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DGA - Concept and Procedure Being Followed in TANGEDCO: Page 1 of 7

This document discusses Dissolved Gas Analysis (DGA), which analyzes gases dissolved in transformer oil to assess the transformer's internal condition. It describes several diagnostic methods used to interpret DGA results, including the Key Gas Ratio, Doernenburg Ratio, Rogers Ratio, IEC Basic Gas Ratio, and Duval Triangle methods. These methods use the concentrations of different gases like hydrogen, methane, ethane, and ethylene to determine if faults indicate low, medium, or high temperatures and help locate problems inside the transformer. TANGEDCO uses the IEC Basic 3 Gas Ratio method for its DGA testing and interpretation.

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91 views7 pages

DGA - Concept and Procedure Being Followed in TANGEDCO: Page 1 of 7

This document discusses Dissolved Gas Analysis (DGA), which analyzes gases dissolved in transformer oil to assess the transformer's internal condition. It describes several diagnostic methods used to interpret DGA results, including the Key Gas Ratio, Doernenburg Ratio, Rogers Ratio, IEC Basic Gas Ratio, and Duval Triangle methods. These methods use the concentrations of different gases like hydrogen, methane, ethane, and ethylene to determine if faults indicate low, medium, or high temperatures and help locate problems inside the transformer. TANGEDCO uses the IEC Basic 3 Gas Ratio method for its DGA testing and interpretation.

Uploaded by

chandranmuthuswamy
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 7

DGA – concept and procedure being followed in TANGEDCO

M. Chandran, EE/R&D/TANGEDCO

Dissolved Gas Analysis (DGA) is the study of dissolved gases in the


transformer oil. It is also referred to as a DGA test. Whenever a transformer
undergoes abnormal thermal and electrical stresses, certain gases are
produced due to the decomposition of the transformer oil. When the fault is
major, the production of decomposed gases is significant and they get
collected in a Buchholz relay.

But when abnormal thermal and electrical stresses are not


significantly high the gasses due to decomposition of transformer insulating
oil will get enough time to dissolve in the oil. Hence, by only monitoring the
Buchholz relay, it will be too late to predict the condition of the total internal
healthiness of electrical power transformer. That is why it becomes
necessary to analyze the number of different gasses dissolved in the
transformer oil in service. Using DGA of transformer oil, one can predict the
actual condition of the internal health of a transformer.

It is preferable to conduct the DGA test of transformer oil in a routine


manner to get historical information about the internal health of a
transformer over its lifetime. In a DGA test, the gases in oil are extracted
and analyzed to determine the quantity of gasses in a specific amount of oil.
By observing the percentages of different gasses present in the oil, you can
predict the internal condition of the transformer.

Generally, the gasses found in the oil in service are hydrogen (H 2),
methane (CH4), ethane (C2H6), ethylene (C2H4), acetylene (C2H2), carbon
monoxide (CO) and carbon dioxide (CO2).

Most commonly used method of determining the content of these


gases in oil, is using a Vacuum Gas Extraction Apparatus and Gas
Chromatographs. Using this apparatus, gasses are extracted from oil by
stirring it under vacuum. These extracted gasses are then introduced in gas
Chromatographs for measurement of each component.

Page 1 of 7
Generally it is found that hydrogen (H 2) and methane (CH4) are
produced in large quantity if the internal temperature of power transformer
rises up to 150oC to 300oC due to abnormal thermal stresses. At the
temperature is higher than 500oC & 700oC a large amount of ethane (C2H6)
& ethylene (C2H4) are produced.

Acetylene (C2H2) is an indication of a very high-temperature hot spot


(more than 1000oC) inside an electrical transformer. Hence, during the DGA
test of transformer oil, from the concentration of above hydro carbon gases,
one can predict the prevailing hot spot temperature of the Transformer.

There is a wide range of diagnostic tools available for DGA. Some are
simpler, using only sums or single ratios of gases, alongside a guideline, to
determine different warning levels. Others are more complex, taking multiple
gas ratios and fitting them to a precise range of values.

The DGA diagnostic tools are considered to be the main interpretation


methods used for fault diagnosis of power transformers. This includes the
Key Gas Ratio, Dornenburg Ratio, Rogers Ratio, IEC Basic Gas Ratio and
Duval Triangle methods.

The majority of these methods are ratio-based, meaning they use a


sub-set of the ratios to diagnose a fault type based on the fit of each ratio
result to a specific range of values:

It is important to remember that when using ratio-based diagnostic


tools, minimum gas levels are required as defined in the guides, for the ratio
analysis to be considered valid.

(i) Key Gas Method (KGM)

The Key Gas method is based on the quantity of fault gases that are
released from the insulating oil as the chemical structure breaks at varying
temperatures in the transformer. This method uses individual gas levels, or
‘key gases,’ for detecting faults. Figure below summarizes the key gases and
their fault indications.

Page 2 of 7
(ii) Doernenburg Ratio Method (DRM)

The Doernenburg method can be found in the IEEE C57.104-1991


guide. In order to use the DRM, the concentration of one of the key gases
(H2, C2H2, C2H4, C2H6, or CH4) needs to be at least double the relevant
minimum concentrations. When this criterion is met, there are four possible
ratios that can be calculated if they contain the key gas of concern. Figure
below shows the proposed fault diagnostics is based on the ranges of the
four ratios.

(iii) Rogers Ratio Method (RRM)

The Rogers Ratio method evolved from the Doernenburg method and
is used exactly the same way, but instead of needing significant
concentrations of the key gases, the RRM can be used when the
concentrations exceed the certain values.

Values for the three gas ratios, corresponding to suggested diagnostic


cases, are shown below. The fault types (cases) that are provided have been
chosen by combining some cases from the number of fault types originally
suggested by Rogers.

Page 3 of 7
(iv) IEC Basic Gas Ratio (IEC 60599-2007-05)

Despite having better accuracy, the Doernenburg Ratio, Rogers Ratio,


and Key Gas Method approaches have one drawback where some
combinations of gases do not fit into the specified range of values when
calculated and the fault type cannot be determined. IEC basic gas ratio is
giving a better results in this.

(v) Duval Triangle Method (DTM)

The Duval Triangle method was developed from IEC TC10 databases
and an existing IEC 60599 Ratio method. Approximately 200 plus inspected
fault cases in service were used to develop the Triangle. Within the triangle
there are six (6) potential fault zones covering partial discharges, electrical
faults (arcing high and low energy), and thermal faults (over various
temperature ranges), plus a DT zone (mixture of thermal and electrical
faults).

Page 4 of 7
The use of the DTM is based upon three key gases (CH 4, C2H4, and
C2H2) that correspond to the increasing energy levels of gas formation, as
shown in Figure below. These gas concentrations are calculated and then
plotted along the three sides of a triangle diagram using the following ratios:

 %CH4 = (CH4/CH4+C2H2) x 100

 %C2H4 = (C2H4/CH4+C2H4+C2H2) x 100

 %C2H2 = (C2H2/CH4+C2H4+C2H2) x 100

As previously stated, one drawback of the gas ratio methods is that


some results can fall outside the codes and no diagnostics can be given
(unresolved diagnostics). This does not occur with the Duval Triangle
method because it is a ‘closed system.’ It always provides a diagnosis, with a
low percentage of wrong diagnoses. In fact, according to some published
reports, the DTM provides more accurate and consistent diagnoses than any
other method available at this time.

Page 5 of 7
R&D / TANGEDCO is using the IEC Basic 3 gas ratio method (based
on IEC 60599) for which the detailed interpretation table from the IEC is
enclosed below.

Procedure Followed:

 From the oil sample, gas will be extracted using the manual extraction
unit
 The extracted gas will be introduced into the Chromatograph using
syringe.
 The various gas contents will be evaluated in the Chromatograph and
results will be obtained.
 From that, 3 ratios will be calculated
 Ratio-1 = C2H2/C2H4
 Ratio-2 = CH4/H2

Page 6 of 7
 Ratio-3 = C2H4/C2H6
 Based on the above ratios, interpretation will be done.

Page 7 of 7

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