PowerPoint® Lecture Slides

Prepared by Patty Bostwick-Taylor,

Florence-Darlington Technical College

CHAPTER 6
The Muscular
System

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

 The Muscular System

•Muscles are responsible for all types of body

movement
•Three basic muscle types are found in the
body
•Skeletal muscle
•Cardiac muscle
•Smooth muscle

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

 Characteristics of Muscles

•Skeletal and smooth muscle cells are

elongated (muscle cell = muscle fiber)
•Contraction and shortening of muscles is due
to the movement of microfilaments
•All muscles share some terminology
•Prefixes myo and mys refer to “muscle”
•Prefix sarco refers to “flesh”

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Table 6.1
 Comparison of Skeletal, Cardiac,
and Smooth Muscles
Characteristic Skeletal Cardiac Smooth

Body location Attached to bone Walls of the heart Mostly in walls of

or skin (for some visceral organs
facial muscles) (other than the
heart)

Cell shape and Single, very long, Branching chains Single, fusiform,
appearance cylindrical, of cells, uninucleate, no
multinucleate uninucleate, striations
cells with very striations,
obvious striations intercalated discs
Connective Endomysium, Endomysium Endomysium
tissue perimysium, and
components epimysium

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

 Comparison of Skeletal, Cardiac,
and Smooth Muscles
Characteristic Skeletal Cardiac Smooth

Regulation of Voluntary Involuntary Involuntary

contraction

Speed of Slow to fast Slow Very slow

contraction

Rhythmic No Yes Yes, in some

contractions

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

 Skeletal Muscle Characteristics

•Most are attached by tendons to bones

•Cells are multinucleate
•Striated—have visible banding
•Voluntary—subject to conscious control

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

 Connective Tissue Wrappings of Skeletal
Muscle

•Cells are surrounded and bundled by

connective tissue
•Endomysium—encloses a single muscle
fiber
•Perimysium—wraps around a fascicle
(bundle) of muscle fibers
•Epimysium—covers the entire skeletal
muscle
•Fascia—on the outside of the epimysium
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
 Muscle
fiber
Blood vessel (cell)

Perimysium

Epimysium
(wraps entire
muscle)

Fascicle
(wrapped by
perimysium)

Endomysium
(between
fibers)
Tendon

Bone

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 6.1

 Skeletal Muscle Attachments

•Epimysium blends into a connective tissue

attachment
•Tendons—cord-like structures
•Mostly collagen fibers
•Often cross a joint due to toughness and
small size
•Aponeuroses—sheet-like structures
•Attach muscles indirectly to bones,
cartilages, or connective tissue coverings

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

 Skeletal Muscle Attachments

•Sites of muscle attachment

•Bones
•Cartilages
•Connective tissue coverings

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

 Smooth Muscle Characteristics

•Lacks striations
•Spindle-shaped cells
•Single nucleus
•Involuntary—no conscious control
•Found mainly in the walls of hollow organs

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

 Circular layer
of smooth muscle
(longitudinal view
Mucosa of cells)

Longitudinal layer
Submucosa
of smooth muscle
(cross-sectional
view of cells)
(a)
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 6.2a
 Cardiac Muscle Characteristics

•Striations
•Usually has a single nucleus
•Branching cells
•Joined to another muscle cell at an
intercalated disc
•Involuntary
•Found only in the walls of the heart

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

 Cardiac
muscle
bundles

(b)
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 6.2b
 Skeletal Muscle Functions

•Produce movement
•Maintain posture
•Stabilize joints
•Generate heat

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 Microscopic Anatomy of Skeletal Muscle

•Sarcolemma—specialized plasma membrane

•Myofibrils—long organelles inside muscle cell
•Sarcoplasmic reticulum—specialized smooth
endoplasmic reticulum

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 Sarcolemma

Myofibril

Dark Light Nucleus

(A) band (I) band
(a) Segment of a muscle fiber (cell)

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 6.3a

 Microscopic Anatomy of Skeletal Muscle

•Myofibrils are aligned to give distinct bands

•I band = light band
•Contains only thin filaments
•A band = dark band
•Contains the entire length of the thick
filaments

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

 Z disc H zone Z disc

Thin (actin) filament

Thick (myosin) filament

(b) Myofibril or fibril I band A band I band M line

(complex organelle
composed of bundles
of myofilaments)

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 6.3b

 Microscopic Anatomy of Skeletal Muscle

•Sarcomere—contractile unit of a muscle fiber

•Organization of the sarcomere
•Myofilaments
•Thick filaments = myosin filaments
•Thin filaments = actin filaments

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

 Microscopic Anatomy of Skeletal Muscle

•Thick filaments = myosin filaments

•Composed of the protein myosin
•Has ATPase enzymes
•Myosin filaments have heads (extensions, or
cross bridges)
•Myosin and actin overlap somewhat
•Thin filaments = actin filaments
•Composed of the protein actin
•Anchored to the Z disc

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

 Sarcomere

M line
Z disc Z disc
Thin (actin) filament

Thick (myosin) filament

(c) Sarcomere (segment of a myofibril)

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 6.3c

 Microscopic Anatomy of Skeletal Muscle

•At rest, within the A band there is a zone that

lacks actin filaments
•Called either the H zone or bare zone
•Sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR)
•Stores and releases calcium
•Surrounds the myofibril

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

 Thick filament Bare zone Thin filament

(d) Myofilament structure (within one sarcomere)

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 6.3d

 Stimulation and Contraction of
Single Skeletal Muscle Cells

•Excitability (also called responsiveness or

irritability)—ability to receive and respond to a
stimulus
•Contractility—ability to shorten when an
adequate stimulus is received
•Extensibility—ability of muscle cells to be
stretched
•Elasticity—ability to recoil and resume resting
length after stretching
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
 The Nerve Stimulus and Action Potential

•Skeletal muscles must be stimulated by a

motor neuron (nerve cell) to contract
•Motor unit—one motor neuron and all the
skeletal muscle cells stimulated by that neuron

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

 Axon terminals at neuromuscular junctions
Spinal cord

Motor Motor
unit 1 unit 2

Nerve

Axon of
Motor neuron motor
cell bodies neuron

Muscle Muscle fibers

(a)
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 6.4a
 Axon terminals at neuromuscular junctions Muscle fibers

Branching axon
to motor unit

(b)

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 6.4b

 The Nerve Stimulus and Action Potential

•Neuromuscular junction
•Association site of axon terminal of the
motor neuron and muscle

PLAY A&P Flix™: Events at the Neuromuscular Junction

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 6.5
 The Nerve Stimulus and Action Potential

•Synaptic cleft
•Gap between nerve and muscle
•Nerve and muscle do not make contact
•Area between nerve and muscle is filled with
interstitial fluid
•Action potential reaches the axon terminal of
the motor neuron
•Calcium channels open and calcium ions enter
the axon terminal

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

 Transmission of Nerve Impulse to Muscle

•Calcium ion entry causes some synaptic

vesicles to release their contents
(acetylcholine, a neurotransmitter) by
exocytosis
•Neurotransmitter—chemical released by nerve
upon arrival of nerve impulse in the axon
terminal
•The neurotransmitter for skeletal muscle is
acetylcholine (ACh)

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

 Transmission of Nerve Impulse to Muscle

•Acetylcholine attaches to receptors on the

sarcolemma of the muscle cell
•In response to the binding of ACh to a
receptor, the sarcolemma becomes permeable
to sodium (Na+)
•Sodium rushes into the cell generating an
action potential and potassium leaves the cell
•Once started, muscle contraction cannot be
stopped

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

 Synaptic vesicle containing ACh
1 Action potential reaches axon
terminal of motor neuron. Axon terminal of motor neuron
Mitochondrion

Ca2+ Ca2+
Synaptic Sarcolemma
cleft

Fusing synaptic
vesicle
Sarcoplasm
ACh of muscle fiber
ACh Folds of
receptor sarcolemma

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 6.5, step 1

 Synaptic vesicle containing ACh
1 Action potential reaches axon
terminal of motor neuron. Axon terminal of motor neuron
Mitochondrion

2 Calcium (Ca2+) channels Ca2+ Ca2+

open and Ca2+ enters the axon Synaptic
terminal. Sarcolemma
cleft

Fusing synaptic
vesicle
Sarcoplasm
ACh of muscle fiber
ACh Folds of
receptor sarcolemma

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 6.5, step 2

 Synaptic vesicle containing ACh
1 Action potential reaches axon
terminal of motor neuron. Axon terminal of motor neuron
Mitochondrion

2 Calcium (Ca2+) channels Ca2+ Ca2+

open and Ca2+ enters the axon Synaptic
terminal. Sarcolemma
cleft

Fusing synaptic
vesicle
Sarcoplasm
3 Ca2+ entry causes some ACh of muscle fiber
synaptic vesicles to release their Folds of
contents (acetylcholine, a ACh
receptor sarcolemma
neurotransmitter) by exocytosis.

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 6.5, step 3

 Synaptic vesicle containing ACh
1 Action potential reaches axon
terminal of motor neuron. Axon terminal of motor neuron
Mitochondrion

2 Calcium (Ca2+) channels Ca2+ Ca2+

open and Ca2+ enters the axon Synaptic
terminal. Sarcolemma
cleft

Fusing synaptic
vesicle
Sarcoplasm
3 Ca2+ entry causes some ACh of muscle fiber
synaptic vesicles to release their Folds of
contents (acetylcholine, a ACh
receptor sarcolemma
neurotransmitter) by exocytosis.

4 Acetylcholine diffuses across

the synaptic cleft and binds to
receptors in the sarcolemma.

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 6.5, step 4

 Ion channel in
5 ACh binds and channels open Na+ K+
sarcolemma opens;
that allow simultaneous passage ions pass.
of Na+ into the muscle fiber and
K+ out of the muscle fiber. More
Na+ ions enter than K+ ions leave
and this produces a local change
in the electrical conditions of the
membrane (depolarization), which
eventually leads to an action
potential.

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 6.5, step 5

 ACh Degraded ACh
Ion channel closed;
Na+ ions cannot pass.
6 ACh effects are ended by its
breakdown in the synaptic cleft by
the enzyme acetylcholinesterase.
Acetylcholinesterase
K+

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 6.5, step 6

 Neuromuscular junction Muscle cell
Nerve or fiber
Small twig Striations
fiber

Match
flame 1 Na+ diffuses
1 Flame ignites 2 Flame spreads into the cell.
2 Action potential spreads
the twig. rapidly along the twig. rapidly along the sarcolemma.
(a) (b)

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 6.6a-b

 The Sliding Filament Theory
of Muscle Contraction
•Activation by nerve causes myosin heads
(cross bridges) to attach to binding sites on
the thin filament
•Myosin heads then bind to the next site of the
thin filament and pull them toward the center
of the sarcomere
•This continued action causes a sliding of the
myosin along the actin
•The result is that the muscle is shortened
(contracted)
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
 Myosin Actin

Z H Z
I A I

(a)

Z Z
I A I
(b) Figure 6.7a–b
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
 Protein complex In a relaxed muscle cell, the regulatory proteins forming
part of the actin myofilaments prevent myosin binding
(see a). When an action potential (AP) sweeps along its
sarcolemma and a muscle cell is excited, calcium ions
(Ca2+) are released from intracellular storage areas (the
sacs of the sarcoplasmic reticulum).

Myosin Actin
(a) myofilament myofilament

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 6.8a

 Myosin-binding site The flood of calcium acts as the final trigger for
Ca2+
contraction, because as calcium binds to the regulatory
proteins on the actin filaments, the proteins undergo a
change in both their shape and their position on the thin
filaments. This action exposes myosin-binding sites on
the actin, to which the myosin heads can attach (see b),
and the myosin heads immediately begin seeking out
Upper part of thick filament only binding sites.
(b)

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 6.8b

 PLAY A&P Flix™: The Cross Bridge Cycle

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 6.8c

 Contraction of Skeletal Muscle

•Muscle fiber contraction is “all or none”

•Within a skeletal muscle, not all fibers may be
stimulated during the same interval
•Different combinations of muscle fiber
contractions may give differing responses
•Graded responses—different degrees of
skeletal muscle shortening

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

 Contraction of Skeletal Muscle

•Graded responses can be produced by

changing:
•The frequency of muscle stimulation
•The number of muscle cells being stimulated
at one time

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

 Types of Graded Responses

•Twitch
•Single, brief contraction
•Not a normal muscle function

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 6.9a
 Types of Graded Responses

•Summing of contractions
•One contraction is immediately followed by
another
•The muscle does not completely return to a
resting state due to more frequent
stimulations
•The effects are added

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 6.9b
 Types of Graded Responses

•Unfused (incomplete) tetanus

•Some relaxation occurs between
contractions but nerve stimuli arrive at an
even faster rate than during summing of
contractions
•Unless the muscle contraction is smooth
and sustained, it is said to be in unfused
tetanus

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 6.9c
 Types of Graded Responses

•Fused (complete) tetanus

•No evidence of relaxation before the
following contractions
•Frequency of stimulations does not allow for
relaxation between contractions
•The result is a smooth and sustained muscle
contraction

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 6.9d
 Muscle Response to Strong Stimuli

•Muscle force depends upon the number of

fibers stimulated
•More fibers contracting results in greater
muscle tension
•Muscles can continue to contract unless they
run out of energy

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

 Energy for Muscle Contraction

•Initially, muscles use stored ATP for energy

•ATP bonds are broken to release energy
•Only 4–6 seconds worth of ATP is stored by
muscles
•After this initial time, other pathways must be
utilized to produce ATP

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

 Energy for Muscle Contraction

•Direct phosphorylation of ADP by creatine

phosphate (CP)
•Muscle cells store CP
•CP is a high-energy molecule
•After ATP is depleted, ADP is left
•CP transfers a phosphate group to ADP, to
regenerate ATP
•CP supplies are exhausted in less than 15
seconds
•About 1 ATP is created per CP molecule
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 6.10a
 Energy for Muscle Contraction

•Aerobic respiration
•Glucose is broken down to carbon dioxide
and water, releasing energy (about 32 ATP)
•A series of metabolic pathways occur in the
mitochondria
•This is a slower reaction that requires
continuous oxygen
•Carbon dioxide and water are produced

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 6.10c
 Energy for Muscle Contraction

•Anaerobic glycolysis and lactic acid formation

•Reaction that breaks down glucose without
oxygen
•Glucose is broken down to pyruvic acid to
produce about 2 ATP
•Pyruvic acid is converted to lactic acid
•This reaction is not as efficient, but is fast
•Huge amounts of glucose are needed
•Lactic acid produces muscle fatigue

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 6.10b
 Muscle Fatigue and Oxygen Deficit

•When a muscle is fatigued, it is unable to

contract even with a stimulus
•Common cause for muscle fatigue is oxygen
debt
•Oxygen must be “repaid” to tissue to remove
oxygen deficit
•Oxygen is required to get rid of accumulated
lactic acid
•Increasing acidity (from lactic acid) and lack of
ATP causes the muscle to contract less
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
 Types of Muscle Contractions
•Isotonic contractions
•Myofilaments are able to slide past each other
during contractions
•The muscle shortens and movement occurs
•Example: bending the knee; rotating the arm
•Isometric contractions
•Tension in the muscles increases
•The muscle is unable to shorten or produce
movement
•Example: push against a wall with bent elbows
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
 Muscle Tone

•Some fibers are contracted even in a relaxed

muscle
•Different fibers contract at different times to
provide muscle tone and to be constantly
ready

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

 Effect of Exercise on Muscles

•Exercise increases muscle size, strength, and

endurance
•Aerobic (endurance) exercise (biking,
jogging) results in stronger, more flexible
muscles with greater resistance to fatigue
•Makes body metabolism more efficient
•Improves digestion, coordination
•Resistance (isometric) exercise (weight
lifting) increases muscle size and strength

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 6.11a-b
 Five Golden Rules of Skeletal Muscle
Activity
1. With a few exceptions, all skeletal muscles
cross at least one joint.
2. Typically, the bulk of a skeletal muscle lies
proximal to the joint crossed.
3. All skeletal muscles have at least two
attachments: the origin and the insertion.
4. Skeletal muscles can only pull; they never
push.
5. During contraction, a skeletal muscle
insertion moves toward the origin.
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
 Muscles and Body Movements

•Movement is attained due to a muscle moving

an attached bone
•Muscles are attached to at least two points
•Origin
•Attachment to a moveable bone
•Insertion
•Attachment to an immovable bone

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

 Muscle
contracting

Origin

Brachialis

Tendon
Insertion
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 6.12
 Types of Body Movements
•Flexion
•Decreases the angle of the joint
•Brings two bones closer together
•Typical of bending hinge joints like knee and
elbow or ball-and-socket joints like the hip
•Extension
•Opposite of flexion
•Increases angle between two bones
•Typical of straightening the elbow or knee
•Extension beyond 180° is hypertension
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 6.13a
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 6.13b
 Types of Body Movements

•Rotation
•Movement of a bone around its longitudinal
axis
•Common in ball-and-socket joints
•Example is when you move atlas around
the dens of axis (shake your head “no”)

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 6.13c
 Types of Body Movements

•Abduction
•Movement of a limb away from the midline
•Adduction
•Opposite of abduction
•Movement of a limb toward the midline

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 6.13d
 Types of Body Movements

•Circumduction
•Combination of flexion, extension,
abduction, and adduction
•Common in ball-and-socket joints

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 6.13d
 Special Movements

•Dorsiflexion
•Lifting the foot so that the superior surface
approaches the shin (toward the dorsum)
•Plantar flexion
•Depressing the foot (pointing the toes)
•“Planting” the foot toward the sole

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 6.13e
 Special Movements

•Inversion
•Turn sole of foot medially
•Eversion
•Turn sole of foot laterally

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 6.13f
 Special Movements

•Supination
•Forearm rotates laterally so palm faces
anteriorly
•Radius and ulna are parallel
•Pronation
•Forearm rotates medially so palm faces
posteriorly
•Radius and ulna cross each other like an X

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 6.13g
 Special Movements

•Opposition
•Move thumb to touch the tips of other
fingers on the same hand

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 6.13h
 Types of Muscles

•Prime mover—muscle with the major

responsibility for a certain movement
•Antagonist—muscle that opposes or reverses
a prime mover
•Synergist—muscle that aids a prime mover in
a movement and helps prevent rotation
•Fixator—stabilizes the origin of a prime mover

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

 (a) A muscle that crosses on the anterior side of a joint produces flexion*

Example:
Pectoralis
major
(anterior view)

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 6.14a

 (b) A muscle that crosses on the posterior side of a joint produces extension*

Example:
Latissimus
dorsi
(posterior
view)

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 6.14b

 (c) A muscle that crosses on the lateral side of a joint produces abduction

Example:
Medial deltoid
(anterolateral
view)

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 6.14c

 (d) A muscle that crosses on the medial side of a joint produces adduction

Example:
Teres major
(posterolateral
view)

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 6.14d

 Naming Skeletal Muscles

•By direction of muscle fibers

•Example: Rectus (straight)
•By relative size of the muscle
•Example: Maximus (largest)

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

 Naming Skeletal Muscles

•By location of the muscle

•Example: Temporalis (temporal bone)
•By number of origins
•Example: Triceps (three heads)

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

 Naming Skeletal Muscles

•By location of the muscle’s origin and insertion

•Example: Sterno (on the sternum)
•By shape of the muscle
•Example: Deltoid (triangular)
•By action of the muscle
•Example: Flexor and extensor (flexes or
extends a bone)

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

 Orbicularis oris
Pectoralis major Deltoid

(d) Circular
(a) Convergent
(e) Multipennate
Biceps brachii (d)
Rectus femoris
(e)
(a)
(b)

(c)
(b) Fusiform
(f) Bipennate
Sartorius (f) Extensor digitorum
longus

(g)

(c) Parallel (g) Unipennate

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 6.15
 Head and Neck Muscles
•Facial muscles
•Frontalis—raises eyebrows
•Orbicularis oculi—closes eyes, squints,
blinks, winks
•Orbicularis oris—closes mouth and
protrudes the lips
•Buccinator—flattens the cheek, chews
•Zygomaticus—raises corners of the mouth
•Chewing muscles
•Masseter—closes the jaw and elevates
mandible
•Temporalis—synergist of the masseter,
closes jaw
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
 Head and Neck Muscles

•Neck muscles
•Platysma—pulls the corners of the mouth
inferiorly
•Sternocleidomastoid—flexes the neck,
rotates the head

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

 Cranial
Frontalis aponeurosis

Temporalis
Orbicularis
oculi Occipitalis

Zygomaticus

Buccinator
Masseter

Orbicularis
Sternocleidomastoid
oris

Trapezius
Platysma

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 6.16

 Muscles of Trunk, Shoulder, Arm

•Anterior muscles
•Pectoralis major—adducts and flexes the
humerus
•Intercostal muscles
•External intercostals—raise rib cage
during inhalation
•Internal intercostals—depress the rib cage
to move air out of the lungs when you
exhale forcibly

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

 Clavicle

Deltoid

Sternum

Pectoralis
major

Biceps
brachii

Brachialis

Brachio-
radialis

(a)
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 6.17a
 Muscles of Trunk, Shoulder, Arm

•Muscles of the abdominal girdle

•Rectus abdominis—flexes vertebral column
and compresses abdominal contents
(defecation, childbirth, forced breathing)
•External oblique—flex vertebral column;
rotate trunk and bend it laterally
•Internal oblique—flex vertebral column;
rotate trunk and bend it laterally
•Transversus abdominis—compresses
abdominal contents
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
 Pectoralis
major

Rectus
abdominis
Transversus
abdominis
Internal
oblique
External
oblique
Aponeurosis

(b)
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 6.17b
 Muscles of Trunk, Shoulder, Arm

•Posterior muscles
•Trapezius—elevates, depresses, adducts,
and stabilizes the scapula
•Latissimus dorsi—extends and adducts the
humerus
•Erector spinae—back extension
•Quadratus lumborum—flexes the spine
laterally
•Deltoid—arm abduction

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

 Muscles of Trunk, Shoulder, Arm

•Muscles that arise from the shoulder girdle

and cross the shoulder joint to insert into the
humerus include:
•Pectoralis major
•Latissimus dorsi
•Deltoid
PLAY A&P Flix™: Muscles that act on the shoulder joint and humerus:
An overview.
PLAY A&P Flix™: Muscles of the pectoral girdle.

PLAY A&P Flix™: Muscles that cross the glenohumeral joint.

PLAY A&P Flix™: Movement at the glenohumeral joint: An overview.

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
 Occipital bone
Sternocleidomastoid
Spine of scapula
Trapezius Deltoid (cut)
Deltoid

Triceps
brachii
Latissimus
dorsi

Humerus
Olecranon
process of
(a) ulna (deep
to tendon) Figure 6.18a
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
 C7
T1

Erector spinae
• Iliocostalis
• Longissimus
• Spinalis

Quadratus
Iumborum

(b)
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 6.18b
 Muscles of the Upper Limb

•Biceps brachii—supinates forearm, flexes

elbow
•Brachialis—elbow flexion
•Brachioradialis—weak muscle; elbow flexion
•Triceps brachii—elbow extension (antagonist
to biceps brachii)
PLAY A&P Flix™: The elbow joint and forearm: An overview.

PLAY A&P Flix™: Muscles of the elbow joint.

PLAY A&P Flix™: Movement at the elbow joint.

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

 Clavicle

Deltoid

Sternum

Pectoralis
major

Biceps
brachii

Brachialis

Brachio-
radialis

(a)
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 6.17a
 Occipital bone
Sternocleidomastoid
Spine of scapula
Trapezius Deltoid (cut)
Deltoid

Triceps
brachii
Latissimus
dorsi

Humerus
Olecranon
process of
(a) ulna (deep
to tendon) Figure 6.18a
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
 Muscles of the Upper Limb
•Muscles of the forearm, which insert on the
hand bones and cause their movement
include:
•Flexor carpi—wrist flexion
•Flexor digitorum—finger flexion
•Extensor carpi—wrist extension
•Extensor digitorum—finger extension
PLAY A&P Flix™: Muscles that act on the wrist and fingers:
An overview.
PLAY A&P Flix™: Movements of the wrist and fingers (a).

PLAY A&P Flix™: Movements of the wrist and fingers (b).

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
 Muscles of the Lower Limb

•Muscles causing movement at the hip joint

include:
•Gluteus maximus—hip extension
•Gluteus medius—hip abduction, steadies
pelvis when walking
•Iliopsoas—hip flexion, keeps the upper body
from falling backward when standing erect
•Adductor muscles—adduct the thighs
PLAY A&P Flix™: Muscles that act on the hip joint and femur:
An overview.
PLAY A&P Flix™: Movement at the hip joint: An overview.
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
 Gluteus medius

Gluteus maximus

Adductor
magnus

Iliotibial tract

Biceps femoris

Semitendinosus Hamstring group

Semimembranosus

Gastrocnemius
(a)
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 6.20a
 Posterior superior
iliac spine
IIiac crest

Safe area in
gluteus medius

Gluteus maximus

Sciatic nerve

(b)
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 6.20b
 12th
12th rib thoracic vertebra

Iliac crest
lliopsoas Psoas major
lliacus 5th
lumbar vertebra
Anterior superior
iliac spine

Sartorius
Adductor
group
Rectus femoris
Quadriceps

Vastus lateralis

Vastus medialis

Patella

Patellar
ligament

(c)
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 6.20c
 Muscles of the Lower Limb

•Muscles causing movement at the knee joint

•Hamstring group—thigh extension and knee
flexion
•Biceps femoris
•Semimembranosus
•Semitendinosus

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

 Gluteus medius

Gluteus maximus

Adductor
magnus

Iliotibial tract

Biceps femoris

Semitendinosus Hamstring group

Semimembranosus

Gastrocnemius
(a)
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 6.20a
 Muscles of the Lower Limb

•Muscles causing movement at the knee joint

•Sartorius—flexes the thigh
•Quadriceps group—extends the knee
•Rectus femoris
•Vastus muscles (three)

PLAY A&P Flix™: Muscles that cross the knee joint: An overview.

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

 12th
12th rib thoracic vertebra

Iliac crest
lliopsoas Psoas major
lliacus 5th
lumbar vertebra
Anterior superior
iliac spine

Sartorius
Adductor
group
Rectus femoris
Quadriceps

Vastus lateralis

Vastus medialis

Patella

Patellar
ligament

(c)
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 6.20c
 Inguinal
ligament

Adductor
muscles
Sartorius

Vastus
lateralis

(d)
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 6.20d
 Muscles of the Lower Limb
•Muscles causing movement at ankle and foot
•Tibialis anterior—dorsiflexion, foot inversion
•Extensor digitorum longus—toe extension
and dorsiflexion of the foot
•Fibularis muscles—plantar flexion, foot
eversion
•Soleus—plantar flexion
PLAY A&P Flix™: Muscles that act on the ankle and foot:
An overview.
PLAY A&P Flix™: Posterior muscles that act on the ankle and foot.

PLAY A&P Flix™: Movements of the ankle and foot.

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
 Fibularis longus

Tibia
Fibularis brevis
Soleus
Tibialis anterior
Extensor digitorum
longus
Fibularis tertius

(a)
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 6.21a
 Gastrocnemius

Soleus

Calcaneal (Achilles)
tendon
Medial malleolus
Lateral
malleolus

(b)
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 6.21b
 Facial
• Frontalis
Facial
• Orbicularis oculi
• Temporalis
• Zygomaticus
• Masseter • Orbicularis oris
Neck
Shoulder • Platysma
• Trapezius • Sternocleidomastoid
Thorax
• Deltoid • Pectoralis minor
• Pectoralis major
Arm • Serratus anterior
• Triceps brachii
• Biceps brachii • Intercostals
• Brachialis
Abdomen
• Rectus abdominis
Forearm • External oblique
• Brachioradialis • Internal oblique
• Flexor carpi radialis
• Transversus abdominis

Pelvis/thigh
• lliopsoas

Thigh
• Sartorius
• Adductor muscle
Thigh (Quadriceps)
• Rectus femoris • Gracilis
• Vastus lateralis
• Vastus medialis

Leg
• Fibularis longus
Leg
• Extensor digitorum longus
• Gastrocnemius
• Tibialis anterior
• Soleus

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 6.22

 Neck
• Occipitalis

• Sternocleidomastoid

• Trapezius

Shoulder/Back
• Deltoid
Arm
• Triceps brachii
• Brachialis
• Latissimus dorsi
Forearm
• Brachioradialis
• Extensor carpi radialis
longus
• Flexor carpi ulnaris
• Extensor carpi ulnaris Hip
• Extensor digitorum • Gluteus medius

• Gluteus maximus

Thigh
lliotibial tract
• Adductor muscle
• Hamstrings:
Biceps femoris
Semitendinosus
Semimembranosus

Leg
• Gastrocnemius

• Soleus

• Fibularis longus

Calcaneal
(Achilles)
tendon

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 6.23

 Deltoid
muscle

Humerus

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 6.19

 Posterior superior
iliac spine
IIiac crest

Safe area in
gluteus medius

Gluteus maximus

Sciatic nerve

(b)
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 6.20b
 Inguinal
ligament

Adductor
muscles
Sartorius

Vastus
lateralis

(d)
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 6.20d