Scribd
Upload
58 views

Math2065: Intro To Pdes Tutorial Solutions (Week 1) : 3t 5 (1 Z) 3t 3t 4 3 3t

This document provides tutorial solutions for introductory partial differential equations (PDEs). It contains solutions to example PDEs using standard techniques like separation of variables. It also covers finding general and specific solutions involving exponential, trigonometric, and hyperbolic functions. Graphs are included to illustrate hyperbolic functions. The document demonstrates solving initial value problems for PDEs.

Uploaded by

TOM DAVIS
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
58 views

Math2065: Intro To Pdes Tutorial Solutions (Week 1) : 3t 5 (1 Z) 3t 3t 4 3 3t

This document provides tutorial solutions for introductory partial differential equations (PDEs). It contains solutions to example PDEs using standard techniques like separation of variables. It also covers finding general and specific solutions involving exponential, trigonometric, and hyperbolic functions. Graphs are included to illustrate hyperbolic functions. The document demonstrates solving initial value problems for PDEs.

Uploaded by

TOM DAVIS
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 3

MATH2065: INTRO TO PDEs

Semester 2, 2009
Tutorial Solutions (Week 1)

1. The general solution has been covered in lectures.

(a) x = 2e3t .
(b) y = 10e5(1−z) .
(c) The transformed equation is dX/dt = −3X, with solution X = Ae−3t or 4−3x = Ae−3t .
Hence A = 4 and the solution is x = 34 (1 − e−3t ).

2. (a) While we can solve y 0 − 7 y = 0 using standard separation of variables in the form
dy
y
= −7dt and then integration (see Q1 above), here’s an alternative approach which
borrows from the approach for second-order equations. This ODE has characteristic
equation λ − 7 = 0, and hence a solution of the form exp (7x) works. (Note: the form
exp (7x) just means e7x , and can be used for clearer display purposes.) The general
solution is therefore y(x) = C1 exp (7x), where C1 is an arbitrary constant.
(b) y 00 + y 0 − 2 y = 0 has characteristic equation λ2 + λ − 2 = 0, which gives λ = 1 and
λ = −2. The two solutions corresponding to these are exp (x) and exp (−2x), leading
to the general solution, with C1 and C2 being arbitrary constants,

y(x) = C1 exp (x) + C2 exp (−2x) .

(c) The characteristic equation for y 00 − 3 y 0 = 0 is λ2 − 3λ = 0, with roots λ = 0 and


λ = 3. The general solution is therefore

y(x) = C1 exp (0x) + C2 exp (3x) = C1 + C2 exp (3x) .

(d) y 00 − 4 y = 0 gives an auxilliary equation λ2 − 4 = 0, and hence λ = ±2, leading to

y(x) = C1 exp (2x) + C2 exp (−2x) .

(e) y 00 + 4 y = 0 gives a characteristic equation λ2 + 4 = 0, and hence λ = ±2i. These


complex conjugate solutions have no real part. Hence there is no exponential part to
the solution; only sines and cosines. The two corresponding solutions are sin 2x and
cos 2x, leading to the general solution

y(x) = C1 sin 2x + C2 cos 2x .

(f) The characteristic equation for y 00 + 6 y 0 + 9 y = 0 is λ2 + 6λ + 9 = 0, which gives


(λ + 3)2 = 0. This therefore has one repeated root, and the corresponding solution is
exp (−3x). Hence, x times this is another solution; i.e., x exp (−3x). Therefore,

y(x) = C1 exp (−3x) + C2 x exp (−3x) .

(g) y 00 − 6 y 0 + 25 y = 0 has characteristic equation λ2 − 6λ + 25 = 0, whose roots are 3 ± 4i.


This gives the two solutions exp (3x) cos 4x and exp (3x) sin 4x, and thus

y(x) = C1 exp (3x) cos (4x) + C2 exp (3x) sin (4x) .

1
(h) † y 000 + 2 y 00 − y 0 − 2 y = 0 is a third-order ODE, but there’s no reason not to expect our
technique to work. The characteristic equation, obtained by substituting a solution of
the form y(x) = exp (λx) directly into the ODE, is

λ3 + 2λ2 − λ − 2 = 0 .

By inspection, we see that λ = 1 is a solution to this, which means that λ − 1 will be


a factor. Factoring this out, we obtain

(λ − 1) λ2 + 3λ + 2 = 0 .


The quadratic factor above also factors to (λ + 1) (λ + 2), and thus we get the three
possible λ values +1, −1 and −2. The general solution must be

y(x) = C1 exp (x) + C2 exp (−x) + C3 exp (−2x) ,

where we need three arbitrary constants C1 , C2 and C3 since this is third-order.

3. (a) We have already found the general solution to y 0 − 7 y = 0 above; it is y(x) =


C1 exp (7x) for some constant C1 . Putting in the initial value y(0) = 1, we find
that C1 = 1. The solution to the initial value problem is thus y(x) = exp (7x).
(b) Again, we have found the general solution to y 00 − 3 y 0 = 0 above, which is y(x) =
C1 + C2 exp (3x). Now, we need y(0) = 0, and hence C1 + C2 = 0. Secondly, we have
an initial condition on y 0 , and so we compute y 0 (x) = 3C2 exp (3x). Applying y 0 (0) = 1,
we have 3C2 = 1, and thus C2 = 1/3. Then C1 = −C2 = −1/3, leading to the solution
1
y(x) = [exp (3x) − 1] .
3

(c) The general solution to y 00 + 6 y 0 + 9 y = 0, from the previous problem, is

y(x) = C1 exp (−3x) + C2 x exp (−3x) .

Since y(0) = 0, we obtain that C1 = 0. Thus, y(x) = C2 x exp(−3x). Then, y 0 (x) =


C2 [x(−3) exp(−3x) + exp(−3x)]. We also need to satisfy y 0 (0) = 1, and thus C2 = 1.
The solution is therefore
y(x) = x exp (−3x) .
(d) The ODE y 00 − 6 y 0 + 25 y = 0 is another we have solved in the previous problem:

y(x) = C1 exp (3x) cos (4x) + C2 exp (3x) sin (4x) .

Applying y(0) = 0, we find that C1 = 0, and so we can discard the first of the above
two terms. Differentiating the remaining term,

y 0 (x) = C2 exp (3x) [4 cos (4x) + 3 sin (4x)] ,

and applying y 0 (0) = 4, we get C2 = 1. Thus, the solution is

y(x) = exp (3x) sin (4x) .

2
4. The verification that these solutions work is left as a simple exercise in differentiation.
Since there are two different solutions y1 (t) = t3 and y2 (t) = t3 ln t, and this is a linear
equation, the guess for the general solution is a linear combination of these two. In other
words, it is
y(t) = C1 t3 + C2 t3 ln t ,
where C1 and C2 are arbitrary constants.

5. (a) The definitions of these functions are


ex + e−x ex − e−x
cosh x := and sinh x := .
2 2
The sketch of cosh x “looks like” the sketch of the function y = x2 +1, in that it is even,
takes the value 1 at x = 0, and increases without bound as |x| gets large. (However,
it isn’t quite like x2 + 1 in detail, since the increase is exponential for large |x|). The
sketch of sinh x “looks like” the sketch of the function y = x3 , in that it is odd, zero at
x = 0, and increases to +∞ as x → +∞, and decreases to −∞ as x → −∞. (Again,
this analogy is not correct in detail, since the behaviour for large |x| is exponential.)
Numerically generated graphs of these functions appears below:
y

10
y!cosh!x"

x
-3 -2 -1 1 2 3

-5
y!sinh!x"
-10

(b) By adding and subtracting the expressions in part (a) for sinh x and cosh x, we can
obtain
ex = cosh x + sinh x and e−x = cosh x − sinh x .
We can use the above observation to write
y(x) = C1 epx + C2 e−px
= C1 (cosh px + sinh px) + C2 (cosh px − sinh px)
= (C1 + C2 ) cosh px + (C1 − C2 ) sinh px
= D1 cosh px + D2 sinh px ,
where D1 = C1 + C2 and D2 = C1 − C2 are themselves arbitrary constants since C1
and C2 are.

You might also like

pFad - Phonifier reborn

Pfad - The Proxy pFad of © 2024 Garber Painting. All rights reserved.

Note: This service is not intended for secure transactions such as banking, social media, email, or purchasing. Use at your own risk. We assume no liability whatsoever for broken pages.


Alternative Proxies:

Alternative Proxy

pFad Proxy

pFad v3 Proxy

pFad v4 Proxy