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Figure 1.18 Nomenclature For The Integration of Pressure and Shear Stress Distributions Over

This document discusses the integration of pressure and shear stress distributions to obtain aerodynamic forces and moments on two-dimensional airfoil shapes. It describes how pressure and shear stress are defined at points on the upper and lower surfaces of an airfoil in terms of distance from the leading edge. An elemental surface area is identified and the normal and axial forces acting on this area due to pressure and shear stress are examined.

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62 views

Figure 1.18 Nomenclature For The Integration of Pressure and Shear Stress Distributions Over

This document discusses the integration of pressure and shear stress distributions to obtain aerodynamic forces and moments on two-dimensional airfoil shapes. It describes how pressure and shear stress are defined at points on the upper and lower surfaces of an airfoil in terms of distance from the leading edge. An elemental surface area is identified and the normal and axial forces acting on this area due to pressure and shear stress are examined.

Uploaded by

224883061
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Anderson-98101 book November 4, 2009 21:42

CHAPTER 1 Aerodynamics: Some Introductory Thoughts 21

Figure 1.18 Nomenclature for the integration of pressure and shear stress distributions over
a two-dimensional body surface.

Let us examine in more detail the integration of the pressure and shear stress
distributions to obtain the aerodynamic forces and moments. Consider the two-
dimensional body sketched in Figure 1.18. The chord line is drawn horizontally,
and hence the relative wind is inclined relative to the horizontal by the angle of
attack α. An x y coordinate system is oriented parallel and perpendicular, respec-
tively, to the chord. The distance from the leading edge measured along the body
surface to an arbitrary point A on the upper surface is su ; similarly, the distance
to an arbitrary point B on the lower surface is sl . The pressure and shear stress
on the upper surface are denoted by pu and τu , both pu and τu are functions of su .
Similarly, pl and τl are the corresponding quantities on the lower surface and
are functions of sl . At a given point, the pressure is normal to the surface and
is oriented at an angle θ relative to the perpendicular; shear stress is tangential
to the surface and is oriented at the same angle θ relative to the horizontal. In
Figure 1.18, the sign convention for θ is positive when measured clockwise from
the vertical line to the direction of p and from the horizontal line to the direction
of τ . In Figure 1.18, all thetas are shown in their positive direction. Now con-
sider the two-dimensional shape in Figure 1.18 as a cross section of an infinitely
long cylinder of uniform section. A unit span of such a cylinder is shown in
Figure 1.19. Consider an elemental surface area dS of this cylinder, where dS =
(ds)(1) as shown by the shaded area in Figure 1.19. We are interested in the
contribution to the total normal force N  and the total axial force A due to the
pressure and shear stress on the elemental area dS. The primes on N  and A
denote force per unit span. Examining both Figures 1.18 and 1.19, we see that
the elemental normal and axial forces acting on the elemental surface dS on the

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