for multiphase and reacting flows.
• Particle tracking methods
• Examples of applications

Intended Learning Outcomes:

On successful completion of this course the student will be able to:

• Demonstrate a critical awareness of the basic principles of multiphase flows and

combustion modelling
• Critically assess achievements and limitations of current modelling and simulation
approaches for multiphase flows and combustion
• Demonstrate a systematic application of the models within commercial or in-house
CFD packages

24
CFD for Automotive Flows

Class contact hours: 10

Private Study Hours: 40
Total Notional Learning Hours: 50
Credit Rating: 5
Assessment Method: Assignment
Status: Optional

Aim: To show students how CFD may best be applied to a range of automotive flows

Syllabus:

• Application Areas for CFD in automotive engineering

• Choice of CFD technique appropriate to the problem
• CFD as a Complement to Experiment
• High Performance Computing & Design Optimisation
• Analysing Results

Intended Learning Outcomes:

On successful completion of this course the student will be able to:

• Critically evaluate appropriate CFD methods for application to different automotive

flow regimes
• Demonstrate a critical awareness of how CFD can complement wind tunnel
evaluation of vehicle models
• Assess the value and limitations of applying CFD to vehicle designs

25
CFD for Environmental Flows

Class contact hours: 10

Private Study Hours: 40
Total Notional Learning Hours: 50
Credit Rating: 5
Assessment Method: Assignment
Status: Optional

Aim: To introduce the application of CFD to environmental flows in urban, inland and coastal
environments

Syllabus:

• Atmospheric boundary layer

• Pollution dispersion in the atmosphere
• Rivers, estuaries and tidal flows
• Sediment transport
• Building and urban aerodynamics
• Free-surface and shallow-water flows

Intended Learning Outcomes:

On successful completion of this course the student will be able to:

• Critically assess the physical phenomena of environmental flows

• Demonstrate a critical awareness of the choices to made when selecting the
appropriate CFD model for different flow regimes
• Demonstrate a systematic application of the models within commercial CFD
packages

26
CFD for Fluid-Structure Interaction

Class contact hours: 10

Private Study Hours: 40
Total Notional Learning Hours: 50
Credit Rating: 5
Assessment Method: Assignment
Status: Optional

Aim: To introduce Fluid Structure Interaction (FSI) models and associated computational
challenges. To provide examples of FSI problems arising in engineering applications.

Syllabus:

• Introduction to FSI
• Physical models (Classical models, Distinction between linear and nonlinear models),
Time-linearised models, Nonlinear dynamical models, Reduced-order models
• Computational challenges of FSI modelling
• Examples of applications

Intended Learning Outcomes:

On successful completion of the module the students will be able to:

• Demonstrate a critical awareness of the range of FSI problems in engineering

applications where CFD methods can be applied.
• Demonstrate the knowledge of mathematical and numerical classification and
properties of various numerical models used in FSI computations.
• Critically assess achievements and limitations of current modelling and simulation
approaches by reference to practical examples.

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Research Project (MSc)

Class contact hours: 10

Private Study Hours: 990
Total Notional Learning Hours: 1000
Credit Rating: 100
Assessment Method: Thesis (85%) Oral presentation (15%)
Status: Compulsory

Aim: To plan, conduct and report a programme of research into one or more aspects of
Computational Fluid Dynamics.

Through the Research Project the students will be able to apply and demonstrate their skills
in Computational Fluid Dynamics. The production of a thesis and oral presentation will
extend those skills developed during coursework assignments in a manner that will be
directly applicable to the way in which research is presented in industry and academia.

Syllabus:

The research topic will be defined in collaboration with an allocated research project
supervisor from the academic teaching team.

Intended Learning Outcomes:

On successful completion of the research project the student will be able to:

• Prepare a research project plan, with aims, objectives, risk assessment and time line.
• Demonstrate their knowledge and understanding of Computational Fluid Dynamics,
either to an applied engineering flow problem or to the further development and
refinement of the underlying numerical and computational techniques.
• Acquire, use and correctly reference information from a variety of sources, including
books, journals and computer-based information retrieval systems.
• Critically evaluate current research and/or methodologies.
• Work independently on an extended research project.
• Effectively communicate technical information in writing and in an oral presentation.

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Dissertation (PG Diploma)

Class contact hours: 5

Private Study Hours: 195
Total Notional Learning Hours: 200
Credit Rating: 20
Assessment Method: Thesis (85%) Oral presentation (15%)
Status: Compulsory

Aim: To plan, conduct and report upon a critical analysis of one or more aspects of
Computational Fluid Dynamics.

The production of the dissertation and oral presentation will extend those skills developed
during coursework assignments in a manner that will be directly applicable to the way in
which research is presented in industry and academia.

Syllabus:

The dissertation topic will be defined in collaboration with an allocated supervisor from the
academic teaching team.

Intended Learning Outcomes:

On successful completion of the dissertation the student will be able to:

• Critically evaluate current research and/or methodologies.

• Acquire, use and correctly reference information from a variety of sources, including
books, journals and computer-based information retrieval systems.
• Work independently on the critical analysis of a research topic
• Demonstrate their knowledge of specific aspects of Computational Fluid Dynamics
through a written dissertation
• Effectively communicate technical information in writing and in an oral presentation.

29
PDP Skills Matrix

Communications – written

Communications- spoken

Project Management
Presentations (Oral)

Computer Literacy
Time Management

Critical Evaluation

Problem Solving
Subject

Numeracy
Teamwork
Introduction to Fluid Mechanics and x x x x x x x
Heat Transfer
Numerical Methods for PDE’s x x x x x x
Numerical Modelling for Steady and x x x x x x x x
Unsteady Incompressible Flows
Numerical Modelling for Steady and x x x x x x x x
Unsteady Compressible Flows
Classical Turbulence Modelling x x x x x x x
Advanced Turbulence Modelling and x x x x x x
Simulation: LES and DNS
High Performance Computing for x x x x x x x x
CFD
Managing Uncertainty in Simulations: x x x x x x x x
Validation & Verification
Grid Generation / CAD x x x x x x x x
Data Analysis, Data Fusion and Post x x x x x x x x
Processing
The Role of Experimental Data in CFD x x x x x x x x
CFD for Aerospace Applications x x x x x x x
CFD for Rotating Wings x x x x x x x x
CFD for Automotive Flows x x x x x x x x
CFD for Fluid-Structure Interaction x x x x x x x x
CFD for Multiphase Flows and x x x x x x x x
Combustion
CFD for Environmental Flows x x x x x x x x
CFD for Micro and Nano Flows x x x x x x
Research Project x x x x x x x x x x

30
Credit Tariff
School School of Engineering

Qualification and Course Title MSc in Computational Fluid Dynamics 2011/12

Course Director Dr. E. Shapiro

The course consists of a core of 11 compulsory modules (75 credits), selected optional modules (25 credits) and an
independent research project. Assessment of the modules will by combination of assignments and examinations,
and by thesis and oral examination for the research project. In line with Faculty policy, the pass mark for each
component will be 50%

Module Title (a) (b) Total Assess. Weighting Credits

Class Private Notional Method %
Contact Study Learning Exam Assign
Hours Hours Hours
(a) & (b)
Core Modules
Introduction to Fluid Mechanics & 20 80 100 A1/3 +E2/3 5 10
Heat Transfer
Numerical Methods for PDE’s 20 80 100 A1/3 +E2/3 5 10
Numerical Modelling for Steady & 20 80 100 A1/3 +E2/3 5 10
Unsteady Incompressible Flows
Numerical Modelling for Steady & 20 80 100 A1/3 +E2/3 5 10
Unsteady Compressible Flows
Classical Turbulence Modelling 10 40 50 A100 2.5 5
Advanced Turbulence Modelling 10 40 50 E100 2.5 5
and Simulation: LES and DNS
High Performance Computing for 10 40 50 A100 2.5 5
CFD
Managing Uncertainty in 10 40 50 A100 2.5 5
Simulations: Validation &
Verification
Grid Generation / CAD 10 40 50 A100 2.5 5
Data Analysis, Data Fusion & 10 40 50 A100 2.5 5
Post Processing
The Role of Experimental Data in 10 40 50 A100 2.5 5
CFD
Total 150 600 750 37.5 75
Optional Modules
CFD for Aerospace Applications 10 40 50 A100 2.5 5
CFD for Rotating Wings 10 40 50 A100 2.5 5
CFD for Automotive Flows 10 40 50 A100 2.5 5
CFD for Multiphase Flows & 10 40 50 A100 2.5 5
Combustion
CFD for Environmental Flows 10 40 50 A100 2.5 5
CFD for Micro- and Nano- Flows 10 40 50 A100 2.5 5
CFD for Fluid-Structure 10 40 50 A100 2.5 5
Interaction
Total (choice of 5) 50 200 250 12.5 25
Total taught element 1000 50 100
Research Project 10 990 1000 85% Thesis 50 100
15% Oral
Total 200 1800 2000 100 200

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School School of Engineering

Qualification and Course Title PG Diploma in Computational Fluid Dynamics 2011/12

Course Director Dr. E. Shapiro

The course consists of a core of eleven compulsory modules (75 credits), selected optional modules (25 credits) and an
independent dissertation (20 credits). Assessment of the modules will be by combination of assignments and
examinations, and by thesis and oral examination for the research project. In line with Faculty policy, the pass mark for
each component will be 50%

Module Title (a) (b) Total Notional Assess. Weighting Credits

Class Private Learning Method %
Contact Study Hours Exam Assign
Hours Hours (a) & (b)
Core Modules
Introduction to Fluid Mechanics & 20 80 100 A1/3 +E2/3 8.33 10
Heat Transfer
Numerical Methods for PDE’s 20 80 100 A1/3 +E2/3 8.33 10
Numerical Modelling for Steady & 20 80 100 A1/3 +E2/3 8.33 10
Unsteady Incompressible Flows
Numerical Modelling for Steady & 20 80 100 A1/3 +E2/3 8.33 10
Unsteady Compressible Flows
Classical Turbulence Modelling 10 40 50 A100 4.17 5
Advanced Turbulence Modelling 10 40 50 E100 4.17 5
and Simulation: LES and DNS
High Performance Computing for 10 40 50 A100 4.17 5
CFD
Managing Uncertainty in 10 40 50 A100 4.17 5
Simulations: Validation & Verification
Grid Generation / CAD 10 40 50 A100 4.17 5
Data Analysis, Data Fusion & Post 10 40 50 A100 4.17 5
Processing
The Role of Experimental Data in 10 40 50 A100 4.17 5
CFD
Total 150 600 750 62.5 75
Optional Modules
CFD for Aerospace Applications 10 40 50 A100 4.17 5
CFD for Rotating Wings 10 40 50 A100 4.17 5
CFD for Automotive Flows 10 40 50 A100 4.17 5
CFD for Multiphase Flows & 10 40 50 A100 4.17 5
Combustion
CFD for Environmental Flows 10 40 50 A100 4.17 5
CFD for Micro- and Nano- Flows 10 40 50 A100 4.17 5
CFD for Fluid-Structure Interaction 10 40 50 A100 2.5 5
Total (choice of 5) 50 200 250 20.83 25
Total taught element 1000 100

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School School of Engineering

Qualification and Course Title PG Certificate in Computational Fluid Dynamics 2011/12

Course Director Dr. E. Shapiro

The course consists of eight compulsory modules (60 credits). Assessment of the modules will be by combination of
assignments and examinations In line with Faculty policy, the pass mark for each component will be 50%
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
Module Title (a) (b) Total Notional Assess. Weighting Credits
Class Private Learning Method %
Contact Study Hours Exam
Hours Hours (a) & (b) Assign

Introduction to Fluid Mechanics & 20 80 100 A1/3 +E2/3 16.67 10

Heat Transfer
Numerical Methods for PDE’s 20 80 100 A1/3 +E2/3 16.67 10
Numerical Modelling for Steady & 20 80 100 A1/3 +E2/3 16.67 10
Unsteady Incompressible Flows
Numerical Modelling for Steady & 20 80 100 A1/3 +E2/3 16.67 10
Unsteady Compressible Flows
Classical Turbulence Modelling 10 40 50 A100 8.33 5
Advanced Turbulence Modelling 10 40 50 E100 8.33 5
and Simulation: LES and DNS
High Performance Computing for 10 40 50 A100 8.33 5
CFD
Managing Uncertainty in 10 40 50 A100 8.33 5
Simulations: Validation &
Verification

Total 120 480 600 100 60

33