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    Wena Mae Cristobal
    The wheel was invented around 3500 BC in Western Asia and Mesopotamia, marking a major advancement in transportation. The oldest wooden wheel was found in Slovenia and dated to 5200 years old. Early wheeled carts evolved from solid one-piece wheels to more advanced designs with multiple wooden pieces or metal spokes. The Romans built an extensive road network of over 50,000 miles to accommodate increased traffic from wheeled vehicles and carriages. Modern highway construction was enabled by continued improvements to vehicles and road building methods over subsequent centuries.

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    Traffic

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    Wena Mae Cristobal
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    The wheel was invented around 3500 BC in Western Asia and Mesopotamia, marking a major advancement in transportation. The oldest wooden wheel was found in Slovenia and dated to 5200 years old. Early wheeled carts evolved from solid one-piece wheels to more advanced designs with multiple wooden pieces or metal spokes. The Romans built an extensive road network of over 50,000 miles to accommodate increased traffic from wheeled vehicles and carriages. Modern highway construction was enabled by continued improvements to vehicles and road building methods over subsequent centuries.

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    The wheel was invented around 3500 BC in Western Asia and Mesopotamia, marking a major advancement in transportation. The oldest wooden wheel was found in Slovenia and dated to 5200 years old. Early wheeled carts evolved from solid one-piece wheels to more advanced designs with multiple wooden pieces or metal spokes. The Romans built an extensive road network of over 50,000 miles to accommodate increased traffic from wheeled vehicles and carriages. Modern highway construction was enabled by continued improvements to vehicles and road building methods over subsequent centuries.

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    1K views2 pages

    Traffic

    Uploaded by

    Wena Mae Cristobal
    The wheel was invented around 3500 BC in Western Asia and Mesopotamia, marking a major advancement in transportation. The oldest wooden wheel was found in Slovenia and dated to 5200 years old. Early wheeled carts evolved from solid one-piece wheels to more advanced designs with multiple wooden pieces or metal spokes. The Romans built an extensive road network of over 50,000 miles to accommodate increased traffic from wheeled vehicles and carriages. Modern highway construction was enabled by continued improvements to vehicles and road building methods over subsequent centuries.

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    Module 1 – Wheeled and Road History

    Wheel was invented probably in Western Asia. Such invention was a milestone and a
    great step forward in transportation. However, pieces of evidence were found by
    archaeologists that wheel could have been simultaneously invented in Southwest Asia
    and Mesopotamia. As wheel was perfected, crude parts and wagons began to appear in
    Tigris-Euphrates valley about 3500 B.C., and later in Crete, Egypt, and China. The
    wheel was one of man’s great inventions. It enabled him to transport burdens beyond
    the power of man or animals to carry, drag, and permitted much greater facility of
    movements than the simple sledge on rollers which had to be continually picked up
    and moved by hands as sledge is advanced.

    Ljubljana Marshes Wooden Wheel – the oldest wheel ever found in Europe or anywhere
    in the world. This was discovered by two Slovene archaeologists in April 2002 in
    the Ljubljana Marshes in Slovenia. When carbon-dated, the remains are estimated to
    be 5,200 years old.

    Earliest types of wheeled carts:


    1. Solid wheels on fixed axle – this ancient cart represent an early step in the
    evolution of wheeled vehicles. Its solid wheels, which were made of a single piece
    of wood, rotated on single axle.
    2. Sumerian chariot with flank wheels - this chariot of about 2400 B.C. had
    solid wheels built up of three pieces and so was more durable than the one-piece
    wheel.
    3. Greek quadrica with spoke wheels – drawn by four horses, was a light and
    elegant vehicle for gentleman about 250 B.C. It had a spoke wheels and axles of
    irons or bronze, handles for aid in mounting, and seat formed by a board placed
    across the handles.
    4. Italian cocchio (1288) – a travelling wagon in which the passengers were
    protected by a covering of leather or cloth fixed over a wooden framework.

    √ Wheeled Vehicles and Carriages could not use the narrow paths and trails used by
    pack animals, and early roads were soon built to accommodate the larger
    transportation vehicles.

    √ The Romans were the major road builders in the ancient world. The Romans road
    network reached a total of about 50,000 miles (80,000 kms.) with feeder roads
    branching out from the main highways. It was costly because its deep foundation,
    formed by layer after heavy stones, was necessary to make roads that would carry
    heavy traffic for many years.
    The Roman empire's major highway was the Via Salaria (Salt Road), on which
    salt was carried from the salt pans of Ostia to Rome.
    The Appian Way is one of ancient Rome's most famous roads. It extends for ten
    miles within the city limits of Rome beginning at the Colosseum and heads
    southeast. Begun in 312 B.C. under orders of the Republican magistrate Appius
    Clauduius, it once extended 370 miles Brindisi and was the major transport route to
    Greece and the eastern Mediterranean.

    √ John L. Macadam did not abandon the theory of feeder road building and perfected
    the macadamized road in England about 1815.

    √After the Fall of the Romans in the 5th century land haulage generally declined
    because highways suffered from inadequate maintenance. Such improvements however,
    as the horse collars (10th century), the addition of springs coaches, new methods
    of road construction, and the introduction of toll roads (18th century) all
    continued to ease and speed land travel.

    The invention of larger carriages and vehicles pulled either by human beings
    or animals could be considered the basis of modern highway construction.

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