5.0. Summary and Conclusion: Syzygium Callophylifolium Fruits Were Collected From Ooty, Nilgris District

5.0.
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION
Diabetes mellitus is a chronic disease inherited or acquired deficiency in the

production of insulin by the pancreas or by the ineffectiveness of the insulin
production. Diabetes mellitus is a heterogeneous group of disorders having
hypoglycemia due to impaired glucose utilization resulting from defective or
deficient insulin secretory response along with abnormalities in serum lipid.
Diabetes mellitus is a major human health problem that affects people of all races,
geographical areas, sex and different socio-economic levels.
Medicinal herbs occupy an indispensable part of the world due to low cost,
easy access, and they increase the resistance of body against infection, to promote
quick restoration of physiological functions after depleting disease and claimed to
improve physical and mental health.
Numerous medicinal plants are used for the treatment of diabetes mellitus
in ethnomedical practices as well as traditional system of medicine. Plant drugs are
frequently considered to be less toxic and free from side effects than synthetic
drugs.
The present study has been under taken to study the role of the herbal drug
extract Syzygium callophylifolium as a remedy for alloxan induced diabetes in rats.
The summary and conclusion arising out of the research finding of the research
study are summarized as follows
 Syzygium callophylifolium fruits were collected from Ooty, Nilgris district.

The herbal seed kernel powder extract was made in to decoction with
boiling water. The decoction was collected by filtering through muslin cloth
and administered to the rats.
 Adult male albino Wistar strains of rats weighing about 150-200gm were
used for the study. Diabetes was induced by the intraperitonial injection of
alloxan monohydrate at dose level of 120mg/kg body weight, once.
74
 Twenty four male albino Wistar strain rats were allocated into four groups
of six animals each. Group I served as control rats. Alloxan was
administered once to the toxic group (group II). Group III animals were
treated with 4.0ml of herbal seed kernel extract once a day for a period of
30 days in addition to alloxan. Group IV animals were treated with 4.0ml of
extracts once a day for a period of 30 days.
 After the experimental regimen the animals were sacrificed on 31 st day
under mild chloroform anaesthesia. Blood was collected and serum was
separated. Liver and kidney were excised immediately, washed with ice
cold saline and assessed for biochemical and histopathological studies.
 The diabetic rats showed elevated levels of serum Aspartate transaminase
(AST), Alanine transaminase (ALT), Acid phosphatase (ACP), Alkaline
Phosphatase (ALP) and Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH). These serum
enzymes are useful quantitative marker of liver and kidney damage
indicating cellular leakage by releasing them into the blood stream.
Treatment with plant extract decreased the activity of all these enzymes in
treated rats thereby conforming its antidiabetic action.
 Estimation of the activities of enzymes in tissues like liver and kidney the
activities of tissue marker enzymes such as AST, ALT, ACP, ALP and
LDH were significantly deceased in diabetic rats (group I). Treatment with
herbal seed extract has significantly restored these enzymes to near normal
indicated the effect of S. callophylifolium in curing the diabetes induced by
alloxan monohydrate.
 The activities of glycolytic enzymes were decreased in the tissues of
diabetic rats. Inadequate activities of glycolytic enzymes might be due to
decreased supply of glucose to cells during diabetes. Treatment with the
herbal decoction increased these enzymic activities in treated group of rats.
 Decrease in the level of TCA cycle enzymes like SDH and MDH were
showed in Alloxan induced diabetic rats, when compared to normal rats.
Rats administered with seed extracts showed an increase in the TCA cycle
enzymes.
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 The activities of gluconeogenic enzymes in tissues were found to be
increased in the diabetic rats. Supplementation of S. callophylifolium
extract brought these enzyme activities near to normal.
 The serum and tissue protein levels were significantly reduced in alloxan
induced diabetic rats. Treatment with herbal seed extracts showed a near
normal level of serum and tissue protein.
 Increased level of glucose in blood and decreased levels of glycogen in
liver were shown in group II diabetic rats. Supplementation of herbal
extract decreased the blood glucose by regenerating the β cells of pancreas
and increased the liver glycogen levels.
 Serum constituent’s urea, uric acid and creatinine were found to be
significantly increased in alloxan induced diabetic rats, which may be due
to increased protein catabolism with increased elimination of urea and
creatinine. Administration of herbal decoction offered protection in
resuming all the serum constituent levels to near normal.
 The DNA and RNA contents in tissue were significantly reduced in toxic
rats due to increased protein catabolism. These conditions were reversed
back to normal level by herbal extract treatment.
 The present finding revealed that the activity of enzymatic antioxidant such
as Superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase
(GPx), glutathione-S-transferase (GST), glutathione reductase (GR) and
glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) were significantly reduced in
tissues of diabetic rats. This reduced activity of antioxidant enzymes
reduces the efficiency of hepatocytes to detoxify the toxic oxy radicals.
Restoration of the activities of enzymatic antioxidants is due to the ability
of S. callophylifolium to scavenge reactive oxygen species.
 The level of non enzymatic antioxidants total reduced glutathione (GSH),
vitamin C and vitamin E were decreased in tissue of diabetic rats.
Supplementation of herbal seed kernel decoction restored the non
enzymatic antioxidants reverted to the levels to near normal.
76
 In diabetic rats there is a significant increase in the levels of basal,
ascorbate and ferrous sulphate induced lipid peroxidation in the tissue
homogenate. Treatment with plant extract reduced the level of lipid
peroxides in tissue indicating the effective antioxidant property of S.
callophylifolium.
 There is a significant increase of lipid profile in serum of alloxan induced
diabetic rats. Treatment with plant extract restored all these levels to near
normal.
 Diabetic induced rats showed a significant elevation in the lipid profiles
like cholesterol, phospholipids, triglycerides and free fatty acids in tissue.
Supplementation with the herbal extract produced normalization of lipid
levels in the treated groups showing its hypolipidemic effect.
 Animals treated with herbal extract alone (group IV) had shown no
significant effects in all the parameter when compared to normal control
rats. This indicates that the seed extracts has a protective effect, and does
not cause any side effects.
 The histopathological investigation also conforms the antidiabetic role of
S. callophylifolium and acts as an antidiabetogenic medicine.
 Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder leading to disturbances in
carbohydrate, fat and protein metabolism and is treated with various
allopathic drugs. These drugs may cause various side effects. The herbal
medicine are found to be safe, effective, economical and with out any side
effects. Our plant S. calophyllifolium is one of the herb with antidiabetic
activity which brings down blood glucose level in Alloxan induced diabetic
rats and there by curing diabetes mellitus.
Suggestion for future research
 The research may be extended to isolate and purify the active principles
from S. callophylifolium seed extract and used for the manufacture of
herbal tablets for the treatment of diabetes mellitus ailment.
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5.0. Summary and Conclusion: Syzygium Callophylifolium Fruits Were Collected From Ooty, Nilgris District

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5.0.

SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION

Diabetes mellitus is a chronic disease inherited or acquired deficiency in the

 Syzygium callophylifolium fruits were collected from Ooty, Nilgris district.

Suggestion for future research

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