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3i Reviewer PDF

The document discusses various aspects of research including its importance, types of research, research process, ethics, and methodology. It notes that research has the potential to improve quality of life and help professionals. Qualitative research examines individuals' contexts and explores phenomena to better understand them, using non-numerical data. The research process involves defining a problem, formulating hypotheses, reviewing literature, choosing a design, collecting and analyzing data, and reporting results. Ethics require informing and protecting participants, and producing accurate results. Methodology discusses sampling, data collection techniques like interviews and questionnaires, and determining sample size.

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439 views2 pages

3i Reviewer PDF

The document discusses various aspects of research including its importance, types of research, research process, ethics, and methodology. It notes that research has the potential to improve quality of life and help professionals. Qualitative research examines individuals' contexts and explores phenomena to better understand them, using non-numerical data. The research process involves defining a problem, formulating hypotheses, reviewing literature, choosing a design, collecting and analyzing data, and reporting results. Ethics require informing and protecting participants, and producing accurate results. Methodology discusses sampling, data collection techniques like interviews and questionnaires, and determining sample size.

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Prototype Michael
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SOME IMPORTANCES OF RESEARCH

 Research has the potential for providing quality life.


 Research assesses individuals or groups plan of actions as basis for accurate inventions and decisions in
life.
 Research helps professionals deliver quality education services.

QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
DESCRIPTION:
 It examines the context or situation of an individual’s life.
 It explores a phenomenon to better understand it.
 It requires non-numerical data.

RESEARCH PROCESS
1. DEFINING THE PROBLEM
2. FORMULATING OF HYPOTHESIS
3. REVIEWING OF RELATED LITERATURE
4. CHOOSING THE RESEARCH DESIGN
5. COLLECTING AND ANALYZING DATA
6. REPORTING OF RESULTS

SOME FACTS ABOUT ETHICS OF RESEARCH


 The research participants must be fully informed about the nature of research, its purposes and potential risk and
benefits.
 Research must do good and no harm to study participants.
 The rights of the study participants must be well protected and respected.
 Research must give correct or accurate data.
 Good research topic is one that .is tested over time.
 Research teaches you to work systematically.
 Qualitative is instrumental for both positive and negative societal changes.
 Conducting qualitative research is time-consuming.
 Qualitative research promotes a full understanding of human behavior.
 In qualitative research, the validity or reliability is difficult to know.
 Qualitative research involves several processes, which results greatly depend on the researcher’s views or
interpretations.

FORMATS USED:
APA – AMERICAN PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION
MLA – MODERN LANGUAGE ASSOCIATION
TURUBIAN/CHICAGO FORMAT

QUALITATIVE VS. QUANTITATIVE


QUALITATIVE QUANTITATIVE
What are the political influences of “Uga” Festival of Brgy. What is the degree of satisfaction of students towards the
Dumolog? Practical Research subject?

What are the feelings of super typhoon “Yolanda” survivors Is there a significant difference in the strand preference of
before, during and after the phenomenon? students when grouped according to gender?

How does the amount of time children play computer games each What is the academic performance of students in Science?
day affect childhood obesity rates in Kensington?
Narrative report and interpretation Statistical Analysis
Observation only Manipulation of variables
Preliminary Confirmatory
Purposive Sampling Randomized Sampling

2 MAJOR TYPES OF QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH


1. EXPERIMENTAL
2. NON-EXPERIMENTAL
RESPONDENTS OF THE STUDY - describes the target population and sample frame
POPULATION - It is composed of persons or objects that possess some common characteristics that are of interest to the
researcher. Accessible population is the specific study population.
PARAMETER - numeric characteristic of a population
SAMPLE - subset of an entire population that serves as the respondents. A single member of a sample is an element.
STATISTICS – numeric characteristic of a sample

FACTORS TO CONSIDER IN DETERMINING THE SAMPLE SIZE


1. Homogeneity of the population
2. Degree of precision desire by the researcher
3. Types of sampling procedures
4. Use of Formulas
a. Slovin’s Formula
b. Calmorin’s Formula – used when population is more than 100 and the researcher decided to utilize
scientific sampling

KINDS OF SAMPLING
1. PROBABILITY SAMPLING - a type of sampling in which all the members of the population are given a chance of
being selected.
a. Simple random sampling - An unbiased way of selection and are drawn by chance
b. Stratified random sampling
c. Cluster sampling
d. Systematic sampling - a method of probability sampling in which someone is selected every nth element of
the population.
2. NON-PROBABILITY SAMPLING - It is a process of selecting respondents in which the members of the entire
population do not have an equal chance of being selected as samples.

a. Convenience sampling - This non-probability sampling is also called as accidental or incidental sampling
b. Quota sampling
c. Purposive sampling

INSTRUMENT OF THE STUDY


DATA COLLECTION TECHNIQUES
1. Documentary Analysis
2. Interview – conducted with a single person, but there are times where it is conducted with a small (5-10) group of
people (focus group interview)
3. Observation – this technique enables the researcher to participate actively in the conduct of the research.
Instrument used is called observation guide/checklist
a. 2 types:
i. Structured – uses a checklist as a data collection tool
ii. Unstructured – observes things as they happen
4. Physiological Measure
5. Psychological Tests
6. Questionnaire – avoid double negative questions.
a. Questions
i. Yes or no type – items answerable by yes or no
ii. Recognition type – alternative responses are already provided, close ended questions
iii. Completion type – respondents are asked to fill in the blanks or complete a statement
iv. Coding type – numbers are assigned to names, choices and other pertinent data
v. Subjective type – respondents are free to give their opinion
vi. Combination type – combination of two or more type of questions
b. Scales
i. Likert Scale – consists of several declarative statements that express a viewpoint on a topic,
respondents are asked to indicate how much they agree or disagree
ii. Semantic Differential Scale – respondents are asked to rate concepts in a series of bipolar
adjectives

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