POCSO Act:-

1. The Bill seeks to protect children from offenses such as sexual assault, sexual

harassment and pornography. India is a signatory to the UN Convention on the Rights
of the Child since 1992.
2. Any person below the age of 18 years is defined as a “child.
3. Each district shall designate a Sessions Court to be a Special Court. It shall
be established by the state government in consultation with the Chief Justice of the High
Court. The state government shall appoint a Special Public Prosecutor for every
Special Court. The Court shall, as far as possible, complete the trial within one year. The trial
shall be held in camera and in the presence of the child’s parents or any person trusted by the
child
4. If an offence has been committed by a child, it shall be dealt with under the
Juvenile Justice 
 Confilict:-.
 IPC says it will not be in a catagory of rape if that done by her husband after the age of
15. But posoco defines the child age 18. Bachapan bahcao by kaisalsh stayrthu is seeking this
issue in SC.
 Neither is all sexual contract with the children are rape nor should there be a blind
exemption on sexual violence with in the marriage.
 Some times marriage may be forced.
 Recent verdict of SC that below 18 years age all human will be treated as child
 Implications
 As child marriage are very much prevalent in india so any forcefully married couple if
below 18 will be treated as children and if boy is just above 18 so he can be trap in the
heinous crime if any penetrative sexual act taken place in between them
 In muslim personal law marriage before 18 is allowed then it will have what
implication.(Personal law angle)
 If a child marriage takes place and it was not stopped then this kind of a marriage is
legal so it will also have an implication on the earlier marriage.
 Early marriage of a girl hamper physical mental social and educational growth of the
child.
 Athough treating below 18 year age is good decision for their advancement but is 18 year
is the right age for the consent is the very moot question of the day
  Positives of Judgment
 It will increase the age of marriage as in the law for the prohibition of child
marriage.-> Age will inc-> Population decrease+ Healthy population will inc
 It will have +ve on girl child development
 Girl need to complain with in one year of the time (1 year for not to misuse this). But
to whom it addressed directly is missing so need a clarification.
 What is need of the hour
 As in many or all cases if parents can not afford the education of girl child then they
see them as Burdon so getting rid of the girl by rehabilitation of marriage. So RTE
age must be 18 year. Will have a wide implication
 Empowerment+ Education+ Safety of the girl
 Safety of the girl in the school as this is the most deterrent to the girl empowerment.
 Need of the personal law codification by which all these anomaly can be address with
the 1 arrow. As all the customary law are unjust to the women.
 Sex education in the school in a progressive manner, will tell the minors how consent
will affect their development.
 ‘ Children should not be penalize in any case this is what we are fighting to empower
the children if this happen then all the effort will go into vein.
 All the above is publicizing this judgment and make aware of the girl child about
their right. Taker civil society and other wing on the board to discuss and streamline
the codification and implementation of the law .

The Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection of Children) Bill, 2014

 The Bill permits juveniles between the ages of 16-18 years to be tried as adults for
heinous offences.  Also, any 16-18 year old, who commits a lesser, i.e., serious offence, may be
tried as an adult only if he is apprehended after the age of 21 years.
 Juvenile Justice Boards (JJB) and Child Welfare Committees (CWC) will be constituted
in each district.  The JJB will conduct a preliminary inquiry to determine whether a juvenile
offender is to be sent for rehabilitation or be tried as an adult.  The CWC will determine
institutional care for children in need of care and protection.
 Opposite:-
 The UN Convention on the Rights of the Child requires all signatory countries to treat
every child under the age of 18 years as equal.  The provision of trying a juvenile as an adult
contravenes the Convention.
 Some penalties provided in the Bill are not in proportion to the gravity of the offence.  
For example, the penalty for selling a child is lower than that for offering intoxicating or
psychotropic substances to a child.
 The Standing Committee examining the Bill observed that the Bill was based on
misleading data regarding juvenile crimes and violated certain provisions of the Constitution.
 There are differing views on whether juveniles should be tried as adults.  Some argue
that the current law does not act as a deterrent for juveniles committing heinous crimes.
Another view is that a reformative approach will reduce likelihood of repeating offences.
 The provision of trying a juvenile committing a serious or heinous offence as an
adult based on date of apprehension could violate the Article 14 (right to equality) and
Article 21 (requiring that laws and procedures are fair and reasonable). The provision also
counters the spirit of Article 20(1) by according a higher penalty for the same offence, if the
person is apprehended after 21 years of age. 

PCA 1960:-

Animal welfare board of india:-

 It is a statutotry boady.
 HQ in chennei.
 Established in 1962 under PCA-1960.
 Rukmini devi was associated personality of this board. 

board was intially in the jurisdiction of minstry of food and agricultre,  Now ministry of
environment and forest

                      Amendment is needed in the Prevention of cruelty to animal act 1960; In this

act the punishment for killing a stray animal is a penalty of Rs 50 and no jail term.

 Most miss-used by pet shop industry. They through the garbage of pet shop directly in
to the municipal garbage, due to this danger for spreading of deceases like bird flue, swine flue
etc.
 Dead body of stray dog or pet animal directly thrown into garbage bin or in an open
environment. this leads to voilation of fundamental right 21 right to life.
 Animal welfare board of india set of three rules for Pet shop, for fishes marketing and
aquarium yet to come into force.
 26th law commission said in the report that it appears that provision of the
law are violated with impunity by pet shop and breeders. Advised to the govt to make
some special provisions.

Jallikattu:-  is an event held in Tamil Nadu as a part of Pongal celebrations on Mattu

Pongal day. Bulls are bred specifically by people of the village for the event and attended mainly
by many villages' temple bulls

 Supreme court:-The event had nothing to do with the exercise of the fundamental

right of religious freedom and runs counter to the concept of welfare of the
animal, which is the basic foundation of the PCA-1960
History:-

Tamil Nadu has been arguing that Jallikattu – the mostly southern bull-racing sport – should be
permitted as it  showcases a cultural tradition that has been part of the custom and culture of
people of the state for 5,000 years.

 Also mention in Sangam littreature text .

 The Supreme Court already banned Jallikattu once, in May 2014. At the time it said
bulls could not be used as performing animals, either for Jallikattu or for bullock-cart races.
However, in January, the Centre allowed the ‘sport’ in Tamil Nadu and Maharashtra..
 PCA S/C 28 clearly  :-Saving as respects manner of killing prescribed by religion.
—Nothing contained in this Act shall render it an offence to kill any animal in a manner required
by the religion of any community.

 Profit from Jallikattu:-

 Bill clearly says that practice of jalikattu will be continue because of
cultural prospect of such event.
 It will provide a platform to save the indigenous breed of bull.
 But livestock census 2007 enumerates no indigenous variants at all for tamilnadu.
 Need to enhance our breed which have a good characteristics in terms of
progeny strength, milking etc.
 Careful cross breeding will improves the hybrid vigor and long
term viablity.
 In the earlier time indian variety was so famous that USA, South amaerica
even africa imported from india and then a cross breeding there to enhance the charcter of such
species.
 There must be GI, or intellectual property right on such variants to
enhance the value.
 If we banned on such things which are the part of tradition, this will
eventually a loss of culture for which we are known since ancient period.
 Controlling a bull is not a part of cruelty.
 Broad Perspective:- 
 It is not just because of jallikattu this mass uprising is in TN. there are some other event
also which triggred the situtation like this.
 Draught in last 2 year in TN.
 Lack of Strong leadership at state level is also the issue which triggred this
situation. 
 The movement to protect the animal is started since indepenedece, 1st bill
was intorduced by rukmini devi the then member if RS but 1st bill was passed by the pariliment
to to protect the animal right was PCA-1960. some of provision was altercated of pvt bill like
animal can be used for medicinal reseacrh puropses.
 In a nagraja case SC told animal has right to life.
 In germany parliament amended their constitution and provides the right
to the animal . we also can do the same.
 Growing intollerecne is a special feature across societies and populations
today. spontaneous nature of protest began to decline and they are increasingly taken over by
the vociferous and intolerant gorup.
 Issue
 In its traditional form it was one bull was chased by one man but now it is one bull
chased by many men to controll the bull.
 now it is like a commercial activity earlier it was on the pongal day may run upto to week
but now it is the event to be held for a year now. Shows it is commercial nature, not a
tradition.
  It gives a heavy toll on animals as well as humans too.
 Way Fwd
 Carry on the culture is the good symptom but we should ensure that there
must not be any human as well as animal cruelty during celebrating. 
 Under the article 26 freedom to manage religious affairs community is
allow to save its tradition but not on the expense of health, public order, morality.

MANREGA:- govt has implemented a platform ENCORE(Enableling Communication on

Rural Empowerment) to direct the official about the order regarding MNREGA. But this not
come under the RTI so there is problem of not maintiaing universalism in Scheme. State has
starving of funds, aready used 70% of funds in the 5 month. Central govt has directed that this
scheme is for most backward class and this is encroachment of law.

Equal Pay for the equal work: - Recently S.C. gave its decision on equal pay for the
contractual workers as the permanent workers.

 But the problem in the implementation is that contractual workers are not the part of
trade union so can't enforce their demand through the union.
o  Why Not the part of trade union?
 In an industrial climate extremely hostile to any union activity, workers believe that
forming a union that also includes contract workers is bound to provoke the
management into even greater hostility.
 managements refuse point blank to discuss with unionists any issues concerning
contract workers.
 Contract workers are far more insecure compared to regular workers. In an era where
companies frequently terminate even a permanent worker for engaging in union
mobilization, the stakes are too high for contract workers, who could be summarily
dismissed, without any consequences, by the management.
 this is an unpalatable (difficult to put up with or accept) truth for most trade unionists,
permanent workers themselves don’t want to extend union membership to contract workers. In
a factory, say, that employs 300 permanent workers and 1,200 contract workers, any union that
gives voting rights to contract workers would instantly marginalize permanent workers. Given
that permanent workers’ salaries are much higher, economic self-interest militates against the
inclusion of contract workers in union membership
 HIV Bill Problems:- 

 Some statistics:-

 40% of HIV infected people are unknown to their disease.

 66% drop in HIV cases in india since 2000-2015.
 Govt initiatives to cater HIV problem:-
 90:90:90 Strategy
 National aids control plan.
 Generic drug to prevent HIV spread.
 HIV legislation
 HIV sensitive social protection portal.
 India has successfully achieved MDG goal on AIDS.
 What need to do
 S/c  14->prevention measures that the central- state govt may take."AS FAR AS
POSSIBLE"(problem of this statement).
 Health expenditure to be increased.
 India is providing AIDS cure to Africa and several other countries but it will be an
irony if not provide to her people free of cost.
 More innovative idea like telephone counseling in USA to reduce and aware people
about the disease.
 Greater community participation is needed in policy making.
 A greater political commitment is need as seen in the west.
 Now state need to work on ombudsman provides easy and better access for the HIV
affected people.

o Bill speciality:_
 No screening of HIV infected person without his consent.
 Increase scope to take matter regarding discrimination and violation of the bill will be
with ombudsman and will be per state. this will create a huge queue of the cases as
population is big and cost of justice will be increase.
 No screening test to HIV positive or negative before job.
 Social stigma must be dealt with heavy hand.
o Danger of Resurgence in number of HIV patients :-
 GOI providing anti retro viral therapy since 2004 with free of cost.
o Largely funded by global fund to fight AIDS, TB and malaria. The fund
is in danger may be discontinued in 2017.

Judicial Reforms:-

Vacancies in the HC/SCs are due to fewer incentives, less pension and

less privileges to the person of high quality and integrity to take judgeship. In india
conditon of justice is very poor in SC as well as HC. As of now more than 400 vacancies are
pending in the HC.

 Why there is vacancy Problem:-

 Problem is due to conflict between executive and judiciary. executive maintain
stand-off.
 These high vacancies not solely caused by the stand-off the govt, They are endemic to
higher judiciary.
 Delay in the Judiciary is a multifaceted problem which differs from court to court.
 Dispute over NJAC and collegeum is also a major factor of impasse between govt and
judiciary.
 A study ordered by the Supreme Court shows that more judges in the High
Courts, or even filling all the vacancies in them, does not necessarily end
pendency. The study was conducted by the National Court Management
Systems Committee (NCMSC).
Highlights of the study:
 The study notes that not a single High Court has been able to eliminate
pendency of cases, even when vacancies are non-existent or very low (say
zero to 20%).
 The committee says blindly increasing judicial strength with the sole aim to hike the
rate of disposal of cases and avoid backlog was skewed logic.
 According to the study, the current method of calculating judges’ strength in
High Courts is not scientific or robust, nor has it produced desired results of
pendency resolution.
 It said judges’ strength should be augmented after calculating the judicial hours
required to hear and dispose of cases on the basis of their individual nature and
complexity.
 The Standing Committee (Chairperson: Mr. Anand Sharma) For high
court vacancies Recommendation:-

 Role of executive in appointments:

 Judicial appointments is the joint responsibility of the Executive and the
Judiciary, with neither body having primacy over the other. The present interpretation
of the Constitution in Supreme Court (SC) judgments needs to be reversed.
 Finalisation of Memorandum of Procedure (MoP).It must also include the
appointment procedure of High Court (HC) judges from the subordinate judiciary. 
 Adherence to timelines in filling vacancies:
 Timelines for appointments to all higher courts should be specified in the MoP, and
adhered to by all constitutional authorities. Further, when a judge retires, an
appointment against that vacancy is to be carried out simultaneously.
 Transparency:
 Various aspects related to the appointments process, such as:
o eligibility criteria
o method and criteria of selection
o manner of evaluation of merit, should be made public. However, the final
short-list of names may be kept confidential till the process is
completed. 
 National security and public interest:
 The government proposes to decline the collegiums’ recommendations (comprising the
Chief Justice and four senior most SC judges) for appointment on grounds of ‘national
security’ and ‘larger public interest’ under the revised MoP. If the government were to
reject a candidate on these grounds, it would be similar to giving it a veto power, which is
against the constitutional mandate. The terms ‘national security’ and ‘larger public
interest’ should be clearly defined.
 Ad hoc judges to address pendency:- Like increase the age of judges + retirement
judges may also appoint for the same.

 Collegium System.
 It is non-transparent system without any official mechanism or secretariat lawfully
enacted by the Parliament.
  It lays down no prescribed norms regarding eligibility criteria or even the selection
procedure.
 No information regarding its meetings, procedures and methods is there in the public
domain.
 Lawyers also suffer from lack of knowledge whether their names have been considered
for elevation as a judge.
 Judicial primacy in making appointments is not a part of the basic
structure.
 This method gives excess powers to the judiciary .
 National Judicial Appointments Commission(NJAC)
 Justice M N Venkatachaliah Commission in 2013 recommended the formation of
National Judicial Appointments Commission (NJAC) to replace the collegium system.
 The present government tried to give shape to the NJAC by way of
the 99th Constitutional Amendment.
 Constitutional bench, declared the NJAC as unconstitutional.
o The bench claimed that NJAC will take away the primacy of the judiciary in the
process of appointments and transfers.
 NJAC would have comprised of the CJI+2 senior-most colleagues+the Law Minister + 2
eminent persons, who would be jointly appointed by the Prime Minister, the Leader of the
Opposition and the CJI.
 Alternative – Memorandum of Procedure
 The judiciary and the government have decided to draft a new Memorandum of
Procedure (MoP) to guide future appointments.
 This will address the concerns issues like- lack of eligibility criteria and transparency,
establishment of a Secretariat and a complaints mechanism.
 A Parliamentary Standing Committee report accusing the Supreme Court of
distorting the original constitutional mandate and showing an “unnecessary zeal” for primacy in
judicial appointments has been tabled in the parliament.
 The Parliamentary Standing Committee has directly contradicted the Supreme
Court’s judgment on the NJAC law, which upheld the concept of judicial primacy..
Background:

 A hostile interference in between Centre and SC.

 Issuese are:-
 NJAC quash by SC.
  SC, HC vacancies that are vacant.
 neccessary to play national anthem before cinema and strictly following of the rules.
 Section 377 criminilisation valadity.
  Entering in the sport to reform BCCI on account of transparency.
 Cauvery issue, SC said to release 2000 cusec water to karnatka gov and centre said
SC has no right to do this.
 Tax on goods:- SC said state can apply taxes on the goods which enters in their
teriotry, this is their right. opposite to campaingn of centre for one tax regime.
 Collegium is the part of basic structure and can't be emended by NJAC.
 One of the collegium member declined himself of becoming the part of meeting
in the recent past on the basis of no transparecy shows that we need a refrom.
 Two dicission by SC recently shows that collegium system is not performing as per
what democracy want.
 In recent UID verdict:- SC has to intervene on the basis of how this policy is
implementing or how can this function improve. But It intrepted on the basis of right
to privacy, UID is concern about to discolse of one's privacy But it didn't tell whether
indian people has right to privacy under the COI or not.

 Recent resolution of collegiums system to make decision public regarding the issues in terms
of transparency.
 What
 It can be said the decision has been taken to consideration of transparency
 What is need
 There are no perfect criteria of being selected as a judge of SC or HC is a pure case of
subjectivity.
 Need to take objectivity into account so that there is minimal space of being doing
wrong as we seen in case of WB HC judge
 Rejection of person made public with subjectivity may make person vulnerable of
stigma with not to be selected as Judge
 It can be said that current decision was taken to protect the judiciary’s self evolved
collegiums system- as recent days many attack on judiciary for transparency
 Judicial academia should have role in the system like impact assessment of a particular
judgment as whole.
  Challenge, the judiciary is facing currently is credibility due to self evolving concept of
judiciary.
 Independency + credibility of judiciary must maintain.
 Judicial infrastructure must be enhanced and put on the efficient use of resources as SC
judges not use microphone during hearing.

Lodha Panel on reforms on BCCI :-

 One state, one cricket body: One association of each state will be a full
member and have right to vote. One unit should represent one state.
 CEO-run organisation:-
 5 Elected Office Bearers (President, VP, Secretary, Joint Secretary, Treasurer, 1
nominee from the CAG and others.
 Under RTI: 
 bring the body under the purview of the RTI act.
 Ethics officer: 
 who would be responsible for resolving issues related to the conflict of
interest. Ethics officer would be a former High Court judge.
 Electoral officer:
 The committee has also suggested the appointment of an Electoral Officer to
conduct the Board elections.
 Ombudsman: 
 for dealing with internal conflicts. Ombudsman can take cognizance of
complaints suo moto, or received complaint or referred complaint by the apex
council.
  Suggestion to legalize betting.
 Recommended that except for players and officials, people should be allowed to
place bets on registered sites.
 The Panel also suggested that the grants given to state associations be properly
monitored.
 It has also suggested that a person cannot be a BCCI office-bearer and a state
association office-bearer at the same time
 Law commission recomonded to include in RTI as public body
 Why
  BCCI represent india in ICC and ICC recgnises bcci as india
representative
 BCCI has tax benefit (between 1997-2017:- 21billion rupees ), land
tax benefit as indirectily providing money by the state.
 Bcci also sends player for the award ceremony.
 It virtually acts as a national sport federation body despite state
not giving it direct finance.
 It acts as a public body cricket and all the stake holder intrest must
be saved.
 Corrupution concerns + defamation of state.
.
 Issue of SC over reach:-
 What is judicial Activism
 Proactive role of judiciary to deliver social Justice is called judicial activism. There is
a very thin line between judicial activism and over-reach a activism will become over
reach when court make a intrusion into legislative sphere.
 Judicial review is tool by which court can look into the arbitrariness of laws of
legislature and administrator.Or court look into the constitutionality of law as
procedure established by the law is enforced.

 What to see or what not to see on the internet is also a question of net neutrality which is
a matter avocation since last time.
 Recent judgement to make a private committee which look on the key word that can
prevent the sex determination advertisement by the Google on the order of SC is also a
matter of concern. This private committee is also not responsible for the figment of right.
 All these judgment made by the SC is on the opposite of fine balancing of power which
was advocated by the constitution maker.
 Liqour sale on highways.


 Recent decision of SC about not to have a beard on the religious ground

 this was to ensure uniformity in army

  Article-33- says that executive or parliament can impose the restriction on F.R. of armed
personnel considering necessity of a force which has been raised to protect nation.
 Having beard is not mandatory in islam.
 The object is to maintain cohesiveness, harmony and brotherhood in the army.
 To maiantain a big army it is necessary to maintain the essence of espirit-de-courp.
Talking about the broader view

  If SC will take a cognizance in the matter which are related to the
executive, What kind of the message it is sending to HC which has wider jurisdiction,
They will certainly indulge into judicial interpretation.
 There is no clear separation of power in the Constitution just because of
this also some times there is a deadlock on some matter between Executive and judiciary
Ex(NJAC).
 Some times SC differ in the important matter like 377 criminalisation of
this act, Which is pending in SC, These need to be disposed earliest.
 SC genrally see as a enforcer of the LAW but some times it seeen as a
maker of law like making Thiruvellar mandatory to all student who are studying in the
TN.

  .  The Karnataka High Court asked the State government to publish a few of the 11
fundamental duties of citizens in the advertisements issued to highlight government policies,
achievements, proposed projects, anniversaries in memory of great personalities, and in diaries,

calenders and official invitations for creating awareness among the public.

The Prevention of Corruption (Amendment) Bill, 2013

 The Prevention of Corruption (Amendment) Bill, 2013 amends the

Prevention of Corruption Act, 1988.
 The Act covers the offence of giving a bribe to a public servant as crime.
The Bill makes specific provisions related to giving a bribe to a public servant, and giving a bribe
by a commercial organisation.
 The Bill redefines criminal misconduct to only cover
misappropriation of property and possession of disproportionate assets. 
 The Bill modifies the definitions and penalties for offences related to
taking a bribe, being a habitual offender and abetting an offence.
  Powers and procedures for the attachment and forfeiture of property of
public servants accused of corruption have been introduced in the Bill.
  The Act requires prior sanction to prosecute serving public officials. The
Bill extends this protection to former officials.
 Key Issues and Analysis
  The Bill makes giving a bribe a specific offence. There are
diverging views on whether bribe giving under all circumstances must be penalised.
Some have argued that a coerced bribe giver must be distinguished from a collusive
bribe giver. 
 The Bill has deleted the provision that protects a bribe
giver from prosecution. This may deter bribe givers from appearing as witnesses in court. 
 The Bill has replaced the definition of criminal
misconduct. It now requires that the intention to acquire assets disproportionate to income
also be proved, in addition to possession of such assets. Thus, the threshold to establish the
offence of possession of disproportionate assets has been increased by the Bill.
  Under the Act, the guilt of the person is presumed for the offences
of taking a bribe, being a habitual offender or abetting an offence. The Bill amends this provision
to only cover the offence of taking a bribe.

Preventon of Corruption Act amendment:-

 This new law narrows down the defination of corruption, It increases

the burdoning of proof necessary for punishing public officials.
 In the existing PCA s/c 13(1)(d) covers various indirect form of corruption
including the obtaining of any valuable thing or pecunary advantage by illigal gratificaion or by
abusing his position as public servant but current bill removes this s/c and placed turncated
section.
 Law commision disagreed on this narrowed defination.
 This is the only section which deals with the corruption on high
places.
 Bills makes it more difficult to hold somebody guilty of
disproptionate assests as it raises the thrushold of proof
 The bill provision is that both bribe taker and giver are equally guilty,
There will be no one come up with that  he gave bribe the this public servant, becuase earlier this
act as a evidence to the court that if somebody says that he gave bribe.
 2nd ARC also recomended a distinction between coercive briber and
collusive briber.
 Chanege reduces of prosecution of being curropt.because now
permission from the court is necessary to procecute any public officer.
 S/C 17A  investigating agencies can start investigation from own. but
in amendemnt make it necessary to make an inquiry in public officer before the
competent authority which is a political leader.
 This act will form a nexus of civil servant and political leader.

NITI Aayog is formulating a Vision 2030 document

 This document is coterminous with the UN’s 2030 Sustainable

Development Goals (SDGs), all 17 of which equally affect persons with disabilities as they do any
other citizen.
 

What can be done?

 Disability is still seen as an opportunity for dispensing charity rather than

as a development or a human rights issue..
 The NITI Aayog must invest effort in building awareness for NGOs,
academics, civil society, the private sector, etc., in order to articulate a disability-inclusive
development agenda
 Persons with disabilities must be seen as integral to the decision-making
process and not as an afterthought
 They must be mentioned in the outcome metrics defined for each goal,
target or indicator, and these matrices must elaborate specific strategies for persons with
disabilities
 There must be seven-year checkpoints for ministries or departments to
assess the outcomes
 Fair and adequate representation of disability groups during the
consultation process is imperative
 The NITI Aayog has mapped each goal to a nodal ministry and each target
with the government’s key programmes and departments to make these targets accountable and
realise them within a specified time period.
 Specific budgets need to be allocated across initiatives and ministries to
address the needs of persons with disabilities
 The NITI Aayog too must have a dedicated cell which acts as a focal point
and works with all ministries to monitor implementation and track progress across all initiatives
for persons with disabilities
 Data Collection for the Disabled:
 The document must insist that data for persons with disabilities
are appropriately collected, maintained and disaggregated including all government initiatives
that capture all the data related including employment, education, poverty and hunger.
 All data must be available in the public domain, and published in
an accessible format and in a timely manner.
Conclusion

 It is important for India to have the addition of a universally accepted

disability question(s) on all existing data instruments
 A standard question needs to be developed, taking into account the
socio-cultural sensitivities of people with disabilities and their families
 The NITI Aayog should call for a national-level consultation and expertise
to make a democratise census on the questionnaire.

 The FCRA:-
 Origin of FCRA was inacted by India govt in 1976- Which prohibits electoral candidates,
political parties,judes, M.P , catroonist from accepting any foreign fund
 This was done in order to curb the foreign intervention in domestic politics.
 Despite this law parties took foreign funds like BJP, Congress- HC issue notice to them
in 2010.
 Finance bill amended FCRA-2010 which foreign company word replaced by indian
company, Means any political party can took fund through Indian subsidiary.
 Public servant:- an entity which is reciving fund 10 lack or more from foreign and 1 cr
from india is a public servant.
 Sovereignity and integrity
 Domestic politics intervenation.
  Why:- A report of IB revealed that india is getting 2-3% of negative GDP
impact due to the agitation caused by these NGOs


 Comparison between new and old:-
 Earlier registration was permanent for NGO but now for 5 years and had to be renwed.
 New law puts restriction that 50% of fund should be spend on adminstrative work, there
by keep a eye watch on civil society.
 1976 law aims to prohibit political parties to take any Foreign fund but now one to
prohibit any organization of political structure.
 International Norms:-
 Recently a UN rapporteur analyse the FCRA and said:-
 FCRA rules are not in the confirmnity to the international law.
 the right to freedom to form association is under the human right, and india is party to it.
 The termination in  this act is too vague gives discretionary power to govt to act
accordingly.
 Abuse of legal procedure
 Human Right issue
 Arbitrarily curbing voice.
 Solution:-
 Yes there is a need to keep watch on the NGO cause some are corrupt and use money
laundering.  Solution is inspector raj.
 7 member Task force was created in 2009 which was a self regulating
agency- national accredition council of india. But now no existance.

H.C of J&k Vs SCI:-

 Bone of Contention:- Recently HC verdict is that J&K has
absolutely sovereign power to legislate in respect of laws touching the rights of its permanent
resident about their immovable properties under S/C 5
 SCI said j&k has no vestige soverignity out side the constitution of india as
her citizen are the first citizen of india.
 apex court said:-Secularization and reconstruction of financial assests and
enforcement of security intrest act 2002 are within the legislative competence of parliament and
can be enforcable to J&K.
 SARFAESI is an enactment which entitles banks to enforce their security
interest outside the court process to take possesion of secures assets to the borrower and sell
them outside the court process.

Parliament Ethics:-Recent session of parialment went in vein due to dissruption of

oppostion of Parties 

 Political representation has more significance than other mode of

representation like NGO or thers

 They represents all member of of terriotory not a section of
people.
 They are accountable to their constituency through the
elections.
 One fact is that he can put the talk infront of executive as
he is elected from represented the democracy.
 New era of reperesentation in parliament shows that ethics has been
subdued dramatically.
 A sharp declined in the effectiveness of parilament shows that a less
control over the exicutive which is actually the main work of parliament.
 About Democracy Rousseau told that:- Soveriegnity lies
essentially in the general will and will does not admit of representation; it is either
the same or other;there is no intermediate possiblity. 

EC seeks to ammend some rule unde RPA 1951 to crube the circulation of blak money in
election process
 Anonymus identity can only be allow to give the donation of 2000 rs
earlier was 20000.
 Coupon sysyetm will be there, Coupon are issue by the parites but have to
be registered with the EC. this was proposed by SC 1996.
 section 13 A of income tax act 1961 confers tax exemption to the political
parites from income from the house property, voluntry contribution, capital gains.
 Petitioner has challenged constitutionality of provisions of Income Tax Act and Representation
of the People Act:-( 100 per cent tax exemption” to political parties.)

  challenged the constitutionality of Section 13A of the Income-Tax Act of

1961 and Section 29 of the Representation of the People Act, 1951.

Suprme court decission:- If a electoral candidate is seeking vote on the basis ofrace , sex,
cast, religionthen his candidature will be null and void

 Support the dicission:-

 Interpreation of RPA act 123(3):-Parliament is meant by "his' a
complete ban on any refrence or apeal to religion,race, community ,cast and language in
elecetion.
 Juducial Activism.
 123 s/c is to crub communal and sepratist tendencies.
 Secularism is the basic feature of constitution.
 Agaist:-
 Dr Ambedkar would probably have been guilty of corrupt electoral
practices while campaigning for the All India Scheduled Castes Federation in 1946.
 “Hindutva judgment” from 1995, where the Supreme Court
had held that since “Hinduism” and “Hindutva” amounted to a “way of life”, not every
election speech that invoked these words amounted to a corrupt electoral practice.
 SC didn't over ruled the 1995 decision
 Freedom of speech and freedom of expression made restraint.
Need Broader interpretation.
 For democracy to survive there must be agreement on certain
basic essentials  which could unite the citizen and hold together. But if a candidate refrained
from such issue it will not be in favor of democracy
 If a person who is seeking the vote is not allowed to talk on the
burning issue, how can we ensure the thinking of the person either in favor of democracy.
 To interprate RPA in such a manner that will direct the voter and
candidate it is not in favor of democracy.
 Making Ordinance:-

 Govt can make an ordinance when Pariliament is not in session U/A 123...
U/A213 but will be valid 6 week after the pariliament under session.
 Why:-
 When Govt is fear of defeat in the upper house on the particular
issue
 When there is impasse between the two house on some issue.
 Reluctance to face legislature on some issue
 Under the wadhwa case 1986 SC said repeaated promulgation is
unconsitutional.
 In the current case KK sing Vs sate of bihar:- Failure to place an
ordinance in legislature , constitutes abuse of power and fraud of constitution.
  it broaden the Judicial activism, Now court also can see on what
ground President made a ordinance clear.
 There is not always that there is a ill will of govt behind the ordinance.
 Court can only defind the boundaries between the use and abuse of power
but it is ultimately upto the govt will how it can use it, 

Indian diapora:-

 2nd largest after china, Baiscallly more chineese settle in the SE asia
which gives the a boost to the chineese economy by increase the pucrhasing power the country
and making boost to their economy by remittances.
 As in the middle east economy is mainly dependent on the oil -> oil rates
are low due to  many reason in the inernational mkt.
 shale oil revolution in USA combined with slower economy growth of the
world  pushed the opec country to the margins.
 Medditerranean region is basically facing radical islam confrontation
between sia and sunni.
 India is not having skilled worker, as india is going for a wold power it is
not good for the prestige of the country that they do menial work in the other coiuntries.
 Mauritus is having 48.5% popilation of indian origin.  and having
stratagic support of indian govt.
 Inida has to look for USA, UK, Canada, 
 Now need to harnessing the intellectual capital not just financial capital.

Issue of PAC:- Recently THomas who is the chairmen of PAC summon PM on

demonitization.,

  The Citizenship (Amendment) Bill, 2016:-

 The Bill amends the Citizenship Act, 1955 to make illegal migrants who
are Hindus, Sikhs, Buddhists, Jains, Parsis and Christians from Afghanistan,
Bangladesh and Pakistan, eligible for citizenship.( who arrived in India on or before
December 31, 2014.
 Under the Act, one of the requirements for citizenship by
naturalisation is that the applicant must have resided in India during the last 12
months, and for 6 (Earlier 11) year of the previous 14 years. 
 The Bill provides that the registration of Overseas Citizen of India (OCI)
cardholders may be cancelled if they violate any law.
 Criticism:-
  The Bill makes illegal migrants eligible for citizenship on the basis of
religion. This may violate Article 14 of the Constitution which guarantees right to equality. 
 The Bill allows cancellation of OCI registration for violation of any law.
This is a wide ground that may cover a range of violations, including minor offences (eg. parking
in a no parking zone).
 Mark on the secular character of India as shown in the preamble itself.
 Cancellation of registration of Overseas Citizen of India
cardholder
 A foreigner may register as an OCI under the 1955 Act if they are
of Indian origin (eg. former citizen of India or their descendants) or the spouse of a person of
Indian origin. This will entitle them to benefits such as the right to travel to India, and to work
and study in the country
 The 1955 Act provides that the central government may cancel
registration of OCIs on various grounds, including:
  if the OCI had registered through fraud,
 if within five years of registration, the OCI was sentenced to imprisonment for
two years or more.
 Problem in assam-> assam accord is signed between state+ cenre+ all stakeholder->so
any one who came after 1971 is a iligal immigrant and must be depored.
 Issue of 5th and 6th schedule-> it can affect the tribel culture and demography too.
 How to deal
o Can make assam as an exception for this act or can make bdesh exception for this
act.
 Problem of statelessness is not a regional problem but it is a problem in the world need
to think over it.
 It may attract judicial activism


Child Labor:- India recently ratified the convetion of ILO 182 and 138 on  the minimum
age.

 4.3 million of the children in india is in currently in child labor.

 ILO concern and india ratification shows the concern over the children
saftey.
 Covention of ILO addressed the forced or compulsory recruitment of
children in the age less then 18 years.
 India is the founder member of ILO.
 Worst from of child labor is child traficking , Child prostitution, Work in
pron, drug traficking, and work in the hazardous industries.
 A good law guides the way doesn't dictate.
 To continue reform one must continue to work in the singular direction .
Investment in the children is the investment in the future.
 ILO
 The ILO was founded in 1919, in the wake of a destructive war, to
pursue a vision based on the premise that universal, lasting peace can be established only
if it is based on social justice. The ILO became the first specialized agency of the UN in
1946. The ILO has 187 member states: 186 of the 193 UN member states plus the Cook
Islands are members of the ILO.
 Global Wage report, World social protection Report, world of work
report.
 Recent draft which makes caps
 Child artist can not work more that 5 hors a day. 20% of the
income will be in FD can be redeamed only after 18 yer. chil;d can not take part in street
performance for monetry gain
 Family business child 3 hrs a day
 Blannke ban on 14 year child work(Can work if artist and if in
family business)

 Centre’s Human DNA Profiling Bill, 2015

 Why:-
 If there will be a data base of all repeated offenders it will be easy
to identify.
 Center govt moved in this bill in 2012 but a serious oppose by the
civil right organisation on the basis of privacy.
  raised concerns that the bill gave sweeping powers to government
to mine the database and use it for purposes beyond just solving crime.
 International concern
 70 million samples have been collected in 54 countries over 20
years, and there have been no instances of databases being compromised.
 A trained official will be needed to collect and store the sample of
DNA.
 Contempt of court:- SC issued an order against calcutta HC judge for ignoring the dicission
of SC.

 U/A 129,124(2) any Indian including the judge of HC will face a contempt
of court if he did. power to punish it's own contempt and contempt of it's subordinate.
 Recent court judgement of 6 month jail term for karnan for contemept of
court
 It will partrayed him as a martyr against corruption. 
 Total failure of collegium system.
 May legislature issued impeachement which was a better idea
 Issues raised by this judgement:-
 Impeachment process is a time consuming process can think of another process.
 Judicial integrity was on question.
 Corruption charges framed against CJI and other judges should be looked into by the
agencies on the direction of SC, it would have improved the faith of citizen into the
judicial system.
 Address of issue:- The whole story tells that there is no adequate process to address such
a complicated issue if it concerns the top judiciary officials.
 Mockery of democracy
 Disrepute the judiciary.
Constitutional power

Article 129: The Supreme Court shall be a court of record and shall have all the powers of such
a court including the power to punish for contempt of itself.

Article 142: Enforcement of decrees and orders of Supreme Court and unless as to

discovery, etc

 Recent attempt of 142

 MCI supervision
 Ban on liqor with in 500 m of highways.
 Way forward:-
 Any attempt to address the issue outside the judiciary will have some
shortcomings.
 Indpendece of judiciary
 Executive indulgene
  Speration of power.
 NJAC or MOP like structure so that a person with high ethical values only
enter into the system.

Issue is funding for the parties in the election to crub the black money.

 State funding of elelction:-

 It will not curb the black money completely but to an extent it will
be less deployed in the electon process.
 What:- There will be a rembursement process for each contendor
or for a prites.
 It will be based on the number of votes a party or contendor gets
in the election. like 100rs/vote.
 To debarred the non serious contendor there must be a cap like
rembursment will be only if one should get minimum 1% of total votes polled.
 Rembursement will by check or net banking. to devide between
contendor and party amount should be distributed half beween them.
 It will be a political funding for political parties. a recent study
conducted by a institute tells that in 86% in europe, 71% in africa,  63% in america is doing the
same. so if it successed, here wil also.
 It is dificult to watch the money in the electon like bribe and all.
 Against
 It will be antithical to democracy, Indian political parties are not
like western parties they are like army which need continous norishment.
 From panchayat level to national by the state fund it will not be
good excercise at all.
 what is th alternative:-
 All candidate must reval the resourses of funding+ their income
source not on voluntry basis but on statutiry basis.
 Every day during the election time candidate must inform to
expenditure officer that amount spend+source with pan no+adhar number
 SC should take a suo moto cognigenece  on recent association of
democratic reform.
 S/C 13(A)(b) of income tax exempted the political parties to
give income tax on the funding
 S/C29 of RPA-1951 exempted the political parites not to maintian
the record of a cash limit like 2000 rs in poltical funding. this is need to be adressed.
  no political party want to perish this section as this is a lifeline to
the black money.
 so SC mush quashed this section in order to make election with
white money.
 Political pary isrrespective of the amount get either in the cash or
by cheak put this into the political domain. 69% of the income of political parites between 2004-
2014 is from unknown sources.. 
 Solution
 Public activism.
 Simultaneious election of both state and centre

Enemy property ordinace:-

 What issue:-
 After war against china and pak -> the properties belonging to the
national of these countires will be the state property law pased in 1965 told.
 but in 1971 law passed that it will be the property of costudian. Means one
whose father were from india now can claim on that. but in 2005 SC judgement
costudian do not have any title to the property and was only a trustee to managing it.
 this kind of the property in india  is worth of thousand of crore. pakistan
had sold such kind of property earlier to 1965. 
 Highlights of the Bill
 The Bill amends the Enemy Property Act, 1968, to vest all rights,
titles and interests over enemy property in the Custodian

 The Bill declares transfer of enemy property by the enemy,
conducted under the Act, to be void. This applies retrospectively to transfers that have occurred
before or after 1968.

 The Bill prohibits civil courts and other authorities from
entertaining disputes related to enemy property.
 Key Issues and Analysis
 The Act allows transfer of enemy property from the enemy to other
persons. The Bill declares all such transfers as void. This may be arbitrary and in violation of
Article 14 of the Constitution.

 The Bill prohibits civil courts from entertaining any disputes with
regard to enemy property. It does not provide any alternative judicial remedy (eg. tribunals).
Therefore, it limits judicial recourse or access to courts available to aggrieved persons.
 Problem
 Who is enemy one was in the past but not now
 2 catagory of indian citizen
 Inida has to be on the international std as india
 Executry dicission on enemy property 
 there are lack of indian citizen now who will face the problem.

Middle income group scheme is meant to provide the legal services to litigants in SC for
those whose gross income is less than 60000 rs per month'

  Domestic Violence against Women:-

 Why:-
 There are a number of factors as cause of domestic violence against
women such as
 patriarchal structure of the families
 strong link between demand for dowry and domestic violence
 hesitancy to report cases of domestic violence and other factors
such as socioeconomic class, educational level and family structure beyond the patriarchal
framework.
 In India, the Protection of Women from Domestic Violence Act of 2005
defines and covers the domestic violence against women.
 This law has defined domestic violence as “any act which causes whether
mental or physical harm to  aggrieved person or tends to do so and includes causing
physical abuse, sexual abuse, verbal and emotional abuse and economic abuse;
  Implications
 The effects of physical and emotional abuse that women suffer are
manifested in serious physical health problems, like injury, unwanted pregnancy, STDs,
miscarriage, permanent disabilities etc.
 Apart from these mental health effects like depression, anxiety,
post traumatic stress disorders etc. also occur.
 Protection:
 Legal Measures While dowry related violence or cruelty has been
covered in section 498-A of the Indian Penal Code, an additional law was enacted by the
parliament as Protection of Women from Domestic Violence Act of 2005 to explicitly define
domestic violence in addition to dowry-related cruelty and provide maintenance.
 However, this act protects women from domestic violence and is
seen as an additional weapon in the bad woman’s legal artillery.
 It has been alleged to be pro-women and anti-men as it
assumes every man as a virtual torturer and considers only women as victims via its section 2(q)
{this section defines adult make as torturer}.
 it does not allow prosecution of a woman against woman {for
example – mother-in-law tortured by daughter-in-law or vice versa}.
 Further, the law is highly vague and speaks of verbal/economical;
emotional abuse, which are impossible to quantify; ascertain. Many husbands and their family
members, falsely implicated in these cases have committed suicide after being jailed, unable to
bear the social trauma.
 Further, more suicide victims were married males in comparison
to married females, which shows the ratio of victims of domestic violence and gender abuse.
 October 2016 Supreme Court Judgement:-
 In October 2016, the Supreme Court has made a verdict to delete
the words “adult male” before the word ‘person’ in Section 2(q) of the Act making it gender-
neutral. The remaining part of the legislation would remain operative and was kept untouched.
 This order paves the way for prosecution of women and even non-
adults for subjecting a woman relative to violence and harassment.
 It strikes down two words from Section 2(q) of Act which deals
with respondents who can be sued and prosecuted under it for harassing a married woman in
her matrimonial home.
 It also allows a woman to seek legal action against her daughter-
in-law and even her minor grandchildren for domestic violence.
 According to SC, microscopic difference between male and female,
adult and non-adult is neither real nor substantial. It also does not have any rational relation to
the object of the legislation.
 The words “adult male” also violated right to
equality under Constitution. It is contrary to object of affording protection to women who have
suffered from domestic violence of any kind.
 Domestic Violence Against Men:-
 The National Family Health Survey, 2004 has found that around
1.8% or an estimated 60 lakh women had perpetrated physical violence against their husbands
without any provocation.
 Further, the Domestic Violence act has been mis-used by the
daughter-in-laws against their husband and father-in-laws.
 There has been a demand for not only making the 2005 gender
neutral but also to pass a similar law for protection of men from domestic violence.
 However, so far only the following options are available for
men:
 If a wife makes false allegations of domestic violence against her
husband, it would amount to cruelty and is a valid ground for divorce.
 Henceforth, the Protection of women law 2005 will be considered
Gender neutral {though it still protects women against other men or women}. Thus, there has
been a demand for a law to protect men from domestic violence to cover millions of those men
who feel victimised.

Secularism is in the preamble of the COI, A recent judgement of SC defines in this ways:

 A secular must not idenyify with any one religion or be controlled by it.
No privilage recognition to any religion which make the hostility to inter religion anf
intra too by discrimination.
 Second feature of COI is that it doesn't reject the religion. given right
under 25. A state is secular if religion and state power are kept seprate and this
sepration required to maintains inter religiuous equality harmony. this is some how
interpreted that nor state and not religion can play a part into each other work area.
 but indin COI allows the state to paly a legitimate role in the reliogon by giving them
right to establsihed the insitution,.
 State religion doesn't always prhibit but rathe facilitates the free excercise
of religion.
 Hierchial cast structure and patriachy are intrinsic to the doctrine and
practice of religion..

Question on adhar bill as a money bill:-

 M. siddaque Vs U.P. judgement shows that The bill is wheather is money

or not dicission is with the speaker and immune to judicial review.
 Raja rm Vs Lok Sabha speaker:- under numerous circumstance it it
rivewable like if it is ill planned, unconstitutional, out from the purview of At-110.
 Adahar act hits acutally the right to privacy. it is not explicitly written in
the COI but if it is not there then how one can make there decision if all not have
right to privacy.\
 Recently ADHAR forgery racket busted in UP.
 It shows how one can breach the IRIS, as well as biometric finger print.

Tribel rights issue:-

 Issue of not addressing the rights:-

 Failure to adress the human right issue of tribel people.
 Percieved threat of ITA (Investement treaty Arbitraion) for
enforcement of investor protection
 exclusion of indegenous people from policy making
 Solution:-
 Making exemption for tribel right and area; Many countries do
like canada, In TPP too.
 Strengthening the BITs must go hand in hand with
implmentation of domestic legislation.
 Why india worry

Some companies are claiming under ITA for aprox 4 billion rs as compensation. 
 Why issue came

 As india is signing the BITs but not adrssing the tribel issue.
 COI is gives them to be govern specially inder 5;6 schedule of COI.
 UNDRIP-2007 laws also have obligation on the countries to adress the
issue of indegenous people.
 ILO convention on 1989 is also have obligation on tribel issue but india is
not a party to this.

Medical termination pregnancey bill 1971:-

 Issue:-
 SC refused to abort the child of women having pregnancy of 26
weeks where child had down's syndrome.
 Earlier SC agreed to abort the child of a women of 24 week
pregnancy and child had anencephaly which a kind of defect when child will born it may have
not a part of body,, which is the threat to the life of women.
 Loop holes in the biils.
 BILL provides a cap on 20 week pregnancy, 
 even if a women raped she can't abort the child.
 New draft
 Which said a women can abort the child with her independent
dicission with the help of medical practicioner without any time limit? It is in s/c 3 of the bill.
 In many cases medical science seen that problem in the foetus
statrts after 2o week of pregncnacy, this was hurder.
 Recent order of SC to stop to abort the child of 10 Year Girl from
chandigarh and allow a girl of 13 year old as a medical practiconer in mumbai said it will give a
grave threat to the child and mother if not allowed posses a question on it’s amemndement.
 There is a exception in IPC that intercourse by man with his minor
wife is not rape.if the age of marriage is 18 then what is the meaning og minor?
 -

Police reforms
  In 2006 SC told in his verdict about reforms but it is till now is nowhere.
 what verdict
 Professionalism by giving the fixed tenure for police officer on
critical positions
 Police being the state subject so union can't do any thing regarding
that.
 Fixed tenure of 2 yr for the top officer for crucial position.
 State security commission (LOP  is also the part of it)
 Police establishment bord for transfer and to depoliticize the
police.
 Clear separation of law and order with crime function of police.
 Mere autonomy of the police will not enhance the efficieny but the
quality of recruit and ensuring honesty in day to day work is need of the hour.
 SC Directives
 State security commission which will look into the reform from
state prospective
 DGP appointed through the merit based system not by political
vision
 Police officer on operational duty must provide security of tennure
minimum 2 year.
 Sprartion of investigation and law and oreder function
 Police establishment bord for transfer and to depoliticize the
police.
 Police complaint authority to decide transfer, posting,promotion
and other service related matter.
 National security commission at union level to prepare selection
and placement of chief of central police organisation.

  Chief Election Commissioner of India (CEC) has said that long-drawn-out, multiple-phase
elections are here to stay because of the use of Central police forces for the conduct of free and
fair polls.

Why:-

Why Central Forces?

  Voters, political parties etc. have their own reservations/anxieties about
the State police
 The Commission has also come to depend on the Central police forces
over the years
 There have been examples in the past that voters too feel that to truly
ensure an unafraid exercise of franchise, Central Forces are required.

Problem in front of commission

Black money, Tainted money, Paid news, Tranceparency

Appeal against HC verdict on L-G’s powers.

What has happened?

The Supreme Court would set up a Constitution Bench for hearing appeals filed by Delhi
government against the High Court judgment which held Lieutenant Governor as the
administrative head of Delhi.

Questions Raised

 Several questions of law need to be interpreted and settled by a

Constitutional Bench.
 Whether the matter deserves to be referred to a larger Bench.
 Refraining from framing questions for the Constitutional Bench to hear.
What are Special Leave Petitions?

 Special leave petition means that one can take special permission to be
heard in appeal against any High Court/tribunal verdict.
 Usually any issue decided by the State High Court is considered as final,
but if there exist any constitutional issue or legal issue which can only be clarified by
the Supreme Court of India then, this leave is granted by the Supreme Court.
The batch of seven special leave petitions filed by Delhi government has challenged the Delhi
High Court’sjudgment which upheld the Lieutenant Governor’s power in “services.”
 India’s first Nuclear Suppliers’ insurance policy for ‘Right to Recourse’ was unveiled by
India Nuclear Insurance Pool (INIP). The policy was unveiled by Atomic Energy Commission
(AEC).

 INIP is the 27th global nuclear insurance pool which was launched by 
General Insurance Corporation of India (GIC Re), in association with non-life insurance
companies.
 New India Assurance Co (NIAC) and INIP will issue the policy and
administer the claims on behalf of the pool. 
 Earlier NIAC had issued a policy for the operators of nuclear power plants
under INIP by underwriting premium to the tune of Rs 100 crore.
 What is India Nuclear Insurance Pool (INIP)?
 Indian Nuclear Insurance Pool (INIP) of 1,500 crore rupees was
launched as per the mandatory provision under the Civil Liability for Nuclear
Damage Act (CLND), 2010.
 The pool provides capacity for insurance coverage to
operators and suppliers for any nuclear liability towards third party.
 INIP also will offer policies on the nuclear operators liability
insurance policy and a nuclear suppliers’ special contingency (against right to
recourse) insurance policy.
 It will also address third-party liability insurance and later expand
into property and other hot zone i.e. inside reactor areas risk.
 At present, it only covers cold zones (outside reactor areas). It will
also provide the risk transfer mechanism to the operators and suppliers to meet
their obligations under the CLND Act, 2010.

Right to forgotton:-

 Statutory provisions
 S/C 228 A of IPC and S/C 23 of Posco act-2013
 228:-This section imposes the crimnal liablity agaisnst those
people who publishes the name of the sexual victum.
 This was basically that our society see the sexual victom as
the stigma for society.
 23:- which prohibits the everyone to publish the name of the child
in the public domain.
 Why
 If the name will be publish it will afftect the cognitive
growth of the child and Trial case as well.
 Why this case now
  The problem is that if all the information of the court
proceeding will be in the public domain related to the case it will affect the person like if a
divorce is going so it may reveal some pvt info which may hapmer the person life, Like if
sombody searching her name it may appear on the first place
 In the nirbhya case the family of her was agreed to publish
her name as they asked govt the make a museum not on the name of nirbhay but in the actual
name.
 We need to think about right to forgotten the right to
freedom of speech perspective.
 There must not be the hamper to any one's life may it a
social or personal on the name of freedom of experssion.

Presidential System in india

 Why Not

 It will centralizes the power. which is a deterent to the democracy.

 Those who are advocating that talent will be come to governace; In
democracy itself talent has been coming since inception like man mohan singh Mk
Menon etc
 Some saying that there will be check and balance by the legislature it will
be if president and majority legislatore is of diffrent party; If both from the same
party then what?
 Parliamentary system is in the basic structure of constitution so may be
difficult if not impossible.
 This will affect the cooperative fedralism.
Why 

 A president will be accountable to the society as there will be no excuses

on the performance.
 Currently the governance is not the moto of the political parties rather to
stay in the power.
 There will be check and balance that president has to make the passes
his/her bill to pass through the legislature.
 Currently people by forcefully have to make the MP whom they don't want
just for the shake of the person whom he want to be as a PM.
 From panchayat to LS to President all are elected but the problem is many
of whom enter just for the shake of power not for the governance even some don't
even have the knowledege about legislaure.
 Many of the regional parties came to LS make it a hung assembly as we
see in the last 25 years before 2014. It make it difficult for the executive to make a
governace and politics simultaneously.
 There will be the talent in the governance who will make a diffrence rather
the person who dont know about the governance and becomes the minister.
 Not effective separation of power in the parliamentry system.

Neutral. Is it feasible?

 Rtaher to think about the change of the democracy we have to think how
to take the electoral reform, Declaring the result of booth rather for the contutency,
Holding simultaneous elecetions,How to make the parties accountable to the public
like the expenditutre ceiling.
 We have tested the parliamentry system since a long 70 years. Lets make
it more robust instaed of change.

India patent disorder

 IPR policy 2015 dont distinguish the PVT firm and public firm
  CSIR tec is on the verge of shut down it patented the bio-patent of worth
50 crore expenditure on the public money.
 Genrally patent has made to earn revenue but CSIR tec unable to earn
even a single money from these patent these are to enhance the Bio data of scientist.
 if the money can be earn by the CSIR then it will distribute the 30-70% of
the earn revenue to the scientist, Actually  this diffres the pvt character.
 CSIR has to give the patent free to the startup so that they could run in
between the public now the profit earn by them have some % to CSIR. this is the
possible solution to make a commercial character to the CSIR.
 In USA is also thinking in the same way for the ZIKA Virus vacciena
which already costs to American exchecqure on 43$Mn.

India’s National Intellectual Property Rights (IPR) Policy recently.

 The Policy which is in compliance with WTO's (World Trade

Organisation) agreement on TRIPS (Trade Related aspects of IPRs), aims to sustain
entrepreneurship.

 The Policy aims to push IPRs as a marketable financial asset,
promote innovation and entrepreneurship, while protecting public interest.
 The plan will be reviewed every 5 years in consultation with
stakeholders.
 In order to have strong and effective IPR laws, steps would be
taken — including review of existing IP laws — to update and improve them or to
remove anomalies and inconsistencies.
 Special thrust on awareness generation and effective enforcement
of IPRs, besides encouragement of IP commercialisation through various
incentives.
 It suggests making the department of industrial policy and
promotion (DIPP) the nodal agency for all IPR issues. Copyrights related issues
will also come under DIPP’s ambit from that of the MHRD
 Films, music, industrial drawings will be all covered by copyright.
 The Policy also seeks to facilitate domestic IPR filings, for the
entire value chain from IPR generation to commercialisation. It aims to promote
research and development through tax benefits.
  Proposal to create an effective loan guarantee scheme to
encourage start-ups.
 On compulsory licensing (CL), India has issued only CL for a
cancer drug.
 The IPR policy favored the government considering financial
support for a limited period on sale and export of products based on IPRs
generated from public-funded research.

Advocates amendment bill

 Proposed by law commission.

 Bill provides public grivience redressal committee for bar council of india
comprising former SC judge or Chief justice of HC  as a chairmen and 2 retiered
judge of diffrent HC as memeber and 1 senior advocate  and 1 memeber from BCI.
 If client is not happy with the service lawyer then he can make a case on
lawyer for miss conduct.
 Bar council will be by the nominated and elected member of lawyer
community(Earlier was only elected.)
 Implication: Why?
 There is only a self regulatory body BCI and regulate under the act.
but failed to adress the diciplinary matter.
 There are so many voilence by the lawyer community to adress
this issue amenedment is nedded.
 What effect on the advocate
 It will make them in vulnerable situation.
 There will be a prestige issue like if costomer make a case on
lawyer just of miss counduct then it will affect his proffession.
 It will harm to the consumer too, As there a case may be some of
the lawyer just serve the humanity fot charging very nominal fee, It will affect them and
ultimately leads to consumer.
 Lawyer may increase their fees.
  Other issue like there are lack of basic facility in the session court, Dstrcit
court so law commission need to look into the issue.
 Lawyer are protesting that It takes away the autonomy of BCI.
 Commission proposes rehabilitation of reierd judges of SC and HC.
 Way Fwd
 A comprehensive debate is needed between the govt and lwyer
represntatives.
 Law commission should look in to the issue from the lawyer angle
too.

  The Mental Health Care Bill, 2013:-  The Bill repeals the Mental Health Act, 1987.  

 government ratified the United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with
Disabilities in 2007. 

 The key features of the Bill are:


 Rights of persons with mental illness: 
 Every person shall have the right to access mental health
care and treatment from services run or funded by the government. 
  Persons with mental illness also have the right to equality
of treatment, protection from inhuman and degrading treatment, free legal services, access
to their medical records, and complain regarding deficiencies in provision of mental health care.

 Advance Directive:
 A mentally-ill person shall have the right to make an
advance directive that states how he wants to be treated for the illness during a mental health
situation and who his nominated representative shall be. 
 The advance directive has to be certified by a medical
practitioner or registered with the Mental Health Board.  If a mental health professional/
relative/care-giver does not wish to follow the directive while treating 

 Central and State Mental Health Authority:

 These are administrative bodies are required to (a)
register, supervise and maintain a register of all mental health establishments etc
 Mental Health Establishments:
 Every mental health establishment has to be registered
with the relevant Central or State Mental Health Authority. 
 Mental Health Review Commission and Board:
 The Mental Health Review Commission will be a quasi-
judicial body that will periodically review the use of and the procedure for making advance
directives and advice the government on protection of the rights of mentally ill persons. 
 The Commission shall with the concurrence of the state
governments, constitute Mental Health Review Boards in the districts of a state. 
 Decriminalising suicide and prohibiting electro-
convulsive therapy:
 A person who attempts suicide shall be
presumed to be suffering from mental illness at that time and will not be punished under the
Indian Penal Code.
 Electro-convulsive therapy is allowed only with the
use of muscle relaxants and anaesthesia. The therapy is prohibited for minors.
 Criticism
 India has a very low base of psychiatrist .3 on 1 lac and in china it
is 1.7
 Due to the less doctor force it will difficult for the bill to make a
impact on the live of people.
 The major challenge infornt of the bill is the population coverage.
 Massive deficiency of psychiatric social worker.
 Those doctor which can treat are not confident enough to tackle
the major problem a study says.
 Only 43 govt hospital for mental health care in india.
 Bill not adress the supply and demand of the physicatsit.
 Massive neglect of health care is also not adressed. rampant abuse
to metally ill person.
 Solution
 Use of trained general practitioner as the 1st line of contact.
 Primary care physician can be trained for to help the
people having mild problem.
 Extending health insurance is a good step.
 A right based approach may be helpful as mental pateint will not
be able to give his consent in a effective manner.
 Shifitng from institutional health care to community based care
system.
 Problem with the mental health patient.
 Social stigma.
 Ignorance and even lack of awareness especially women. Lack of
alternative option for the rehabolation of mental health patient.

 Sucide in india around 70% of them earns less than 1 lac per annum
 What is the need
 It may be say so that sucide is due to the mental illness but seeing the scenario like
we saw during economic depression sucide rate and over all was increased.
 Irreconcilable social expericnce seen mainly in the Indian phenomenon that leads to
alienation from family and ultimately death.
 Hypothessis:- Break down in the safety net augments social vulnerabilities and build
insurmountable pressure.
 Way Fwd
 Bhore committee:- every Indian should be able to access health care without
humiliation of proving their finnaicial status.
 In case of ultra poor mental health conidions
 Disability allowance
 Health care act and mental disability act must be streamlined
 Single window health and social care system
 Focus on personal meaning that motivates

Terminally Ill Patient Bill-2016

 Provisions
 It recognises the validity of advance medical directives by
terminally ill patient which physician have bound to respect.
 Emphaisise the need to account for pallitatve care when making
end-of life care.
 Till now only passive euthaessia is availble for indian citizens but
court said that parliament has right to legallise the active euthanessia.
 Bill defines if a person is in the permanent vegitative state and
unable to live the meaningful life is the basis of sucide, But these terms are vague.
 Right to terminally ill patient to with hold and refuse the medicine
and express their desire to a medical practicioner to assit them into committing sucide. It
doesn't permit active eutanessia.
 In current bill if pateint want it must be supervised by the doctor
then a team of 3 independent doctor will see the pateint  that if he can live the meaningfull life.
Then HC will look into the matter and then finally grant by MCI.
 As in many case it was seen that MCI corrupted so finally
reliablilty on the MCI is also a question of incompetence.
 Voilation of patient  autonomy must take into
consideration.
 As proceedure is lengthy but good as this must be prone to
missuse if it is easy.
 Way FWD
 There must be a open debate on all these quaetion as many
of the country has already allowed termination of ill by the will.

Mental Health Care BIll:-

 Nominated representative:- These are those who will be nominated by the

ill patient when he is not in the condition to take decision he will take.
 Advace directive:- allows all citizen to state their treatment choices in the
event of a future mental ill ness.

Child Labor Prohibiton act 2012:-

 The Bill seeks to amend the Child Labour (Prohibition and Regulation)
Act, 1986, which prohibits the engagement of children in certain types of
occupations and regulates the condition of work of children in other
 occupations. The New Act prohibits employment of children below 14 years in
all occupations  
 In light of the RTE 2009, the Bill seeks to prohibit employment of
children below 14 years in all occupations except where the child helps his
family after school hours.
 The Bill adds a new category of persons called “adolescent”. An
adolescent means a person between 14 and 18 years of age. The Bill
prohibits employment of adolescents in hazardous occupations as specified (mines,
inflammable substance and hazardous processes)
 The central government may add or omit any hazardous
occupation from the list included in the Bill. 
 The penalty for employing a child was increased to imprisonment
between 6 months and two years (from 3 months-one year) or a fine of Rs 20,000 to
Rs 50,000 (from Rs 10,000-20,000) or both. The penalty for employing an
adolescent in hazardous occupation is imprisonment between 6 months and two
years or a fine of Rs 20,000 to Rs 50,000 or both.
 The government may confer powers on a DM to ensure that the provisions
of the law are properly carried out. The Bill empowers the government to make
periodic inspection of places at which employment of children and adolescents are
prohibited.

Access to Justice  Project:-The first phase was implemented in the seven focus states of
Bihar, Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand, Madhya Pradesh, Orissa, Rajasthan and Uttar Pradesh as well
as at the national level with key institutions. The first phase of the project (2009-2012)
focused on both the demand as well as supply side of justice. The “Access to Justice”
project is being implemented in the eight North-Eastern States, and Jammu and
Kashmir. The Project is anchored with the Department of Justice (DoJ), Ministry of
Law and Justice. The DoJ has designated a National Project Director (NPD), who is
responsible for the overall management, including achievement of planned results, and
for the use of UNDP funds through effective process management and well established
programme review and oversight mechanisms. 
   Anew service in the name of Índian Enterprise Development Service (IEDS)’ in the Office of
Development Commissioner (MSME), Ministry of Micro, Small and Medium
Enterprises(MSME). The creation of the new cadre and change in structure will not only
strengthen the organization but will also help to achieve the vision of “Startup India”, “Stand-up
India” and “Make in India”. 

The Finance Bill, 2017 proposes to make changes related to how donations may be made to
political parties, and maintaining the anonymity of donors.

 Currently, for donations below Rs 20,000, details of donors do not have

to be disclosed by political parties.  Further, there are no restrictions on the amount
of cash donations that may be received by political parties from a person. 
 The Finance Bill has proposed to set this limit at Rs 2,000.  The Bill also
introduces a new mode of donating to political parties, i.e. through electoral bonds. 
These bonds will be issued by banks, which may be bought through cheque or
electronic means.  The only difference between cheque payment (above Rs 20,000)
and electoral bonds may be that the identity of the donor will be anonymous in the
case of electoral bonds.
 Regarding donations by companies to political parties, the proposed
amendments to the Finance Bill remove the:
 existing limit of contributions that a company may make to
political parties which currently is 7.5% of net profit of the last 3 financial years
 It will affect the dividend of investor. Company can't force
him to give donation to the politcal parties.
 No requirement of a company to disclose the name of the parties
to which a contribution has been made. 
 In addition, the Bill also proposes that contributions to parties will
have to be made only through a cheque, bank draft, electronic means, or any other instrument
notified by the central government.
 Problem
 On one side Govt want to introduce transparency and on other
anonymity is  big blow
 Quid pro quo will get secrecy.
 Political parties are not having internal democracy  and not filling
return on regular basis will be a problem, This willl no change the attitude of parties.
 Shell companies may be created for political funding of parties.
 Way Forward
 State funding of political parties by making national electoral
funds. Reconomnded by Indrajeet gupta committee.
 We have to also think about post or pre election funding like if
there will be a post electoral funding and reimbursement will be on the baisis of vote share, so
no new political party will encourage.
 A national debate is requires as every law has some loop holes.
 We have to think on the holisitc view not only election funding but
also paid news, hated speech during election, Electronic media trap.

 Liqor Ban by SC from all hotels , bar and shops which are with in 500m from the state and
National Highways

 Problem is that this may be a judicial over reach by saying under the
article 21 .
 Same can be applied to the junk food too cause it is the root cuase if many
of the disease and we can save many high blood pressure patient from death.
 Problem basically lies in the sepration of power which is not clearly
mentioned in the consitution.
 These are executor who micromanages the kind like 500m and all.
 This time judicatory made,  executive report the basis of ,judgment in
which it was found that some of the major accident is because of liqor consumption.
 Article 142:-SC may pass a decree or order as is necessary for doing
compelete justice in any cause or matter pending before it
 Implication of discussion
 It is very difficult for the hotel owner's, like one 5 star hotel takes
4-5 years, to make and shifiting that hotel to 500  m from the highway as very
destructive exercise in terms of capital and economy.
 Many of people will lose the jobs.
  This might be seen as a short step towards banning of liqor, but
this thing only can be done by the Legislature. 
 Some of the state making the alternative to denotify the state and
national high ways, If a NH will denotify than it's maintenance will come in the
jurisdiction of states and the amount spend on the highways will far greater then
then revenue earn from liqor.
 Only 1.5% of the total accident was due to drunk but how many of
them took liqor from the high way's liqor shop is also a cause of concern.
 After banning on the hotel there are some of the news about
shutting down of the hotels till there is some alternative, Then there is a bad
image of india which we are throughing to the world.
 Many of the conferences is not going or has been put on the hold.
 Alternative
 There must be a law which prohobit the liqor consumptiom
forcefully like if some body make a road acciedent by dunk and drive so there
must be a murder case on him so that from the future onwards nobody drunk and
drive.
 Or there must be full scale prohibiton on the liqor sale in the
states.

Right to recall

 Why need of the hour

 Due to criminalization of politics and MLA and MP are in mostly
cases not accountable to public.
 If public has no faith in the them so there is no point to continue
in the office like if Parliament has no faith in the govt it can remove the govt.
 If people can choose the representatives there must be the option
for the people to recall their representative if they are not doing well.
 Actually First past the post system doesn't reflect the mandate of
whole of the population.
 Decrease the role of money power.

  In British Columbia it was happen in the 1955 and since then continues.
Even in USA some of the state has some specific ground on which public can recall their
representatives.

What need to be done?

 Amendment in the constitution.

 Need to over look all the possibilities so that by this act
representative may not be harass.
 There must be recall procedure through the election commission.
 To ensure vertical accountability.
 Not a very few people or a collection of the people allowed to recall
the representatives.

Problem by this

 India has a very large base of illiterate voters which causes

frequent election and recall may make a chaos to system.
 A very Burdon on the exchequer to do frequent recall
 We have to make the electoral reforms and strengthen the system
so that unwanted element should not enter to the system.
 On one side we are thinking of simultaneous election for state and
centre , Frequent recall will be a issue.

 Does issuing whip on more than 90% of the issue crub the fundamental right to speech?
 Whip should not be on the issues of more than 50% and in that too the most
controversial on which if MP vote against the govt then it will fall down.
 E-pition:-
 Systme must be there like in england and in the other countires like if a pition is
signes by more 10000 citizen than minster of concerned should clearify the matter
and if more than 1 lack then matter should be debated in the parliament.
 For example 130n days a aprliament run on avg day during 1952-72 but now a days
60 days. So what will is justiciable on this part in the last 5 year MP increased their
sailry by 4 folds.
 Prohibition of Employment as Manual Scavengers and their Rehabilitation Act, 2013, 

 Main features of the Act are:-

 Definitions of manual scavengers and insanitary latrines widened
to cover not only dry latrines but other insanitary latrines as well.
 Offenses under the Act are cognizable and non-bailable and attract
stringent penalties. 
 Vigilance/Monitoring Committee at sub-Division, District, State
and Central Govt. levels.
 National Commission for Safai Karamcharis (NCSK) would, inter
alia, monitor implementation of the Act  and enquire into complaints regarding
contravention of the provisions of the Act.
 Provision of construction of adequate number of sanitary
community latrines in urban areas, within 3 years from the date of
commencement of this Act to eliminate the practice of open defecation.
 Note:
 According to the Prohibition of Employment as Manual
Scavengers and their Rehabilitation Act, which made the employment of manual
scavengers illegal, emptying human waste that has decomposed in a latrine pit is
not considered manual scavenging, and is therefore not illegal.
 The act states that the National Commission for Safai Karamcharis
shall perform the following functions, namely:
 to advise the Central and the State Governments for
effective implementation of the provisions of this Act.
 to take suo motu notice of matter relating to non-
implementation of this Act.

National Action Plan for Children, 2016 released by WCD Ministry

 The Action Plan has four key priority areas:

 survival
 health and nutrition
 education and development
  protection and participation of children.

Key features of the Plan are: 
 Survival, health and nutrition: Major concerns with regard to
survival, health and nutrition include:
 high maternal and child mortality rates
 higher child mortality rates for girls in rural areas
 high rates of undernutrition and anemia among women
and children. The NAPC 2016 aims to ensure equitable access to
comprehensive, preventive, curative, and rehabilitative health care of the
highest standard for all children before, during, and after birth, and
throughout the period of their growth and development. 
 Education: Major concerns with regard to education include
 poor retention and high drop–out rates at the elementary
level (class 1-5)
 large number of children with special needs and SC/ST
children are out of school
 lack of adequate and safe infrastructure in schools. 
 Protection and participation: Major concerns with regard to
protection and participation include
 large number of child labourers
 rise in trafficking of children
 large number of girls being married before the legal age
 lack of information among children about their own rights
and entitlements. The NAPC 2016 aims to protect all children from all
forms of violence and abuse including economic and sexual exploitation,
abandonment, separation, abduction, sale or trafficking. 

Draft National Water Framework Bill, 2016 :-The Ministry of Water Resources, River
Development & Ganga Rejuvenation released.

   The Bill seeks to provide a national legal framework for protection,

conservation, regulation and management of water.
  Key features of the Bill include: 

 Right to water for life:
 The Bill states that every person has a right to sufficient
quantity of safe water for life within easy reach of a household, regardless
of one’s community, economic status, land ownership, etc. The
responsibility to ensure every person has access to safe water remains
with the concerned state government even if water is being provided
through a private agency.
  Standards for water quality:
 National water quality standards shall be binding on all
types of water use. In addition, efforts should be made for treatment of
wastewater to make it appropriate for use
 Integrated River Basin Development and Management:
 A river basin, with its associated aquifers (underground
layer that contains water) should be considered as the basic hydrological
unit for planning, development and management of water. For every
inter-state river basin, a River Basin Authority should be established,
which will be responsible to prepare Master Plans for river basins under
its jurisdiction.
 Water security:
 The appropriate state government will prepare and oversee
the implementation of a water security plan to ensure sufficient quantity
of safe water for every person, even in times of emergency such as
droughts and floods. These plans will include: (i) incentives for switching
from water-intensive crops, (ii) incentives for the adoption of water-
conserving methods, such as drip irrigation and sprinklers, (iii) setting up
groundwater recharge structures, etc.
 Water pricing:
 Pricing of water shall be based on a differential pricing
system in accordance with the fact that water is put to multiple uses.
Water use for commercial agriculture and industry may be priced on the
basis of full economic pricing. For domestic water supply, different
categories of users may be subsidised.
 

Do we need Censorship

     Concern

 All the film are govern by the cenematograph act 1952 which was taken
from colonial era in which people were illitrate and saw the movie a amaze.
 Central board of film certification direct intervention into the film is not
only to make a certification but cutting movie and all
 We have to adress the concern of civil society as india is a diverse country.
 What need 
 CBFC must only to confined to certification.
 Film council of india need to  be setup which which will look into
any grivence concern of any of the civil society.
 We need a multi layered solution  like film certificaton tribunal
which comprises of ex SC judge , film maker and eminent perosnlaties which will
look into the grieviences of the civil society.
 Why need regulation
 Absolute freedom and total sensorship is problematic
 As in the constitution also there are restriction on the right to
freedom.
 CBFC should strongly hold and must have last word on film
exhibition.
 Cinema has a greater impact than news paper and other.
 Press and cinema draws its right from the fundamental
right given in the constituion with resonable ristriction.
 These ristriction will serve as comapss.
 Board chairmen is appointed by the minstry of broadcasting and
it's memeber are from alomost all the society, So concern of all the society is
covered in the current scenario.
 Why not
 Some times bord see the dialogue as adult or some thing not in the
context of the film. Some times a cut in the film make the film meaningless.
  Certification board should certify not to censor.
 There are certificate given to the film like UA, A S, U. These
certificate are also given in USA but not to censor.

Cow Slaughter

 Art-48 DPSP
 What was untouchablity
 In the early time lower class was forced to eat the dead cow and
this make them untouchable.
 As Buddhism allow them to continue this tradition Brahmin made
hostile to them.
 In the very 1st draft of the constitution there was no cow protection, But it
was amended in the constiutent assembly by thakur bhargv das.
 As constituion make the practice of untouchablity offence under the FR
then cow reververs made a voice to make cow slaughter in the FR too and offence but
then a compromise was arose to put this in to DPSP.
 Hnif quraishi Vs Bhiar 1959
 In this case SC order that state can't put a complete ban on the
cow slaughter.
 Court finally concluded.
 A total  ban on cow slaughter is valid and in consonance
with DPSP.
 Total ban on bufallo and draught cattle was also valid.
 A total ban on cow slaughter and buflallow and other bull
can not be after they cease to be economic like if cow stop giving milk.
 SC order in 2005
  Permitting state a complete ban on cow slaughter reason was our
society is changing so in the changing time we also have to change.

Indian Computer Emergency Response Team (CERT-In) is the Government

organisationunder Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology. It is a nodal agency that
deals with cyber security threats like hacking and phishing. It strengthens security-related
defense of the Indian Internet domain.

 A Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) was signed  between Indian

Computer Emergency Response Team (CERT-In) and Ministry of Cabinet Office, UK.
 Earlier CERT-In signed MoUs with counterpart/similar organizations in
about seven countries - Korea, Canada, Australia, Malaysia, Singapore, Japan and
Uzbekistan.

Privatization of water

 Why Not
 Privatization is works on Profit maximization, and water is not a
commoidty but it is a basic need.
 There is a huge infra is needed just from the begining like from the
treatment of seawage to dump of the sewage, Only state intervention will be
effective.
 Many advocate that privatization will give an edge to compition
but we didn't see the same in Electricity sector.
 Most of the water sector remains in the public even where some of
was privatize it again municiplized.
 It is not because of inefficiency or losses but due o ineffective
democratic politics.
 Why
 Due to less effective govt infra
 we have 21% of all disease of water borne so need to loook on
urgent basis.
 We need PPP infra as we saw in case of nagpur where the
treatment of water from sewage to clean and supply 24 Hrs.
 what is the need of the hour is people participation, we neded a
longterm stratagy for this problem. 
 How the problme can be solved
  Water in india is govern by the british rules as the one who has the
land onwn the water which is in the beaneath of the crust and can exploit
whatever he want.
 Actually problem itself started with the privatization . in punjab
and hariyana extraction of water in unsustainlable way caused due to
privitization of water resources.
 Problem is that 2/3rd of indian land is made up of hard rock and it
take a long time to percolate the water down to the water table.
 An unstopable extraction is the problem of the hour.
 In andrhra recent incident is that one village person is making a
community devlopment progmme under which they changed their cropping habit
or changes they way of use.
 So neither nationalisation nor privatization will help instead when
the public will understand the importance of the issue then certainly the solution
willl be there.

Big data issue

 Many companies are using the big data as their own asset and making
revenue over them For ex-Like in case of UBER it is not just a transport interface rather
it is a collection of data it may be used for trasport of commerical or private, Can also
used ot check the behavior of consumer.
 India first need to ensure the data which is generating in indian territory
must be open for the indian use not for any other else.
 For this we neded a law.

The Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR) is an autonomous organisation under

the Department of Agricultural Research and Education (DARE), Ministry of Agriculture and
Farmers Welfare.. Formerly known as Imperial Council of Agricultural Research, it
was established on 16 July 1929 as a registered society under the Societies Registration Act,
1860 in pursuance of the report of the Royal Commission on Agriculture. The ICAR has its
headquarters at New Delhi.
The Council is the apex body for co-ordinating, guiding and managing research and education in
agriculture including horticulture, fisheries and animal sciences in the entire country. 

SC decission on Anti Torture legislation:-

 Why
 There was a case a danish citizen wanted in extradition case of
purulila arms drop case 1995, Denmark court rejected a plea by saying that if this
person goes to india will put to inhuman and cruelty.
 What is the need
 India is a signatory of UN convention against torture in way back
1997 but didn't ratify it till now.
 A law has been passed in 2010 by LS prevention of torture bill but
not passed by RS.
 India need the bill as many of foreigner wanted in India in many
case not send to india by the countries due to inhumane treatment
 Article 21
 Some of the state is against this bill by saying that there is no need
of such kind as it can be dealt in IPC.
 SC in the decission is also said need of kind of this bill.
 In the era of increase globalization Indian need to adhere it's
promises wto be better served.
 Stand alone law is need because it will show India’s
committeemen to the treaty.
 As India has many request of extradition in many case it will be
difficult for the other country to deny on the basis of cruelty.
 It will served the purpose of human right voilation as india is a
accusew in the many cases for gross violation of HR.
 Prison reforms:

Why

 As Recent incident in Mumbai jail and even in other parts of india there is a
torture and even death in the custody of the police.
 There is no modern jail in india, these are all made by the britishers to put
Indian behind the bar mainly to give torture them just because they wanted
freedom, but seeing current scenario need the reform.
 The issues are
 Right to life of prisioner, hygienic conditions,health, access to legel aid,the
condition of inmate women and their children.
 Availablity of drug for instance access to mobile phone to prisoner to beat
commnunication protocol.
 Overcrowding, ill treatment, lack of infrastructure.
 A committee was fromed to look into the issue on the order of SC, to look into
model prisioner act, and resolution on such kind.
 It is not about the living conditions of the jail but also the human right and
right to life of a prisioner.
 Solution
 Accountablity, Reforms, Survillance, legal aid provision,uniformity, Intensive
after care
 Sasikala case is some what more
 There must not only the privilege accuse inquiry but also holistic.


IDEAS:- it is a intiative of MHRD to find the solution to the problem in the society by
providing the student monetry falicitation and to check the problem solving ability of the
children.
 Union Minister of Shipping, Road Transport and Highways :-River Information System
(RIS) ->The first of its kind in India, the new system will facilitate safe and accurate navigation
on National Waterway – 1 on the Ganges River. RIS is being implemented under the
overall responsibility of Inland Waterway Authority of India, a statutory body
administered by the Ministry of Shipping. River Information Services (RIS) are combination of
modern tracking equipment related hardware and software designed to optimize traffic and
transport processes in inland navigation

The Mahila Police Volunteer initiative was launched in Haryana.  Originally conceived by
the Union Ministry of Women & Child Development, Mahila Police Volunteer is a joint initiative
with the Union Ministry of Home Affairs.

  Fake News problem:-

 In this digital world it if very dificult to make a draw between news

propogator, news maker and listeners too.
 Every body on the FB or social media is propogating and sharing the thing
with out knowing the proff.
 One such gorup generally share some thing with the intensity and this
becomes trend
 What are the implications
 Social harmony disturb as we can see in case of J&K
 Reputation of one may be maligned by some disturbing
elements.
 What is the need
 Artcile 19 we can't stop anyone to share or do such kind of
info till it is not in the intrest of country  but it is our responsiblity to see
the authnticity of such news.
 One who is a creator of fake news can be booked under IPC
but sheer size of internet make this exercise more complicated.
  Anonymity in guise of media outlet is the major source of
fake news.
 Lack of uniform guidelines, regulation and policy regarding
fabricated content needs to address on urgent basis.


Real Estate Regulating Act:-

 RERA will be formed and an appelate tribunal will also come into
existance.
 It will protect the right of consumer.
 Why 
 Fund was miss used.
 Reall Estate is known for dumpilng of black money.
 70% of the total fund collected in a project will be submit in a common
account will curb the problem.
 The Bill regulates transactions between buyers and promoters of
residential real estate projects.  It establishes state level regulatory authorities called
Real Estate Regulatory Authorities (RERAs).
 Residential real estate projects, with some exceptions, need to be
registered with RERAs.  Promoters cannot book or offer these projects for sale without
registering them.  Real estate agents dealing in these projects also need to register with
RERAs.
 On registration, the promoter must upload details of the project on the
website of the RERA.  These include the site and layout plan, and schedule for
completion of the real estate project.
 70% of the amount collected from buyers for a project must be
maintained in a separate bank account and must only be used for construction of that
project.  The state government can alter this amount to less than 70%.
 The Bill establishes state level tribunals called Real Estate Appellate
Tribunals.  Decisions of RERAs can be appealed in these tribunals.

Key Issues and Analysis

  One may question Parliament’s jurisdiction to make laws related to real
estate as “land” is in the State List of the Constitution.  However, it may be argued that
the primary aim of this Bill is to regulate contracts and transfer of property, both of
which are in the Concurrent List.
 Some states have enacted laws to regulate real estate projects.  The Bill
differs from these state laws on several grounds.  It will override the provisions of these
state laws in case of any inconsistencies.
 The Bill mandates that 70% of the amount collected from buyers of a
project be used only for construction of that project.  In certain cases, the cost of
construction could be less than 70% and the cost of land more than 30% of the total
amount collected.  This implies that part of the funds collected could remain unutilized,
necessitating some financing from other sources.  This could raise the project cost.
 The Standing Committee examining the Bill has made several
recommendations. 
 These include: (a) the Bill should also regulate commercial real
estate,
  smaller projects should also be covered, 
 all real estate agents must be required to register.
 The real estate sector has some other issues such as a lengthy process for
project approvals, lack of clear land titles, and prevalence of black money.  Some of these
fall under the State List.

Vidya Veerta Abhiyan:- 1000 College campus wall will be photogrphed with the martyr or
independece vetran to make a feel alive in the heart of student. Will be implement by MHRD.

Section 139AA of income Tax Act:-

 What is the issue

 Govt made mandatory to link the adhar with the PAN some
arguing that it is invasion of FR of 19(6)*

Cpaital Punishment:-
 Why NOt:-
 It is not an individual fault but a problem of society, As a society a
failure.
 On one hand we are demanding the harsherer punsihment an on
the other hand rampand impunity for some crimes, And justice is not served in
the either case.
 A capital punishemnent doesn't mean that occurnace of crime will
not happen, see the case  of hariyana.
 A study shows that some how problem in our judicial or executive
system that 30% of the capital punishment given by the traial court has been
rejected.
 Why nnust:-
 This is because some scrime shows the lawlessness of society.he
 Some of the cases like rape and murderd or even attcak on the
police personal should also meet the same faith.
 Many times we see that even in simpler cases poilce doesn't write
even and FIR like in harashment of women and all, But in severe cases like
nirbhya cpital punishment must.
 It will act as deterance to other.
 The crime we are facing can't be compared with the west they have
many advanced system and trails as in india a many  stage judicail process is also
act as safety valve.
 Centre
 There many not be an imperical data but studies shows that it will
have a good impact on long term law and order pro

Sedition Charge- IPC-124-A

 It was made in the colonial era to punish News paper who publish
seditious articles against govt., Since Independence it was amended to take some
technicality into account but the soul of the law remains same.
 Why Need
  India is the nation in building it was in the time of independece
when many of the groups wanted to secede from india.
 If any individual or any gorup gives the threat to intigrity and
soveerignity to india this law must be applied.
 If the person or a group is making the constructive criticism of the
govt this law is not to be applied.
 As mention in the Kedar nath Vs State of Bihar case SC set a
criteria that a necessary component of sedition involves rebellion or use of arms
in conjuntion with demand for the sepration form the union will attract the
sedition charge.
 It is that law which must be apllied with the caution like a canon
not to be apllied to  mouse.

Need to codify the parliamentry privilages

 Why
 Recent Karnatka leg decision for improsionment of 2 editor for the
breach of privilages.
 Actually  privileges are enshrined in the constitution of parliament  inder
A-105  and leg 194
 This is required for the fearless action of parliamentry meneber
withour having any hurdle of legal process.
 But there must be a fine balance between FR and Parliamentry
privilages.
 Till now no leg and parliment pass the codify bill, till now it is
depend of the bitish era.
 Recently austraillia has enacted the act for the same.
 Without codify there are chances for miss use of the power of legislature.

Parliamentry reform:-

 Why:-
 each minute of parliament costs to 2.5 lac
  in 1950-60 parliament ran to 120 days but now in the last decade
on an avg 70 dyas.
 while on the other hand UK and USA 150,140 days respectively.
 india rank 20th from the bottom in terms of women
representation.
 only 20 pvt member bills passed till now, due to less time allocated
to the pvt bill introduction.
 Executive accountability must be ensured.
 Less number of delegated legislation will dilute the selected
executive role:-Ex-IAS.
 What should be done
 Women reservation bill of 33%.
 A minimum number of days parliment should run.
 As there is most part of the budget goes to gullitene for this
parliemntry budget office on the line of us congressional budget office.
 There must be fund for the MP to recruit the researcher for policy
evaluation.
 for constitutional reform there must be a constitutional committee
which will scrutinese the amendement first as there is generally hurry when there
is an amendment. law ministry recomnded.
 Anti defection law must be recast and used in exceptional
conditions.x
 Constitutionql committee is necessary as they provide the place for
the back bencher MP to raise their voice.
 The issue of session:-
 How to resolve
 Minimum number of days must be fixed in the calendar as well as
on which days parliament will meet must be pre defined it will have a positive
effect how a MP will schedule his time for his constituency.
 Significant minority can call the session by giving chairmen in the
written format as in Pakistan 1/4th of total is needed to call the session.
 Dilution of sole power of govt to call session.
  As in the British parliament 5 session a year which gives minority
a chance to call NCM multiple times as UPA govt was saved in the monsoon
session in 2008 because no motion can call twice in the same session.
 Rule and regulation must be amended to save democracy and
money of the state.
 Question hour must be shift to last of the day as it seems most of
the time about 80% of the time it doesn’t hold, and the time just after the
question hour is buried due to hue and cry.
 Session less number of days-> deprived section’s issue are not
taken to table-> most of the time MP doesn’t have time to speak due to less time,
so loss of democracy.
 What are t

 Cow Vigilantism
 This area has born in the recent time as an internal threat to the peace of the country,
because of some of the section of so called extremist group of the society, In the name of
saving of cow making blunder to the society.
 This all happen because of a lack of political will to stop such kind of incidence. If 1 st
incidence were stoped of either went for a balance punishement then may be second
incident were not happen are it was.
 It will make resident based of spatial sepration as we saw in gujrat. Any kind of spatial
sepration is threat for culture, economic as well as political advancement for the section.

 Freedom Of speech:-
 Given in 19 Article
 Under CrPC S/C 95 and 96 which was used by the colonial power to suppress the
voice of indian in the name of harmony is exist today.
 2 cases ban on book in jharkahand and kadkaduma case (Book ban Godman to
Tycoon)
 What way Fwd
  Repal of 96, 96 Section
 Women reservation in Naga Council
 Why
 Haryana local election shows an increment in the women representation
 Even after putting the criteria of educational qualification an increment in the SC
women.
 33% women reservation will increase the number of naga women where women are
more and much educated than Haryana.

 Hamid Ansari Statement on insecurity of muslims.

 Why correct
 As in the history too president questioned on the policy of govt
 Hindu code bill, Indian postal amendment bill and so on.
 In the oath too V.P., AND P promised to defend and secure the constitution of india.
 Why not
 He told in a politician way as it doesn’t suit to the centrist thinker.
 VP should have acted as a bridge between the govt and people of india but on the last
time of his term statement of such kind lowered the highness of seat.
 It may act as disharmony in the people.

 Right to privacy
 Why need
 It will protect the dignity of individual, family, home sexual orientation
 Privacy, dignity, and personal liberty are the part of tree of justice.
 SC declared Right to privacy is FR but not sacroscant. Parliament may ristrict them
and the ristcitions are liable in the court by due process of law
 It recognises the hetrogenity and recognises the plurality and diversity of the state.
 RTP is under the universal declaration of human right+international convenant of
civil and protection right which legally protects the person against any encrochment
of his privacy by the individual or state.
 Right to physical privacy+ Right to informational privacy+Privacy of choices.
 It is agaisnt the private individual is dpends on the legislature.
 It will have an impact on 377 of IPC.
  There must not be a discrimination in the society based on the sexual orientation
and it must be secured under RTP.
 377 is criminilise since the english law prevailed in the country. In the time of
hitler was also a pretext , he wanted only hetrosexual no homosexualty in the
germany as he wanted a superior race.
 In suresh kumar kaushal case 377 IPC upheld by the SC. Now it is the time to
revisit the Judgement.
 It was said in the judgement that there is no need to challenge the 377 as
LGBT community is a very miniscule community.
 Govt argument infront of SC
 Constitution makers never intended to incorporate Privacy to FR
 Since Privacy is a very vague term it will difficult to define the term
 Privacy at best was a purely elitist concern and common people like in india has
poor and don’t understant the value of worth universality.
 ADM jabalpur case was burryied by the SC.
 Right to dignity of life is incorporatred with the privacy is will not execute till the
manual scavanging stigma will float in the society.

 What actually 377 is?

 This penalises non pro-creative sexual act and any act of sexual preservity.
 But currently it now restricted to gay man perhaps transgender.
 Any act or right must defend the person whom assigned the right and against which.
 In Naj foundation case delhi HC section 377 in so far penalises any sexual activity with
the consent is against the fundamental right 14,15, 21.
 Bretain which introduces this IPC in the 19th century revoked this in 1960 from their
book.
 By this IPC there are so many insidence that a person harashed by the police physicall
and menatlly too by the society as it criminalise the gay.
 LGBT community must be treated with dignity and other person with the different
sexual orientation must be protected.
 377 must be seen in the totallity.
  As in ISLAM homosexuality is prohibited and and in hiduism too., as india is country of
multi ethenic and multi religious, we must respect the religon as well as it is also
protected in constitution
 Right doesn’t mean that if I have a choice to act then I must do in public it must be taken
in view what other’s right is.
 Yes no body has righ to decide what should I eat, wear but it must not intrude in the
right of others.
 As we are democratic country we must do the things as dictated by the constitution but
respect of religon is also must as this is the beauty of country

 Adhar a Breach of privacy
  Against Adhar:-
 The main problem with the adhar is  No verification at
time of issue
 Pvt companies are making adhar with their
agents so no accountablity towards public, They just want to make more and more adhar card
and profit.
 Data securtiy as these data is not more
secure.
 In RTI which was landed by IIT Delhi professor
told that 99.97% of the Adhar made on the basis of Adress proff or Id Proff.
 There is no freedom to the public whether if they
wasn e.KYC and not want to connect the account By Adhar.
 A report which was published by the PIB which tells
that only 90 Cr rupess till now saved by the govt just because of adhar rest was saved by the
decline in the oil prices in international market.
 There are no data privacy law in the country
regarding UAIDI.
 Data online in the current scenerio in this digital
world where hacking is the normal incident of daily life is putting on the risk of indian identiity.
 Every daily transaction between the sate and law
abiding citizen is inapropriate.
 Biometrics allows the identification even if they
don't want to disclose.
 Solution
 Use of smart card based on open standard insted of
bio metric authentication, Like if one can find the other1's card it will not hamper the one's
identity.
 We must use a token issued by UAIDI istead of
adhar number. It will make harder to the unauthorised comapnies to combine the data base.
 PRO Argument.
 Recent dicission by the govt to link the adhar with
the gas connection, With DBT is a very good step and stop a majority of the subsidy leakage.
 Astudy by the earleir planning commission shows
that out of 1 rupess spend by the govt only 27 Paise reach to the beficiaries and rest spend in the
adminstration and all
 A study also shows that in the mid day meal shceme
is there are so many illigal rollno and name.
 Some state has done on the PDS but not on all
spehere like orissa done good with rice but not same in kerosine.
 Adhar follows the principle of privacy by design
which is the main principle while making any IT software.
 Biometric used for the authentication,, Purchasing
SIM and opening of account and many more use in the future.
 Adhar and e-KYC is the document which can't be
missused and in the earlier time we see many miss use of paper like illigel trading of SIM.
 Use adhar as a foreign policy tool:-
 Why:-
 In the last years sri lanka, nepal and other
south asian countries want ot digitized as taking help of pak which can't hold the
data like indina adhar authority are doing
 Benifits for india
 A U turn in the neighborhood 1st policy ,
Which will give an edge to india over the other countries in her bilateral relation.
 A UID for south asian region will gives the
people to people contact and economy boost w.
 Need of UID is more becuase of the post
conflict societies are not integrated each other .
  This will give the edge to the peole of this
region to have a data protection policy which is currently not in these countries.
 Anew innovation in the digitel infra will be.
 It will also will b=used as the tool to curb
china policy as she is the main provider of internet and other digitel services to
this region.
 There are 3 type of pvt information
 Biomertic, Identity, Personal.
 Core information is basically biomertic-photograph. Which adhar agenecy is
bound to protect under the act.
 The problem lies in when data will be interconnected, For example-is adhar will
be mandatory for railway tickets then govt will have all the information of
travelling since birth and as adhar will be compulsory for sim card then soon all
the call detail since the birth will be acccebile to govt, it can now corelate to all
this.
 The term personal information is not protected for example JIO selling its
simcard with the authentication of ADHAR it will have an access of 100 million
people personal information, there is only security that they will have access to
those data which we allowed them to use by ticking the agreement box, this
agreement is such lengthy that even no body wants to read it before making yes
tick. Potential of missuse.
 ADHAR is basically a gold mine of data will has an unprecedented power.
 Section 8 of the act is giving some protection against possible miussuse of
identity information.
 The major flows in the act is in the name of security govt can access any thing
which belongs to privacy.
 DATA is a new OIL.
 Now a case of state resident data hub project which integrates all departmental
data base and links them with the adhar number.
 ADHAR’s fundamental power as a tool for mining personal information is bound
to hard to restrain.

 NEET opposition from south :-

  Mnay commnittee recomonded that india need a very good amount of basic doctors. In
short need of medical cadre.
 But what kind of basic doctors they didn’t specify.
 Committee:-Bhure , Mudalliar, srivastav.
 Medical education is the beginning of process which will produce the medical cadre.
 Many of the financial weak background doctor found themselves not serving upto the
capacity.
 Problem in the pvt college taking donation which is actually impossible for the middle
class family to give.
 How to change
 Govt abolish the pvt practice+institute universal medical care and becomes the
employer of all medical graduates similer to UK.
 Robust data protection law
 Justice BN krishanan committee is seeking into the issue.
 This committee report will be based on Justice shaha committee report, which will have
5 piller.
 Technological neutrality and interoperablity with international standard
 Multidimensional privacy
 Horizonatal applicablity of state and non entities
 Comfirmity with the privacy principles
 A co-regulatory enforcement regimex

 Depriviation of state to individual right

 Marital case
 Govt argued that Marital rape is not in the consideration of rape as this kind of
intercourse will not be a seen as martial rape.
 So by saying this Gvt made a diffrence in martial rape and non marital rape.
 Acutally any non consensual saxual act is rape
 Akhila case
 Kerla HC quashed a marriage on the terms that was filed before the court by her
parents
  Akhila was focrcefully converted to islam and then married to a islamic men, now the
case is an adult who is capable to take the dicission of her/his life, state should let
him to take.
 Duty enshrined in the constitution onn the state to protect or give an ease to
individual to take the dicision of his life not to ristrict.
 Privacy
 In this also state denied in the SC that based on the earlier two dicission of the court
that there is no FR of privacy enshrined in the constiution nor interpretation can

 TRAI chairmen advised that to promote digital transaction MDR should be 0 for altleast
small transaction.
 On data privacy
 Data has property of boundary less and replication so most vulnerable to missuse.
 EC decision to introduce VVPAT
 A some how regressive step.
 Cost will increase
 Paper use will have environmental cost.
 In earlier when EC called the parties to resolve the griviences related to malepractices,
only 2 parties came. It shows the weightage of claim by the parties.
 EC is regularly updating the tech, as in the other countries EVM which was syncronised
through the internet was very much prone the cyber attac on the other hand Indian
machines are not.

 Farooqui judgement on consent

 In this focus was shifted to what women said to what men understood
 2003 aandment defined consent as an unequivocal voluntary agreement when awomen
by words, gesture or any other form of verbal or non verbal communication,
communicates willingness to participate in the specific sexual act.
 Also amendment was in IPC 375:- A man would said to have committed rape if a women
is unable to communicate consent.
  In some other form, in sexual act there is some form of less willingness of one’s,this must
not be

 Speeker position in Indian assembly in parliament as well

 In Indian system speeker’s has to act in impartial manner with having give up his
memebership to the party from which he is elected
 Sole absoluteness in anti defection law makes a power of abuses in the current system
 Many of the MLA has be disqualified on irrational basis under ADL.
 In USA speeker can take a political finction as well shows that member can criticized to
the speeker for his bad act. But no in india
 Page committee recomnded that speeker if in his or her tenure acted in a very impartial
way then hi seat must be continued for the next term
 Speeker must be debarred from the election or any political activity after completion
of his term as in case of prez
 There must be some convetion such that speeker must be apolictical
 Since 1980’s speeker post goes to opposition but now it solely goes to ruling party.
 In democracy neutrality of the speeker must be ensured.

 Internet shut down

 Done through Crpc 144
 Under Crpc 144:-Used to secure an area from potential threat from being disrupted
by mob, or some form of political action if notoriously employed
 This rule is basically formed in colonial era to control Indian movment acticvity but
now it is used to suppress the voices.
 As seen in 2017 till now more than 57 cases of shutedown in india shows expression
of freedom
 Why not need
 As in the name of law and oreder govt can stop the water supply assume that some
with the case of internet.
 But now a days as internet becomes the need from social to economic affairs
 Making shut down affect to those too who are not involves in the scruples activites.
  Tele law 1885 also the same to ensure but when this law made there was no
democracy at all instead it was promulgated to suppress the democracy, so how can
this law will be just for the deomocracy.

 Tribunalism
 Recent law commission reconomdation that to give more autonomy to the tribunal for
example in many cases when public vs a ministry in which tribunal is sitted then
expecting justice far from thinking.
 What are the implication tribunal
 Undermining the HC position has –ve ramification on justice system
 HC has a constitutional status vis-à-vis tribunal
 Tribunal are not accessible as HC. This make justice more expensive as a kerla
person move to Mumbai in case of any dispute to SEBI.
 Conferring direct appeal to supreme court from tribunal has changed the status of
supreme court to a appelete court.
 Backlog in the SC is more than 50 thousand due the direct appeal from the tribunal it
can affect the quality of jurisprudence.
 High cvourt are the training ground of future SC judges.When a HC deals with
certain cases under a particular area of law then judges carry a benift of experience to
the SC.
 How to solve
 Making specialized bench in the HC to deal with particular area is a good option.

Increase rhe Judges and fill the vacancy of judges.

 Judicial safe zone so called deposition centre.

 Why

 The recent judgment of SC to make such centre in the respected HC for the
child as they are vulnerable to the threat and are not enough competent
emotionally to take a charge on procedding.
  It will help as they don’t have to appear in the court rather their witnessing
will be through vedio confrecning.

 This is with the UN model law

 Whose main objective is accurate and reliable testimony from child victom
and witness, minimizing harm, and sve children from secondry
victimization.

 This will have a huge impact as they are already victum and making a hassal
process of judiciary makes them more vulnerable.

 This may be to extend to others like to wistleblowers, rape victoms or who has
the life threat if they will prove as a witnesss.

 Way forward will be setup the centre in every disctrict although it will cost the
exchequer but state should abide by the overarching principle of protecting
vulnerable witness.

 Adhar based biometric authentication ABBA:-

 Linking of ABBA to PDS and pension is making hurdle to the life of common
people.

 Recent death of a girl because of hunger shows the realityon one side we are
making a track for HSR and on the other side hunger death.

 ABBA is a process through which one can get the government availed facility
to the end point after making biometric authentication.

 Why

 It will give a end point service very fast.

  Curb corruption

 Remove leakage

 Save a financial deficit.

 Meet the appropriate beneficiaries.

 Why Not

 It is a hurdle for the country men as ABBA is unnecessarily makes the process
cumbersome to the uneducated people.

 It removes the flexibility to the system as previously one who is neihbour can
also take ration to neighbourhood family in the time of distress but now it will
like illegal.

 In many a times it seems that people doesn’t aware of the system or deadline
because of this they deprived of the benefit of government.

 Intermediaries who are seeding the adhar to the scheme are some times not
seeded correctly , wrong doing of them will be charged on the consumer by
excluding them from the scheme.

 Exclusion is not saving as many of the deserved beneficiary have left from the
scheme due to not proper functioning of digital world..

 Judicial Integrity

 Recent controvery around the case of medical council and bribery to the judges is
a cause of concern

 What to do
  The cardial principle that CJI is the master of roster need to be re-
examined. In case of UK the upper power is being devided between the
senior most two. The unchecked power of CJI to constitute the bench
need to be circumscribed not because of lack of faith in CJI but on the
account of transpancenry and accountability.

 The complex rules in maintaining the ethics and un voiced convention of

judicaiary need to get inline.

 Consumer confidence in the judiciary is on halt due to the way in which

this whole matter was dealt. It could also be dealt with great precaution in
taking mind of integrity of judiciary.

 There must be a institutional mechanism to dealt with such a situation like

if allegations are made aginst CJI then bench like 5 senior most judges-
CJI must dealt the matter.

 Integrity, transparency, autonomy of judiciary must be maintained.

 Crises in the judiciary of lack of strength of judges must be resolver on the

priority basis.

 Advocate of any court must maintain decorum of justice temple.

 Freedom of press

 Challenges

 Paid news-> Deterrent to democracy and violation of FR.

 From state govt and national govt.

 Fake news.
  Nature of information

 Business model of press-> press is sustaining itself on advertisement.

 Technological challenges like social media.

 How to overcome.

 Govt must ensure the freedom of press under COI , courts may also take a
judicial activism in case of mallaw. Like rajasthan govt did.

 Resilience to freedom which is the piller on which press must stands up

always in the adverse condition.

 Reinvent the business model of press.

 Paid news must be tackle altogether.

 Right to dissent must be ensured,

 Freedom of press is necessary to percolate down the idea of vibrant

democracry. Press is 4th pillar of democracy, without the autonomy and
freedom democracy can’t be ensured.

 Indian Judge victory in ICJ elections.

 It shows indis’s increasing influence on international stage.

 It shows india can bet on the UNSC permanent member seat.

 Do we need anti superstition law

  NO

 Karnatka govtenacted such law but the activity which is prhibitted under the
law are already prohibited in IPC.

 Already IPC and CrPc covers a substantial amount oa activity which are
prohibited and penalizes them.

Like 307 and 323 under IPC penalizes throwing child on thrones.

 If there is any need we can amend IPC or CrPc. Making a law on each and
every subject will lead to duplicacy of effort.

 Implementation and enforcement is the only need on which govt must think.

 Superstition is not defined as one may call going to temple is also a

superstition.

 Yes

 IPC and Crpc can’t deal with black magic and superstition.

 This will be check on the self claimed godman before which they becomes
powerful.

 Any law which will especially deals with these provisions will deter such
practices if impelemented fully.

 Since colonialism like sati, child marriage prohibition need such intervention.

 It is the poor who fell victim to such practices like poor health access, education
access and rampant unemployment.

 Moral reforms is needed.

  Need for a proper engagement of stakeholder like in the recent times tv shows on
astrology and kind of a puja to the god by the devotee on the certain terms
provided by the astrologer somewhat gives the legitimation.

 Simultaneous elections for parliament and legislature:-

 Pros

 It will make a less Burdon on public exchequer.

 Deployment of forces will save and can make an effective utilization of forces.

 MCC has a huge implication as in this period no party in the power can
announce a project has an implication on development.

 Party in the power and party in the opposition divert their attention to the
election state and development agenda is on the back seat.

 Administration can utilize his energy to resolve the pressing issue of public
rather to involve in the multiple elections.

 not new and irrelevant issue. india has an experience of conducting simultaneous
election in early decades of freedom

 Gnerally in the election time devisive politics leads to communal tension

many time election will push the state in the tension.

 Cons

 Regional variation and regional issues will override by the national issues as
these are of different characteristics.

 What if coalition govt fails in the state or in the center in the midterm?
  The main charactersitc of Indian polity is of democracy it will be in danger.

 Continous election acts like check and balances captures the mood of people
and acts as a refrendom.

 Basic structure need to be amended.

 Frequent elections provide jobs to the unemployed youth.

 Parties which thinks that they are not at par with the national parties will
oppose the issue.

 The only power the common man has is vote…If this will be taken away it will
be blow on democracy.

 Many a times there is coalition govt but this hurdle can be come across as an
exception by the consensus of parties.

 Propotional representation system may be time to debate as we seen BSp govt

20% of the vote share but didn’t get even a single seat.

 It may devide the society into many pieces.

 Special Court to be dealt with politician.

 Why

 Given the pendency of the cases in the regular court against politican who are
law maker are the visionary of india tomorrow must be dealt with the strong
hand.

 Jusitice delivery system must be expeditious not on the cost of quality.

 Detriorating quality speedy justice must be enhanced.

  How

 Special court

 Increase the number of judges.

 Infrastructure improvement,

 Political will is the need.

 Need to have a look on the salary and the perk given to the judges to attract
the youth.

 Red tape need to eliminate.

 This is the short term solution, need to think about longterm issue.

 IPC section 497:-

 It says that if a married man has a sex with another man’s women then he should
be charged with adultery and must be prosecuted with 5 year imprissionment.

 Why this section must not be deleted.

 As in india Marriage is a sacrosanct institution and any kind of adulteration in

this must meet with the heavy hand.

 This section was inacted in the 1847 in that time to to take condition of
women in account and it is the duty of law to protect is.

 In a country like india where we are registering marriage to the state in order
to acknowledge and protect the marriage it is not advisable to delete such
provision.
  This must be amended rather than deleted

 Why

 It only controls the conduct of a man rather a women who is equally

responsible for the act.

 The women who suffer by such act must be compensated and IPC is
sielent about.

 Why it should be deleted.

 This section is patriarchal in nature it treats women as the commodity of

women.

 It is not in fundamental with the constitiuon on 14 and 15 and discriminate on

the basis of sex.

 Body belongs to the women so her consent and her right to her body must be
upheld.

 It must be struck down to uphold the dignity and integrity of women.

 In a marriage like institution women as equal right at par with the man .

 Issue of Press conference of Judges of SC.

 Why not

 Stability of nation is depend on 2 things absolute faith in currency and

judiciary.

 It may have a spill over effect of lower judiciary then it will be a disaster.
  1997 SCI adopted a charter on how should judges behave

 Judges to be aloof and not enter public debate or give interview

to media.

 Whatever the differences were in between the judges; they must be sortout
behind the carpet not in the public, it will have a deterrent effect in judiciary
as a whole.

 As 4:1 will affect the transfer and appointment of judges to HC and SC as

well , already less number of judges.

 WHY

 Public has a right to know, as judges are considered to be act as a god so

 Administration of justice need to be cured if problem persists.

 If there is a political interference of outside influence of judiciary then it is a

problem to democracy and independency to institution itself.

 Why this problem

 Collegium system

 Opaqueness of internal structure of SCI.

 How to tackle

 A supreme court ACT by parliament. With a best possible debate and with the
public intervention.
  Codified all the deadlock like transfer, selection, master of roster issue.

 Restricting of SC into 3

 Admission, appealate and constitutional.

 All special leave petition to be considered by admission bench 1 st. random

allocation of judges to the bench.

 Issue is actually number of judges in the benche like only 2.. so more the
number of benches more will be the issues.

 As SC appointments are done on the basis of consultative system so allocation

of important cases must be done by the same procedure.

 Allocation of cases should be done on the basis of expertise and experience.

 Politically sensitive cases must be dealt by the 5 most senior judges…

 Issue of National medical commission bill

 Commision is a regulatory body but it has to formulate the policy which is a work
of parliament.

 Entire commission is a nominated by the government which is a conflict of

intrest.

 If universal care is the moto of government then putting pvt institution in the
systmen will exacerbate the situation like in metropolitan cities too many doctor
chansing too few paying patient.

 In the bill there is a lack of clearity on the function of commission.

 Commision must be proactive rather than reactive as for a case MCI when giving
a recoginition to the new medical college inspect for the 4 year on yearly basis
and if fould faulty cancel the registration which put student carrer in vein.

Amendement in Motor vhicle act 1988

 Intriduce guidelines which is binding on the state govt.

 Creating a framework for taxi cab drivers.
 Financing insurance to treat the injured and compensate the family whose memeber
dead in hit and run case.
 A law for good samintran is also appriciable.
 Recomondation of sundar committee for road saftey has been taken into account.
 Prescribing standrd for electronically monitoring highway,
 Moderingisn the driving licence.
 Now state has to make a call to make their authority aware and put all the regulation
syncronise with the central law.
 Need to enhance the traffic police capablity as well as monitoring the curroupt
practicees.
 High penalties on the the crime like drunk and drive , jumping the red light is also a
good sgnal.
 Amendment:-
 Bill addresses the challenges:- A uniform licence through out the territory of
india
 Cental repositort as in india around 1 crore licence issued each year manually.
Result is issued without check and balances.
 A digitized uniform and centralized driver licensing system.
 Enforcement of laws through technology, likewise done in kerla.
 Debarred children from driving by penalties and enforcement of law.
 A protective headgear for all above the age of 4 year.
 Penalties
 Increased to 10,000 in case of drun and driving.
 Increased in case of minor breach of licensing rules.
  India is a signatory to brassilia declaration so need to make a cut in 50% accident
on road.

 Malimanth Report on criminal Justice system.:-

 Some controversial Reconomondation

 Making confession infront of senior police officer a evidence.

 Dilution of standard of proof required for a criminal conviction.

 It coveres entire gamut of justice system from investigation to sentencing from

matter of policy to matter to nuances of criminal procedure.

 Permitting vediography of sentence been implemented.

 Substaintial witness protection

 Increase the police custody from 15 to 30 days.

 Low rate of conviction is the issue which need to be addressed.

 Widspred perception that there is curroption on one hand and criminal and
potical and police nexus on the other which makes things critical.

 Issue of parmiamentary secratry

 Why this post created

 A major time parties issuing whip-:> Less control by the legislature on

executive so MLA wants an influencial post.

 Executive lead legislation

  Poor serration of power,

 Flag of states :-

 Why

 It will strengthen the federal structure of india.

 As states are demarcated based on language and different culture so

represnting by the flag will also give a boost to their identity.

 As different forces like army navy has their own flag why can’t state has

 In USA all the 50 states has their own flags

 There is no prohibition on seprate flag of state under flag act-2002 untill it do

not dishonor the national flag.

 Why Not

 If a state allowed to make it’s own flag then this will opent the pendure box
and states may slip into subregionalism.

 Those who advaocating about USA there should note of one thing that india’s
political trajectory is different form those , in case of USA they were earlier
serate things and came after negotiation on the other hand india is a union on
states.

 Demand of a seperte flag is tantamount to the fundamental values of

constitution.

 Flag should be used as heirchy of loyalty.

  As in Ipl Even public creates loylty to the other countires players but it is not
the case with the international teams.

 E4

 SC for live streaming

 Why

 It will enable the system to deliver on it’s promise of empowering masses.

 All the cases should not go live but the cases for extreme importance of ublic
must go live it will ensure mass reach.

 Live streaming will ensure the faith of public in judiciary as they will know
how the court procceds.

 As all the other things goes live like digitaisationof record even FIR so why
can court be?

 Need to avoid the multiple version of wrong projection of facts or the

menance of fake news.

 Lamenting the lack of infrastructure or an overburderned judiciary can’t go as

a justification of not to be live streamed.

 In USA and austraillia and ICJ too are recoded hearing allowed to see on the
website.

 Why not.

 Verdict of the SC are highly technical so only high knowledgable person of

Constitution can only onderstand.
  Judges are not responsible to public nor accountable to them.

 Judiciary is different to legislatore as legilatore is accountable to public but

judiciary can’t.

 Judges will be livestremend this will lead to poularity and will in turn affect
the objectivity.

 Same goes with the lawyer as they will be live streamed so chances of
indulging into the oral discussion for the longer time will be prone and
ultimately consume SC time.

 Lawyer may tend to address not only to the judges but the public too.

 A recording of the hearing will be a solution and will be avialble to the lawyer
in case he thinks that he was not be heared properly.

 Before going for the live streamed we need more reforms like more emphasis on
written belif rather oral. pAge limit of berief, time limit of oral argument as india
lawyer get more amount of time than other countries.

 A press officer of will be given berief to the media of the proccedings.

 SC lead electoral reforms.

 Court directed to centre to amend the disclosure from that submitted during the
election by the contestant.

 Contestant must reveal the source of their income as it has been seen there is a
disrpropotionate increase in the asset.

 NOTA

 Striking down the law that saved the sitting legislator from immediate
disqualifiatin.
  This step is a welcome step but we need to think over party funding which is non
transparent

 As strict anti defection law makes disqualification of person based on that he

was elected because of party manifesto.. Here too purty funding must be
transaparent on the same logic.

 Case of passive eutanessia:-

 Although court mainained the right to die with dignity but it can be said that it is a
step into the legislative sphere:

 What to do

 Curt guidelines are quassi legislative in nature.

 It can be done like in case of south African court do then gives time between
the judgement and enforcement so that legislature has time to recorrect
herself.

 Right tolife with dignity can also be derived from right to privacy and a
technological self determination.

 May be misused.

 Death penalty for chil rape by govt

 Why it should

 There is a belief that harsher punishment will deter the person to commit the
crime:- Counter is terrorism
  Jusitice to the child surrviouver demands that law provide for the death penalty

 Our abhorrence for the crime makes the perpetrator deserving of dealth penalty

 Why not

 It is very complex issue consist of social economic, cultura, physiological, this

must be address as a whole.

 US report says that death penalty is detterant or not is not find in the research.

 Issues with lack of specialized investigation, judeges, prosecutor, metal health

professional, forensic export,

 Issue of misuse.

 In many cases it has been seen the close relative is the one who do the ra pe. So
there will be some instance like family pressure if the close one will go on the
penalty as already number of the registered cases are less registed.

 There is gross inadequation in child protection and rehabilation services, lack of

compliance with child friendly leagal procedure.

 Considered it as rarest of rare will put judges on arbitraryness.

 Conviction rate under this act is only 14%.

 SC/ST act

 Recent SC observation based on the conviction rate, banned the automatic arrest and
registration of criminal case under SC/STact

 NCRB data says crime against sc and st has increased by 66% in last 10 year.

 Why conviction rate is less

 Poor investigation and incompetence investigation.

  Currupssion in the police.

 Dominance of higher caste.

 Anticipatory bail provision was started in 1973 and it is a limited statutory

right.

 Why not..

 No one can assume that law wasn’t miss used but on the othr hand atrocities too
were happen.

 Article 17

 Data protection :-

 Why need

 Recent breach of data from fb is the wake up call that how election can be
manipulated pysilogically.(15% Indian prox to 20 cr are on facebook. Which is
increasing.)

 Technology is evolving at a very rapid pace need too think in the same way

 Election in the world biggest democracy should made in fair and transparent manner, for
this election commison can issue the advisory to parties and candidate.
  In IT act section 44 A need to be changed which put onus on consumer to show the
privacy has been breached by the company.

 I agree on the contract on internet in which clauses are defined implicit manner, for this
all such clauses must be explicitly defined.

 1SO 27001 as certification which given to the venture for maintaining the reasonable
security on sensitive information.

 Explicity permission should also be taken from consumer for disclosing the sensitive
information.

 Check and balances should also be there

 Should gambling be legalized in india

 Yes Why?

 already prevalent in india and very difficult to curb in the current

circumstnances.

 Black money is generated by this->underworld-> terror financing

 2010 KMpG report says 60 Bn $ mkt india.

 A regulated market will provide jobs as 2.5 lack people in usa do.

 Need an awareness compaign to educate minor and others about gambeling

 Will improve tax revenue of govt.

 Lodha committee recomonded in cricket.

 There is a prohibition in the public places but not in the private places.
  Not

 Excessive -> sucide+ banklruptcy.

 Companies excessive compaign to change the behavior of common population

will have a great effect.

 It is like if we can’t curb the drunk and driving case so legalise it and make a
revenue through the penalties. We must not permit it.

 There is no gaurntee that after legalizing there will be no betting racket.

 Problems

 Gambling is the state subject if centre want need some amendment.

 Jurisdiction on line gambeling. How to ensure safe gambeling in the public

intrest.

 Parliament stall on NCM motion

 The very basic responsibility of the parliament that a legitimate group should from
the govt by the action of NCM if not legitimate.

 Current disruption by the Mp on this part is not tolerable and should be met a hard hand
of speaker as it is his responsibility to process NCM if a legitimate fraction of Mp wants .

 Speaker power like suspension of mp, and others to maintain the decorum must be act.

 Issue of federalism

 Recent issue of question by southern state

  FC commission on 2011 basis.

 Financial and cultural autonomy asking southern state and flag issue.

 Contribution towards ecnomy than northern states.

 What centre did for cooperative federalism

 NITI AYOg

 Devolution of finance on the recomondation of 14 FC 32%->42%

 India is union of states rather federation

 Constitutional provision ->ISC

 RS

 Finance commission 15th

 Fundamental of human development rest with the states with less space of
finance.

 After GST it decreased.

 Term of refrence to the FC to consider 2011 data of population is also a yoke on

some state which already achived TFR or below on one hand their population is
less and their aged population and on the other their shrinked fiscal space.
Enhanced cost of elederly care must be looked into by FC

 it is not the work of finance commission to recomond the fiscal policy to the
government it the their responsibility of the central government how they want to
do.

 To discontinue the post-tax devolution of the revenue deficit grant would go

agianst the the principle of cooperative federalism.
  Proposing the performance based indicator to devolve the fund is also a yoke on
autonomy of the state. It is totally depend on the state which priority they want
for their citizen/ it wil also good for decentralization as some of the didn’t devolve
power to lower level of government.

 It is not correct that after 14 FC commission centre’s fiscal space has shrunked
but they with draw from 7 schme which had the equal outlay which centre
devolve to the state. On the contrary the devolution to the state as % of GDp has
decreased in the last some years.

 India is a diverse country and the need to is diverse. This must tak into account
while considering devolution.

 Adoption of children.

 Stat-> approximately 50K childrens are to be on adoption. Last year 13K parents
want to adopt but only 3.5-4k got children.

 Why this process is so cumbersome

 Expeditious and hurrey in this process can have a child trafficking angle.

 Finall say on adoption for go ahead is of court which are over burdened by he
cases so-> delay in adoption.

 To deal with it now final say will be of district administration. But again
fear of target given to them will also have a ill effect on child right.

 Child medical condition which is describe on the website is different on tha

actual condition-> so need regular medical check up with updation-> for this
need doctor which india is lacking.

 Time consuming process is between judiciary and adoption centre-> need to

streamline.
  What is need

 Streamline the adoption process

 Enforcement of laws

 Child trafficking

 As parents are scruitnises for adoption for this cild adoption centre also need
to scruitnises.

 Safeguard to child + parents.

 e- tech use maximum.

 Need to think of disabled child which are not adopted in india.

 Lateral entry to civil services

 Good why?

 Access to best and specialized talent. (manmohan singh + monteck ahlualiya)

 It can improve the efficiency by taking private sector professional into

services.

 Concerns

 Selection:- may be a political interference if yes than it will have a

repercussion effect on nation as whole.

 As mentioned if he is inducted to the services for 3 year then he has not a

motive to work for long and making carrier here. So things will become
ugly.so minimum 5 yr expendable to.
  Role of joint secy is the most important in administration-> so he need some
training for functioning.

 Private sector runs on profit motive but not government. So transition of the
private sector employee to govt need transition. Infact east india company
took 3 decade to change its function from trader to governance.

 Whole process need to be politically neutral.

 Think of reservation in this too.

 Recent recuirtment of Jnt secy af agriculture is itself a generalist post not

technical like need a plant breeder expert?

 Austraillia is also has lateral entry and working good there.

 Cadre allocation is after foundation proggrame

 Bad why?

 It will decrease transparency, increase favrotism, decrease the efficiency

 What if some one want to become IPS and allocated to IAS-> will ruin his life

 Foundation course is not done at one place then how the marks will be
equalize-> lead to favrotism

 Increase the political interference.

 Increase the yes manship which will ultimately lead to breaking of robust steel
frame of civil services which is time tested.

 As junior officer gave marks in the foundation like in village programe-> It

will lead to compromising the transparency as junior is prone to influence.

 It undermines the credibility of upsc which is a constitutional body

  This policy msy attract judicial scrutiny which will make th process more
cumbersome as states are already lacking in vacancy.

 2nd arc report and then committee of minister discussed the possible changes
in the CS->but after discussion they left and CS remain unchanged.

 Yes new method can be tested as CS is growing into more complex but such
changes must be debated before put into effect as this may parlyse the whole
system-> inturn affect the society, good governance->

 Issue of organ transplantation

 As news surfaced of organ as has been allegedly provided to the foreigner even
Indian name on the list

 Complication

 In india still there is a small witing line for the heart and ung transplant-
>why->It is just sarted few year back and this need trust beween public and
doc

 Heart and lung must be transplant with in 6 hour and codition of one is very
stringent due to medical complication. Even a simple nausea can deter the
heart transplantation.

 In india 1/3rd of the heart are still not being used due to no suitable match.

 How to stop

 A full stop to giving organ to foreigner is not the good step incase of not
meeting the suitable candidate-> organ will be wasted

 It will impact medical tourism

  Need a publically funded air bus by which organ or recipient can move easily
and make transplant possible.-> commercial flight have their own time so
difficult to cop up.

 The process should be more transparent and accountable to public.

 Outcome of every transplant should be monitor, transtan should make

mandatiory reporting of transplant by weekly monthly and on yearly baisis.

 The utomost trust of public should be maintain in the donor system otherwise
it will affect adversely

 There must be a subsidization of heart transplant for poorer. This must not be
based on who can afford but who is in dire need.

 SC/ST quota in promotion

 Why needed

 Quota system was not a povety eliviation programe but it was to done away with
the prejudice.

 If one is eligible to get promotion then he should get.

 Indira sawhane case: SC laid t guidline on this isse

 One must consider these in giving he promotion

 Backwrness of the sc/st

 Representation in the sevice

 Efficiency of the system.

 What is need to do
  An empirical data must substantiate the argument that prejudice persists in
the system.

 Need to take account the diversiy in the cast also

 Entry level reservation is good but in promotion need caution.

 Prevention of atrocities act-

 Provisions

 A special court for hearing

 Denial of anticipatory bail

 Actions agains the public officr who deied to discharge the duties

 Defined what consists of atrocities.

 DSP level officer will look into the complain

 SC said no blanket bar on the anticipatory bail.

 9th schedule:- it was came in by 1st CAA-> basically to save te agrarian reform->
keshvanada bahrti case-> no blanket immunity in 9th schedule.

 A law must be qualified on the 2 ground before put into

 FR

 Violation of basic structure

 IR cohelio case

 Data shows that in the recent past atrccites has increased-> but data also shows
that close to half case withdrawn in the recent past.(may be due to pressure)
  It is said that number of reported cases increased may due to increased
number of awareness-> same for women related.

 SC hasn’t diluted the clause but gave a striking balance between FR and law.

 It has been seen that this law has been misused by many for their personal
vindication.

 Empowered sc/st missused this law against non sc/st

 Wa fwd- balance

 Why not..

 No one can assume that law wasn’t miss used but on the othr hand atrocities too
were happen.

 Article 17

 There are some instances that police officer not registering the cases, in such case
complaint must be registered against erring officer.

 It violates the right to equitlity that and FIR registered under this act then there
is no help to people unless court give. Like preliminary enquiry must before
register the complaint.

 How to solve

 Risk assessment and mgm

 Cognitive behavioural treatment and community protection measure.


 Triple talaqbill:-

 3 provisons

 Triple talaq in anyform of instantaneous and irrevocable divorce pronounced

by musilm is void

 Muslim husband pronouncing triple talaq is criminally culpable (Marrige is a

civil contract)

 Offence in non-cognizable and non bailable

 Should MP and MLA be barred from practicing in the court

 YES

 Rule 49 of bar council says- any full time salried employee whether pvt or
govt, can’t practice as a lawer in te court

 MP and MLA are the public servant-> they given salary house etc to discharge
duty to the public intead they do practice law on the cost of public service.

 A ias, or oher public servants are prohibite from doing such like opening of
petrol pump- issue of artcle -14, 15 and 21

 a lawyer takes fee from petitioner and salrey from respondent-> professional
misconduct

 there is conflict of intrest if case against government

 sometime they act as lobyst like instead of participating in he debate they sue
govt in the court which is again a moral hazard
  mp can make impeachment of judges which may be used to pressurize the
judge in own favor.

 Why Not

 Every where in the world want specaisation even in ias, and we here are
regressive.

 A doctor, engineer, CA can join the politics and simulaeously MP s well then
what is the problem with lawyer.

 Less renumeration for the mps so need to engage in the professional activities
as well.

 Choice on abortion

 It is the women who bears the child and responsibility as a whole so the last word
must be of her that when to produce or not.

 MRTP act

 It says 12 week need 1 doctor advice

 12-20 weeks-> 2 doctors

 Above 20 weeks no pregnanc termination

 As the new technology are coming now a days the upper limit should be
increased to 24 weekss-> because what if child found complex.

 What need to do

 More right to women.

 MRTP act should chnge according to the current times->new tech msut be
included.
  Awareness to the women’

 More choices to the women in the current challengeing scenario.

 Issues

 Female foeticide

 Unwanted child-> more social complication.

 Social stigma.

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................................................................................................Health..................................................
.....................................................................................................................

A Fight with TB:- 

 Facts:-
 The country has 27 per cent of TB patient and 34 per cent of global
TB deaths.
 Amongst thet 22 high Burden countries in the world, India ranks
17 in incidence rate.
th

 According to the WHO Global TB Reports from 2013 to 2015, the

estimated proportion of MDR TB Cases in India is not increasing.
  A recent report of lancet shows that in 2040 1 in every 10 of
infectected TB india will be resistant to both MDR band XDR.

 Problem on achieving TB free india:-

 TB drug Bedaquiline is available in USA and Delamanid is
in EU. BDQ is avaible in only in the 7 cities in india.
 fixed dose combination (FDCs) for TB patient living with HIV due
to delay.
 Lack of indian delegates on union world conference on Lung
health in UK shows india's attitude towards deplete this disease. 
 Why TB igoners
 Fundamentals are beyond the capaicty of health mgm.
 Lack of preventinve strategies
 Poor nutrition
 Rapid urbanisation.
 Limited public awareness
 It igonres that most of the TB patient doesn't took help in the
Public hospitals.
 Reaserch in the area of TB is shrinking only 2 anti biotic in
the 2 decades is the probem.
 India' Initiative till now
 Medical Research :-  The Indian Council of Medical Research
(ICMR) and Department of Biotechnology (DBT) have a joint programme to
evaluate indigenous TB diagnostics.  Two new drugs for TB (Bedaquiline and
Delamanid) were introduced globally in 2013.
 The “India TB Research and Development Corporation”
(ITRDC), a flagship initiative by ICMR, aims to bring together all major national
and international stakeholders to develop new tools (drug, diagnostics,
vaccines).
  For TB.Vision-> The first International Scientific Advisory Group
(ISAG) meeting was convened  in New Delhi bringing together the eminent
international and national TB experts from four thematic areas. The ISAG
consisted of 6 international experts and 3 experts from India.
 Open source drug discovery (OSSD) is project to make research on
TB drug funded by tata trust.It will be unique programme.
 Sputum samples are collected from infected person for doing
sputum microscopy and those with persistent cough are linked up with hospitals
for an X-ray examination and Gene Xpert MTB/RIF assay in districts, a new
diagnostic device for detecting TB as well as primary drug resistance in sputum
specimens.
 The Central TB Division has chosen 50 districts across the country
to launch active case finding campaign in Karnatka.
  What Govt Need to do:-
  There is strong political commitment at the moment to tackle TB
head-on and achieve the 90-90-90 targets by 2035 (90 per cent reductions in
incidence, mortality and catastrophic health expenditures due to TB
 In order to do this, our policies must be driven by data and
evidence, as well as be responsive to patient needs and expectations.
Unlike polio, we do not have an effective vaccine to prevent TB
 so our strategy must be based on finding all cases, treating
them .appropriately, reducing risk factors and preventing further
transmission.
 we need to pay most attention to the under nutrition, Malnutrition
(low body weight) which is responsible for 50 per cent of TB in India and also
leads to higher death rate, because of the low capacity of the body to mount an
immune response
 What needs india to do
 Increase the capacity of  Public secotr
 increase the participation of PVT sector
 Incerase the budget
 Massive campaign for awareness
 empowerment for those who have affected.
 Reliable and free TB test.
 Free high quality treatment.
 International:-
 T.B.:- WHO has called for the first United Nations General
Assembly session on the disease.
  The fight against TB can't be won as long as the high-
burden countries, particularly India which has the highest TB burden in
the world.
 Criticism of Govt:-
 Recent case MDR T.B.:- GOVT of india having a sole restriction
on BDQ and not available at all medical store. A girl file a case against govt in
court.
 There is actully chances of generating the resistance by the
use of BDQ if people starts so gvt apeales that it should be use in the worst case.
 Recent study in afrcia shows that as early as possible starts
of BDQ will be good for the person having  TB and avail a good result.
 GOVT policies are not good to curb the curse of T.B. 
 Why health policy:-

 Empowerment of women through full opportunity in
education and employment, and access to all contraception options, should be
centre to national policies.
 latest Science And Tech
 New Catrideg based neucleic acid amplification Test (CB
NAAT) to detect early TB
 TB pateint rarely get the MDR drug as we see in case of COI.
 Now Nano Disk-MS assay test is used to diagnose the TB. which detect
the CFP-10 and  ESAT-6 protien in Sputum. this test even can detect very early stage
with the great efficiency.
Tb Test:-Nano disk,CB NAAT, XPERT MTB/RIF, Suptum Microsscic

 New testpolicy for TB universal drug senstivity test. It will be implemented using molecular
diagnostic test called Gene-XPERT:- it will also detect the resistance aginst the drug
rfampicin.

Over- fortified food:- Fortified food is Needed, Because to give the nutritional value
addition on consumption.

 Recently food safety and standrd authority of india U/ Union
health ministry made a draft to giving a mandate to company  to add vitamins and other
nutrition up to a limit.
 A recent study conducted in USA shows that over fortified food
can provide some extra vitamin and other nutrition to body which can result in short term fatal.
 Problem is mainly because evry guidelines based on the
adult not base on child and pregnanat women.
 Facts:-India looses 12 billion/Yr to vitamin and nutritional
deficieny.
 48% children under 5 yr age are stunted,43% are
under weight,20% wasted.
 It is possible to request online test that can tell you your propenisity about
diabties-> Heart disease.
 High end gene sequencer- A device that can read the unique
sequence of individual gene and only one of its kind in S.E. Aisa.
 Issue:- Govt is not helping in this programme like USA govt helping. more
awarenss needed.
 There are few studies unique to indian like marwari womens are
similer to askenazi jew commmunity in case of breast cancer.
 A network of doctor across the country called GUaRDIAN:- to help
the individuals and families affilicted with rare diseases .
Food Fortification:-

 Why need
 It is the best ad easy way to provide the nutrient rich food to all the
needy.
 Many food intake problme can be curbed as all the nutreint will be
available in the one food.
 Easy availablity and affordablity.
 Many of the disease burdon which is because of nutrient can be
curbed easily like animea
 What govt is doing
 FASSAI is the top agency which looking on the fortification of food
by making notification.
 All the thing will be depnd mainly on the implementation.
  PDS is the good source to reach mainly nutrient  deficit deficit
people.

 Increase in non communicable NCD disease.

 Why
 Polution.
 Habits.
 Not doing physical activity.
 Bad sleeping habits.
 Mental composition.
 Disturbance in biological clock.
 Adulteration in food.
 Sedantary life style.
 How to deal.
 Awareness among people.
 Concentrate more on preventive health care rather territory health.
 1.2% of GDP epence now need to increase.
 Hekath is not a political issue in india need to think .
 Take all stakeholder in to the ambit will and consensus is the need.
 Civil society government need to think open space for children, for
activity.
 Behavioural change.
 Adulteration must be penalized with a heavy hand.
 Child+ mother care as some of life style starts from birth.
 Malnutrition need to address.;

Sugar Tax:- the World Health Organisation’s recommendation— that nations must tax on
sugary drinks because an overwhelming global addiction to them.

 Facts:-
  The WHO indicated that “at least a 20 per cent increase in the
retail price of sugary drinks would result in proportional reductions in
consumption of such products”
 “Nutritionally, people don’t need any sugar in their diet.
 WHO recommends that if people do consume free sugars, they
keep their intake below 10 per cent of their total energy needs, and reduce it to
less than 5 per cent for additional health benefits.
 India Scenario -  Kerala has done so recently with a tax on some types
of foods.
 Problem was that “the consumption of sugary drinks is a major
problem in children and this is easily linked to obesity and diabetes. If
implemented, like the tobacco tax, which reportedly helped decrease tobacco
consumption, such a tax might be able to cut down the consumption of sugary drinks
among children.
 caution nations about:
 the tax must be well-implemented, taking into consideration the
needs of local communities in order for its benefits to be properly harnessed.
 More sugar intake can cause the type-2 diabities and obsiety problem.
There are nexus among scinetist and food beverages comapany which bribes them no
to show the potential of sugar causing these diseases.
 Who health guidelines are low to very low in case of sweet sugar
intake.
 Provisions are no clear that how it will affect the human being if he
will take this much of amunt sugar..

National e-Health Authority (NeHA)

 Introduction – What is NeHA:-Limited use of ICT in health services
the government has proposed the NeHA.
 National e-Health Authority (NeHA) is proposed to be set up under
minstry of health, as a promotional, regulatory and standards setting
organization to guide and support.
 It will be set up under the government’s Digital India
programme and will work towards the integration of multiple health IT systems in a way
that ensures security, confidentiality and privacy of patient data.
  Method of Operation 
 NeHA will be set up as a health information network where various
stakeholders and contributors to health information will set up a repository of information.
 Mutual communication will also be allowed to communicate with each
other with the help of so-called Application Programming Interfaces (API). This will
function in the same was as mobile applications.
 Health care APIs would allow the doctor’s to communicate with the
chemists and the testing labs and centers to communicate with the hospital’s database.
 Challenges for NeHA
This seemingly perfect health information system has its own set of challenges:
 There is poor uptake of electronic records by doctors in India.
 lack of inter-operability.
 End users are not involved in health information systems’ design and
implementation strategies.
 outdated laws have slowed down digital innovation in healthcare.
Addressing the Challenges

The challenges mentioned above can be addressed with the following measures:

 To encourage the doctors to adopt Electronic Medical Records

(EMRs) the proposed systems must be easy to use and affordable.
 The system should ensure that it collects only that data which is
required-> helping in data minimisation+avoiding any kind of overload. There have been
instance in the US insurance companies where digitisation led to workplace
dissatisfaction and physician burnout.
 Ensure a participative approach-> where all stakeholders are involved in
the planning of design and implementation.
 Proper funding, research and analysis needs to be done. 
 Encourage investments and promote an API-based ecosystem.
 Even though the new law accompanying NeHA is expected to provide the
patients with data ownership rights-> If not then data can be missused by the
other, foreign companies in their favour.
 Large private hospitals should open up their digital platforms to API-
based solutions
  Unique Identification Authority of India (UIDAI) / Aadhar number can be
used for mass out reach.
 Technology is such that it must be user friendly.
 Conclusion
NeHA and regulatory laws will define India’s health information ecosystem and will have deep,
long-lasting impact on healthcare delivery. The government has to ensure the following:

 It gives primacy to the needs of patients and clinicians

 Adopts a user friendly design.
 Ensure passing of privacy laws in sync with these new technologies.

  "Surrogacy (Regulation) Bill, 2016":-


 National Surrogacy Board and State Surrogacy Boards'
 The Bill shall apply to whole of India- J&K

 The salient features of the bill are

 To allow altruistic ethical surrogacy to intending infertile couple
between the age of 23- 50 years and 26-55 years for female and male respectively.
 The intending couples should be legally married for at least 5
years and should be Indian citizens. 
 The intending couples have not had any surviving child
biologically or through adoption or through surrogacy earlier except when they have a child and
who is mentally or physically challenged or suffer from life threatening disorder with no
permanent cure.
 The child born through surrogacy will have the same rights as are
available for the Biological child.
 The surrogate mother should be a close relative of the
intending couple and should be between the age of 25-35 years. She can act as
surrogate mother only once.
 An order concerning the parentage and custody of the child to be
born through surrogacy, is to be passed by a court of the Magistrate of the first class.
 An insurance coverage of reasonable and adequate amount shall
be ensured in favour of the surrogate mother.
 The Bill prohibits commercial surrogacy, but allows
altruistic surrogacy.  Altruistic surrogacy involves no monetary compensation to the
surrogate mother other than the medical expenses and insurance coverage during the
pregnancy.
 The Board shall consist of the
 Chairperson->Minister in-charge of the Ministry of
Health and Family Welfare
 Vice-Chairperson->Secretary  in- charge of the
Department dealing with the surrogacy matter
 3 women MP of whom two shall be elected by L.S.
+1 by R.S
  Violation to the act shall be an offence punishable with
imprisonment for a term which shall not be less than 10 years and with fine which may extend to
10 lakh rupees.
 The surrogacy clinics shall have to maintain all records for a
period of 25 years .
 gestation period of 10 months from the date of coming into force
of this act to protect the wellbeing of already existing surrogate mothers.
 Problem:-
 Bill can't adress the issue of gay and single mother and father who
want to adopt the child from surrogacy
 Despite the organ plantation law as stringent act, the organ
industry is thrives out, so there are less chances it will adress the issue. for this strict
implementation will be needed.

National Food Security Act, 2013

 It includes the Midday Meal Scheme+ICDS+PDS.  It also recognises

maternity entitlements.
 beneficiaries of the Public Distribution System (PDS) are entitled to 5
kilograms  per person per month of cereals at the following prices:
 Rice at Rs. 3 per kg
 Wheat at Rs. 2 per kg
 Coarse grains (millet) at Rs. 1per kg.
 Intent of NFSA– Food security means availability of sufficient
foodgrains to meet the domestic demand as well as access, at the individual level, to
adequate quantities of food at affordable prices.
Current position:-
 as of now, only five States have fully executed it as per the
provisions of the Central Act (Punjab, Haryana, Chhattisgarh, Maharashtra and
Rajasthan).
 The progress in other States has been tardy. There is partial
implementation in Bihar, Delhi, Himachal Pradesh and Karnataka.
 The preliminary surveys undertaken in some of these States have
revealed positive outcomes in terms of
 Administrative reforms
 Significant increase in the number of households having
ration cards
 Improvement in the distribution
 Improvement in consumption of food through fair price
shops
 However, if the act is fully implemented, it is likely to benefit 720
million people through availability of 5 kg per capita per month of subsidised food grains
.
  Food and nutrition security:-
 The two concepts are interlinked but nutrition security has a much
wider connotation than food security.
 It encompasses a biological approach. It means adequate
and safe intake of protein, energy, vitamin and minerals along with proper health and
social environment.
 The nutritional aspect of the quantity of grain to be distributed to
each person under the  PDS is somewhat less researched, though the Act has aimed at
attaining this goal.
  Poor quality of food lacking essential micro-nutrients and no diet
diversity, and unhygienic conditions of storage can be a deterrence.
 Other promising features of the Act like free daily meals for
children and maternity benefits, including cash for pregnant women, which can combat
rampant undernutrition (calorie deficiency) and malnutrition (protein deficiency) across
the country have been included.
 Problems
 SC judgement on grivieance redressal mechanism and state food
commission i.e. it must be applied as soon as possible.
 Without SFC and an appropriate redressal mechanism it will be
difficult to tackle such issues.
 Social audit is also a good option.


 Conclusion:-
 NFSA provides for one additional coarse cereal viz.
millet along with wheat and rice, which can further enhance the nutritional
security of the poor households.
 However, though wheat and rice contribute
significantly to energy intake, the time has come to increase the focus on coarse
cereals and pulses to improvise adequate intake of protein. Hence, serious
discussions are required to make this possible through the PDS.
 As seen above, the AAY households have a greater
access to PDS but the problem of undernourishment is more serious among
them.
 Hastening of NFSA across the country is imperative
to ensure food and nutritional security and for this, the States should now act in
a mission mode..
 the states must now begin to work on adequate
logistics for digitisation of ration cards, computerisation of offtake and delivery
of foodgrains and effective monitoring of fair price shops..

Chikangunya is a fever spread by virus that is transmitted by female mosquito. it can

spread from human to human through the interface of mosquito. 
  Why there is a problem regarding treatment and to stop the
infection:-
 A lack of sensitive virus-specific diagnostic tools.
 an absence of drugs/vaccine
 poor vector control measures
 public awareness contribute tremendously in escalating the
problem. It is no surprise then that India is considered as the hub for chikungunya
spread across the globe.
 Ades mosquito:- Zika,chikengunia, a

Health is Wealth:- Now india have to think about it's health policy. Some Recent years
proved to be water shed in the public health programme like we have managed to eradicate
disease such as polio and tetanus, reduced meternal and child mortality rates significantly. We
move towards SDGs (Took from RIO) which were adopted by UN at sustainable development
submit in september-2015 (Aimed to build eight anti poverty tragets that world committed
to achive). How to achive SDGs 

1.

1. Simples tehinique to breastfeeding despite conventional practice,

we have to make more familiar effort in order to tell the people about it's magical action.
( only 45 % of newborns initiated within an hour of their birth, and only 64.5 per cent breastfed
exclusively for the first six months of life)( 20 per cent newborn deaths and 13 per cent under-
five deaths can be prevented by optimal breastfeeding practices).
2. National breastfeeding programme-MAA(Mother's absolute
affection) based on the recommendation of WHO and UNISEF.  
3. Maternitf benifit bill-2016
4. National health survey showed their a very much improvment in
the institutional delivery of babies through the JSY a which is a cash incentive programme to the
prgenant women(2005-35% TO 2015_79%)
5. we need to adress the issue of breast feeding in the 1st hour of
birth.
1. Why problem
 1. socio cultural issue
2. C-section delivery of baby in which baby has a less
weight which is also a cause of concern
3. Need to councel the mother to the benefit of the
breast feeding for mother and her child too.

Food Fortification:-

 Why need

 It is the best ad easy way to provide the nutrient rich food to all the
needy.
 Many food intake problme can be curbed as all the nutreint will be
available in the one food.
 Easy availablity and affordablity.
 Many of the disease burdon which is because of nutrient can be
curbed easily like animea
 What govt is doing
 FASSAI is the top agency which looking on the fortification of food
by making notification.
 All the thing will be depnd mainly on the implementation.
 PDS is the good source to reach mainly nutrient  deficit deficit
people.

West bengal govt programme to improve health:- improvement will be done by

"quacks".

      The aim is to turn the self proclaimed, untrained, village doctors into a group of skilled
health workers who can deliver primary health care in villages and detect life threatening
problems and refer patient  to the doctors.


 Key findings:- training to the quacks for 150 hours over the nine
months
 Endeavor not to produce the doctors of good quality but the person who can take care off initial
treatment and provide a helpful assistant to the patient.


 Problem's:-
1. India's health care infrastructure is inadequate to adress the issues. 
around 80 per cent of all doctors and 75 per cent of dispensaries serve 28 per cent of the
country’s population.
2. Dismal health care expenditure has aggravated the inadequacy of our
health care infra structure. India accounts for over 17 per cent of the world’s population while
spending less than 1 per cent of the world’s total health expenditure.
3. lack of awareness in monitoring the issue and diseases as well as steps to
taken for the cure.
4. like the situation in AIIMS Bhoapal, No blood bank licenese till now a
bacth of doctors is almost going to compelete their MMBS. Shows to re-look again on the policy
fotmation and impelementation.
5. It is not about making medical commission and desolving medical cuncil
of india, We have to look at infrastructure, If doctors can't get a good internship a conducive
environment to perform their practical it not worthy to espect from them to become a good
doctor.

 Need to change the policy. we want an integrated plan and as An economy

can only grow when an adecuate investment in it's education and health sector.

 Way to head:- National health policy has been drafted.

India's health profile:-Performed much worse on tuberculosis and under five mortality rate.
A step rise in self harm death. indian male lives 65.2 years against the 57.7 years in
1990. Indian women lives 69.2 years against 58.5 years in 1990. 20% increase in chronic kedney
diseases.
    Risk factors:-

1. Dietary risk
2. high systollic blood pressure
3. unsafe water intake
4. air pollution
5. high fasting plasma glucose
6. tobaccoo smoke
7. child and maternal malnutrition
8. high body mass index

India’s largest pharmaceutical company, Sun Pharma, has signed a deal with the Delhi
unit of the International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB) to develop
a dengue vaccine.

The Maternity Benefit Bill 2016:-Bill was introduced by Ministry of Labor and

employment.  Bill amends the Maternity Benefit Act, 1961.

 The Act provides maternity leave up to 26(Earlier 12) weeks for all
women. a woman with 2 or more children will be entitled to 12 weeks of maternity leave.
 The Bill introduces maternity leave up to 12 weeks for a woman
who adopts a child below the age of 3 months,and for commissioning mothers. The
period of maternity leave will be calculated from the date the child is handed over to the
adoptive or commissioning mother.
 The Bill requires every establishment with 50 or more employees to
provide for crèche facilities within a prescribed distance. The woman will be allowed four visits
to the crèche in a day.
 An employer may permit a woman to work from home, if the nature of
work assigned permits her to do so. This may be mutually agreed upon by the employer and the
woman.
 The Bill requires an establishment to inform a woman of all benefits that
would be available under the Bill, at the time of her appointment. Such information must be
given in writing and electronically.
 Key Issues:-
 Several expert bodies like the WHO have recommended that 24
weeks of maternity leave is required to protect maternal and child health. However, since the
costs of this leave are to be borne by the employer, it may have an adverse impact on job
opportunities for women. Because these leaves are full paid leaves.
 It could be argued that since maternal and child health is a public
good, it would be appropriate for the government to finance such social security
measures.
 Various countries have implemented different funding models in relation
to maternity benefits. In some countries the employer bears the cost, while in some others it is
paid by the government. 
 While women will be provided with 26 weeks of maternity leave for two
children, the period of leave for a third child will be 12 weeks. This could affect the
growth and development of the third born child. 
 The Act and Bill cover women workers employed in
establishments with 10 or more employees, and other notified establishments. However,
a majority of the women workforce, who are in the unorganised sectors, may not be covered. 
 There are several labour laws that provide maternity benefits to women in
different sectors. These laws differ in their coverage, benefits and financing of such benefits.
 Unorganised women workers not covered under the Act.
 Lack of uniformity across labour laws related to maternity
benefits....Public health is in state list.
 .Comparission with earlier:-
 This maternity leave should not be availed before 8(Earlier 6) weeks from
the date of expected delivery.
 Earlier:-Maternity leave applicable irrespective of number of children. but
now cap of 2
 Earlier:- No Maternity leave for adoptive and commissioning mothers.
But now 12 weeks.
 Earlier:- No provision of  Creche facilities but now has.
 Earlier:- No Option to work from home But Now has.
 Earlier:- No provision of  Employer to inform the woman of maternity
benefits. But now at the time recruitment , in written as well as electronically.
 How it will adversy impact the women
 All parental pressure exclusively to mother.
 In other countries the cost of matenrity bill partly bear by the Govt
so it will not affect on the oppertunity of job to the women. On the other hand it will give cost to
the company which may be in fututre don't want tot recruit the fertile women As in the survey
 also which says that between junior and middle post 50% of the women don't resume the job
after being mother.
 comapany my want to recruit only man for not giving extra cost to
comapany on the paternal part.

 Providing maternity benefit solely to the employer like crèche facility will deter the women
to be hair if they are pregnant.
 It will also have a negative effect on the over all employment of women.
 Govt should compensate some of the cost related to maternity benefit as this is alos a
responsibility of govt.
 Maternity benefit should be provided through compulsory social insurance or from
public fund.
 A who report says that investing 1 $ in the breast feeding will give a benefit of 35$ and
india investing only .7$.
 Breast feeding will provide a good health to child and mother as it saves her from
breast cancer, diabetes and other famine problem as well.

Choosing Hospital Over home Under JSY:-


 JSY aimed to increase institionalised deliveries.
 JSY led to 22% inc in the govt hospitals between 2004-2014.
 Probablity that women will get hospitalised is inc 1.3%
 Over all inc is 2%
 Biggest conditional cash incentive scheme in this Rual institution
delivires, women will get 1400 Rs and accredited health worker will get 600 Rs. in uraban 1000
and 200 Rs respectively
 Fertility rate Has declined among indian women is 2.4% from
2.88% (Year 2004-14)
 15% inc in institutional child birth.
 16% declined of child birth at home
 Concern about quality care of women and spreading of other
diceases due to %ed no of hospitalisation of women.
 5es C section deliveries and hospital acquired infections. 
 A Becteria found in chicken can cause Cancer:-


 The pathogen, called Helicobacter pullorum , was found in
broiler and free-range chickens.
 H. pullorum is commonly found in the liver and gut of poultry
birds and is believed to co-evolve with its natural host.
 H. pullorum ’s ability to cause cancer. “It is known to produce a
cancer-causing agent called cytolethal distending toxin, which is the main concern.
 This toxin damages the DNA and interferes with the cell
cycle. Since this bacterium also infects the liver, it increases the risk of cancer in the
organ.
 H. pullorum resistant to antibiotics such as fluoroquinolones,
cephalosporins, sulfonamides and macrolides.
 Cooking the Indian way — at temperatures higher than 60° Celsius
— kills H. pullorum . However, eating uncooked or undercooked dishes like pickled chicken
carries risk of infection,”

Ban on e-cigrets: So called ENDS:- COP-7 held in india


 The World Health Organization Framework Convention
on Tobacco Control (WHO FCTC) is a treaty adopted by the 56th World Health
Assembly in 2003. 
 It became the first World Health Organization treaty
adopted under WHO constitution.
 The USA is a non-party to the FCTC.
 COP7 held in india.

  What FCTC DO?

 Any decline in global demand for tobacco that results from
implementation of the FCTC will take one or more generations because tobacco is highly
addictive.
 because the global population is increasing, the overall
demand for tobacco is likely to remain constant even if the global percentage of smokers
declines.

 It encourage signatory countries to provide farmers

with economically sustainable alternatives to tobacco farming, and to safeguard the
health of workers and the environment from the negative effects of tobacco farming.
 It do not force farmers or countries to stop growing tobacco.

 It calls on countries to use tobacco tax policy to reduce tobacco

consumption and meet health objectives.
 Raising tobacco taxes is the single most effective
way to reduce tobacco use and save lives.
 It allows governments to use tobacco tax revenue to provide
resources to farmers and farm workers who want to begin to exit tobacco farming and grow
healthy crops.
 Effect on farmer?The majority of profits from tobacco farming
go to leaf buying companies and cigarette manufacturers, while many farmers and farm workers
find themselves poor and in debt.
 low leaf prices set by the tobacco industry as well as
manipulation of leaf prices, often trap farmers in a vicious cycle of poverty and indebtedness
 Effect on environment and food security:-
 The environment suffers due to tobacco farming.
 Tobacco cultivation contributes to deforestation
 soil depletion of nutrients
 contamination of water sources 
 pollution from pesticides and fertilizers.
 Replacing food crops with tobacco may aggravate food
insecurity in some countries, and could lead to food shortages.
 e-Sigrets a threat to india:-
 ENDS-> Electronic nicotine delivery system. most
common type of intake of nicotine now a days. Use electricity to vaporise liquid.
 ENNDS Electronic non-nicotine delivery system.-> in this
liquid is not nicotine.. Liquid here is dissolved into propylene glycol or glycerine to create
aerosol.(Both ENDS and ENNDS are tobaccoo free by WHO)
 e-cigrets contains nicotine not tobacoo.
 tobacoo product ac-> COPTA-2013-> mandates stringent
warnings against tobacoo products.

 Problem:-
 Now a days no reseacrh whether nicotine is harmful for
human or not
 Unregulated sale of e-cigrates is harmful-> WHO study is
saying that india population who intake tobacco is decrasing.
 difrent states classify the definition of e-cigrates differently
so this will make a loophpole in the system which thes e-commere website may use.
 Some e-commerece website is not mentioaning that
wherter the tobacco product harmful or not. So regulation is must.
 Solution:
 Imposing restriction on e-cigrtes
 scientific reserch on how nicotine is affecting human
health. till then a stringent norm on selling.

 COP-7 INDIA:-
 FCTC ended with Southeast Asian countries voting
for complete prohibition of Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems
(ENDS) and Electronic Non-Nicotine Delivery Systems (ENNDS) in the region.
 WHY:-  a ‘tobacco-free’ version of the cigarette where smokers
inhale the vapour through liquid in a vaporiser — has become extremely popular among
smokers as a ‘healthier’ option to smoking.
  India has taken a unified stand against ENDS as there are enough
tobacco products in the market already.
 Problem in implementation:-
 A recently released documentary film about vaping, ‘A
Billion Lives’, has argued that e-cigarettes, whose health risks are far lower, could be
useful in saving lives.
 Some experts claim the lack of transparent discussions on
ENDS could cost lives.
 “These are closed-door meetings and WHO officials have
drafted proposals to ban less harmful alternatives to cigarettes without consultation with
 many member countries.

 A compound derived from the leaves of Solanum nigrum, has remarkable efficacy in
treating liver cancer.The compound saponin named Uttroside B, has shown that it is 10 times
more effective than Sorafenib, the only drug currently available for the treatment of
hepatocellular carcinoma (common type of liver cancer). Saponins are glucosides with foaming
characteristics. Solanum nigrum belongs to the family Solanaceae. It is also called as Black
Nightshade. It is widely used in traditional medicine for various ailments such as
inflammation, jaundice, bronchitis, asthma, leprosy, and skin disorders. It is a rich source of
anticancer molecules.

Union Minister for Health and Family Welfare inaugurated the first of its kind Current
Good Manufacturing Practise (CGMP) compliant facility within the Central
Government for manufacture of DPT and TT vaccine at the Central Research Institute (CRI),
Kasauli in Himachal Pradesh

 Leprosy:- It is the disease which is caused by bacteria.The vaccine, mycobacterium indicus

pranii (MIP), will be administered as prevention for people living in close contact with those
infected by the bacteria. "It is the first vaccine for leprosy, and India will be the first to have a
large-scale vaccination programme

Steps to reduce Malnutrition

 About 
 targets under SDGs, “By 2030, end all forms of malnutrition,
including achieving by 2025.
To address the components of the Target-
 WCD Ministry is implementing ICDS Scheme and Rajiv Gandhi Scheme
for Adolescent Girls i.e. SABLA.
  ICDS covers the nutritional needs of children of 6 months- 6 years
age, pregnant and lactating mothers
 RGSAG Scheme covers the nutritional and non-nutritional
components for adolescent girls.
 Under these schemes, age-appropriate Supplementary Nutrition is
provided to the beneficiaries at the Aanganwadi Centres spread across the country.
National Family Health Survey-

 As per the National Family Health Survey conducted by Ministry of

Health and Family Welfare, the proportion of under-weight children below 3
years declined from 43% in 1998-99 to 40% in 2005-06.
 As per the Rapid Survey on Children (RSoC), 2013-14, mentioned above,
the level of stunting among children less than 5 years of age has reduced from 48% in
NFHS-II to 38.7% in RSoC.

International Conference on Brucellosis 2016

                                                                                             inaugurated in New Delhi.

 The centre also launched programme of “Brucella Free Villages” for

implementation on pilot scale in 50 villages covering 10 states.
Key facts:

 Organized by the Department of Biotechnology in collaboration with

ICAR.
 This is result of DBT’s network programme on Brucellosis launched in
2012 to address this epidemiology and for development of new generation of vaccines and
diagnostic kits.
About Brucellosis:

Brucellosis is a dreadful disease caused by the genus of the bacteria known as

Brucella infecting various species of Brucella cows, buffalos, sheep, goats, deer, pigs, dogs and
other animals as well as humans. Brucellosis is endemic in India.
 Spread of the disease:

 Human become infected by coming in contact with animals or animal

product like meat and milk contaminated with these bacteria. 
Symptoms:

 In humans brucellosis can cause range of symptoms that are similar to

the flu and may include fever, sweats, headache, back pain and physical weakness.
 Severe infections of the central nervous system or lining of the heart may
also occur.

UN's Global health agency declared the ZIKA epedemic a global health emergency in feb.
BRAZIL, the epicentre of outbreak has howeevr refused to downgrade the risk.

  Zika Virus :- A member of virus family flaviviridae, and the genus

flavivirus.Transmitted through the bite of an infected aedes species of mosquito which
can also transmit dengue and chickengunia.
 Primarily by monkeys, so called enzotic-mosquito monkey.
 It can transmit through mother to child through pregnancy and having a
decease called microdephaly, but not by breast feeding, can transmit through sex,
blood donation if donar is infected, eyes can be the reservior for the virus. can spread
through tears.
 Symptoms:- fever, rash, joint pain, conjunctivitis (red eyes),muscle
pain, and headche. 
 Conformation of decease:- By blood or urine test. till now no
medicine made to prevent this decease.
 Bharat Bio tech Killed "Zika vacciene" made from the strain of african

Mother’s milk from the marsupials known as Tasmanian devils could help the global
fight against increasingly deadly disease “superbugs”. Superbugs are bacteria or all other
micro-organism which cannot be treated by current antibiotics and other drugs due to their
devloped resistance.The scientists artificially created the antimicrobial peptides,
called cathelicidins, after extracting the sequence from the devil’s genome, they found that it
can “killed the resistant bacteria... and other bacteria.
 Candida auris is a fungal disease which is undiagnosable by the current
method. Developed due to unknown prescription from practitioners. India is the largest number
 of infections caused by this super bug. Most of the infections caused by hospital
acquired especially in ICU Settings.found 1stly in 2009 in Japan.This is highly resistant to drug
because of higher number of drug efflux Pumps.
 Now the use of gold and antimony also causes health effect. But gives
some protection against syphilis and lesihmaniasis
 Global Antibiotic Rand D (GARD) fund and mechanism will be used to
prevent AMR.
 Govt need a collective response from agri sectror, doc community, Polutry
farmers, citizens as well as R&D department to crub the prevention of AMR crisis.

 Super bug:- Recently a women in USA died due to klebsiella pnenmoniae bacteria, which is
resistant to all the antibiotics present in the USA. this is the superbug carried by the from India
during her treatment.(Indian superbug name carbepanem-resistant enterobacterucea CRE a
multi resitant drug .New Delhi metallo-beta-lactoimase NDM-1 an enzyme that directly breaks
down in carbepanem a powerful class of antibiotics that are often used to treat multi
drug resistant. A women was dead in france due to this super bug which she carried from india.)
 India need to attain a comrehensive policies on such matter, Take a lesson
from USA where they search from survilliance that NDM-1 is the only 1 case in USA.
 National action plan to combat antimicrobial resistance(AMR).

Sri lanka fight against Malaria:- S.l. Became the 2nd country after maldieve in S. Asia
region free from malaria.

 Problem during the journey:-

 A free movement of people from malaria affected zone to malaria
free zone enhances the chances of diseases to spread.
 Use of DDT as a vector control which was statred in ealry 1940
ceylon
 Introduction of western anti malarials in 1930
 Experience the worst malaria epedemics in 1934-35 which had a
tripple disaster:- Severe draught,food shortage,Malarial outbreak.
 Regular spraying of DDT begins from 1945.
 Again full scale malaria epedemics outbreak in 1968
 Vector resistance to DDT and parasitic resistance to anti malarial
reported in 1970
 Increase in the P falciparum was a new challange.'A strong
compagnn against gov of S.L. was seen which was due to shift of gov frm DDT to malathion
 A war between S.L. an Litte was and at time malaria was also a big
problem
 Afgan, N.E.india, Myanmar are the regions prone tho this dicease.
A proper check on people movment as well as on the dicease.
 A multi pronged approched ->Increased community
participation+Livelihood devlopment and poverty reduction+Conflict prevetion and
reconcilation among revival parties

Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) between Ministry of Rural Development (MoRD)

and Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO) to improve the effectiveness of rural development
programmes in India and to facilitate knowledge sharing.

Death Due to Renal Failure:-

 Diabities->kindney vascular disease->renal failure.

 Daignosis of Diabities in the early stage is very impotant to crub renal
failure.
 There is highly variablity among the sates on the death due to renal failure
like TN has highest death due to this disese majorly due to the diffrence in the risk factors such
as diabities including prevention of this diseses.
 Rural area death is more but in the urban areas death rates are higher.
 India's anuual population growth is 2.3
 Age group 45-69 years is highly vulnerable to the death from this disease.
 Big Data is solution to Out break:-

 Integrated disease surveillance programme IDSP under the ministry of

health and welfare to collect data from state level and district level to know the out break of the
new disease.
 Why needed:-
 Google flue trends launched in 2008 to know the trend and the out
break season the this disease. But it failed to pridict 2013 season so there is also a need to
update it's allgo and the system according to the need.
 IDSP failed to prdict the chikengunia out break in delhi because
this disease data was collected by National polio surveillance project NPSP but it didn't
focoused.
 There is a discripancy between the data collected by IDSP and
NPSP.
 To make our health system stronger and efficeint we need to
anaylyse the Big Data, Which can shows the season and time in which we need a protection.
 Problems due to worng data collection anb what we can do to improve the
same:-
 Data collection is seems to be improved for effective policy
formation and implementation.
 There is lack of data at district and sub district level.
 Data is collected at irregular level which is also not good for mid-
course policy formatin.
 Data remains incomplete in many surveys and tools especially in
adminstrative data at smaller level like panchayat.
 Data quality is the main and the big problem.
 Lack of health care data from Pvt hospitals.
 National Health profile published by Central beuro of health
intelligenece severly compromised data like which shows health expenditure on pvt is 42% but
actully it is 705
 People also need to be aware for this to use the system to provide
quality data to policy makers like health mangement information system is an improved version
but people don't use it.
 Way Fwd:-
 Defination of various indicators need to be standerdise.
 Ensure rutine capture of disagreegated date withous duplication of
forms and formats.
 stakeholders and plicy makers positive attitude in dicission
making.
 capacity building of staff need to be a focus area providing ther
skill need to be enhance.

JCVI-syb3.0- The smallest artificial genome ever created hailed as one of the landmark
discoveries of the yr-16. 

In Lithcis Hypoglycin A and Mehthyl-enecyclo-proplyglycine(MCPG) which are naturally

present in the fruit.

 MPCG which is a homologue had been detected.

 These compound decrease the blood glucose sugar level which causes
death of the children in Bihar. one more thing is that they didn't take dinner which also made
the thing worse and a sharp decrease in BGL.
 Issue:- acute encephalopathy   in Jamaicans found by one scintist on a
fruit consumption as which is from the litchi family. No recognition is maater. latter scintist
didn't recongnised the 1st one.

Mission Indradhanish:-

 Health Ministry's ambitious programme 'Mission Indradhanush', which

provides immunization against 7 life threatening diseases+ the addition of  4 new vaccines into
its basket.  For baby upto 2years and for pregnant women.
 'Mission Indradhanush' depicting seven colours of the rainbow provides
vaccination to seven vaccine preventable diseases which include diphtheria, whooping cough,
tetanus, polio,TB, measles and Hepatitis B.
  added four new vaccinations - rotavirus, measles rubella, inactivated
polio vaccine biavalent and Japanese Encephalitis for adult.
 Mission Indradhanush aims to cover all children by 2020 who are either
unvaccinated, or are partially vaccinated against these vaccine preventable diseases.

  Pradhan Mantri Bhartiya Janaushadhi Pariyojana (PMBJP):

 Making quality medicines available at affordable prices for all,

particularly the poor and disadvantaged, through exclusive outlets “Jan Aushadhi Medical
Store”, so as to reduce out of pocket expenses in healthcare. 
 BPPI (Bureau of Pharma PSUs of India), under the administrative control
of the Department of Pharmaceuticals, Ministry of Chemicals& Fertilizers will be the
implementation agency for the PMJAY.
  In April 2010, BPPI got registered as an independent society
under the Societies Registration Act, 1860 as a separate legal entity. BPPI follows the provisions
of GFR 2005 and CVC guidelines as amended from time to time and also instructions from the
Department of Pharmaceuticals.

TPP problem on Generic Drung:-

 It will boost the corporate power on the expence of  worker and consumer.
 By this agrement 5-8 year protection on data exclusivity. Only corporate
sector have such kind cause of infrastructure and money. Gneric drug company used their data
after paptent term over now cap on 5-8 year will dump.
  Clinical trials are expensive and it is difficult of generic drug comapany to
do that.
 Japan and South korea is also want the same.
 This kind or cap and agreement will boost the china policy and will affect
the pooer. it will affect indian comapnies as most of them are generic drug manufacturing
comapny.
 USA withdrawl from TPP will now push devlpoing countiries to make a
bilateral agreemnt with USA to IPR regime.
 USA said generic comapanies will have to pay a good dividend to usa
comapnies so that good research can  be done.

 Recent `grant of pneumonia vacciene to USA company Pfizer upto 2026.

 It will have an exclusive right over the vacccine
 Bad effect on the poor as pnemonia is most incidented disease in india.
 Bad effect on the poor nation as they also relies on india for the generic drug of
pnemonia.


 A book An atlas for rural health:-

 Spread awareness among the people and tells how the people are died or
the most vulnerable section as well as disease.
 State wise are also compilationa i.e N.E are more vulnerable to MMR.
 Snake bite is the most concern as it is in top ten and 97% or death in rural
are caused due to this.
 it also captures anti drug or super bug issue.
 It also captures socio-economic issue.

Hospital acquired infection (HAI):-

 WHO said at any point of time 1.4 million people affected due to this and
80000 are towards death.
 why:-
 Lack of training to nurse.
 Lack of infra and finance to public.
 More patient to hospital ration.
 No improvement in the heigene condition.
 Lack of controll guideleines.
 Lack of admin support.
 Over use of antibiotic and cause superbug.
 Solution:-
 enhance infra, finance, good training, proper edu, proper
instruction for sanitation, good behaviour. use of improved tech, prevention of disease rather
than treatment.b

Yamanaka genes are the 4 essential genes that can reprogramme the cells in our body and
can be used to regenerate old cells or grow new organs. Collectively known as OSKM (for the
initials of the genes, Oct4, Sox2, Klf4 and Myc), these Yamanaka genes are named after
Japanese scientist Shinya Yamanaka. Recently, scientists have found a ‘stress factor,’ a pro-
inflammatory molecule called interleukin-6 (IL6) that may be responsible for reducing the
efficiency of the Yamanaka genes. With this finding the Yamanaka genes may finally result in
practical therapy.

PfSPZ is malaria crubing drug devloped by sanaria. PfSPZ uses a live immature form of
malaria parasite called sporozotite to stimulate immune reaction in human.

 Another vacciene  RTS, S( is a recombinant protein-based malaria

vaccine), devloped by glaxo smith kiline

This Year Budget:-

 National urban health mission component of NHM will soon be launched.

 Promoting the health need:-
 Promoting the health of adolecent girl.
 Pregnant women.
 Mew born child.
 Quality of indsti.
 good sanitation.
 Good knowledge to PHc
 If these all to be do we need a good mechanism, good quality of doctor,
good infra, care of women and above all this scheme will not have a limitation means should
cover the entire popolation.
 kalazar and filariasis will be eliminated by 2017. TB by 2025, leopracy by
2018, measles by 2020.
 No answer to non-communicable dicease which are the main concern for
todays health burdon.
 no tax on tobacoo is also a cause of concern.
 National health protection scheme.

  The World Health Organization (WHO) has expressed confidence that a prototype vaccine
for Ebola called rVSV-ZEBOV may be 100% effective in protecting against the deadly virus.
The vaccine was initially developed in Canada by public health authorities before being taken
over by pharmaceutical giant Merck.


 is new vaccine has not yet been approved by any regulatory authority. But
it is said that the vaccine could become available in 2018 under a fast-track approval process.
However, this new vaccine has some flaws as it appears to work against only one of the two most
common strains of the Ebola virus. Thus, it may not give long-lasting protection and some of
patients who were given this vaccine have reported side effects like joint pain and headaches.
 About Ebola virus :-Ebola virus disease (EVD) is a severe, often fatal
illness in humans. It was first identified in 1976 in the Democratic Republic of Congo in a village
near the Ebola River, from which it takes its name. It is transmitted to people from wild
animals and spreads in the human population through human-to-human
transmission. Fruit bats are natural host of this virus. It spreads through contact with
body fluids of inflected persons such as blood, urine and saliva. Symptoms faced by people who
have contracted the Ebola virus include high fever, bleeding and central nervous system
damage.
 In 2014, Ebola virus had erupted periodically mainly across west and east
Africa mainly in Guinea, Liberia and Sierra Leone. It was the deadly outbreak of the virus in the
history that had killed 11,000 people.

Rising the cost have led to improvishment of families and lititgation demanding regulation.
 The lancet study told the about 2/3rd of pocket spending by the indian
goes to the medicine.
 A study made by the planning commission which told that if we increase
the public spending on health to .5% og GDP it will provide the essential medication tot all.
 Now the cardiac stent is the major threat to india, avg age of 1st arrest is
50 a decade lesser than devlopd countires.
  Now to act on this a 2 pronged approch- Rgulation on the price of
medicine Like national phaarmaceutical pricing authority and increase the public spending.
 District hospital should offer the good quality care including thr
transplant.

Only 50% of children in TN have been vacinated by measles- rubella combination of vaccine.

 In vaccination is not done in the early age than it would in turn lead to inc
in the number of new born with congential rubella syndrome. which causes hearing
impairnemnt, heart defects etc if mother infected with rubella.
 In order to avoid this we need high covrage both in terms of age and
universal immunisation programe.
 Why
 There are some instances when one suffer from illness generlly
they tend to seacrh it on internet but they fall on the wrong website which contains wrong info.
so adress this WHO will come up with the vaccine website.

 National health policy:-

 Fact policy:-
 India will 2.5% of the GDP by 2025 on health while 18% of GDP by the USA.
 An Index which is measuring the health related in the SDG gives
143 rank out of 188
 Thailand and other south Asian Countries do better in terms of
health.'
 India is 3rd world largest economy in term of PPP.
 Thailand has same tax to GDP ratio as india but spends 13% of
GDP on health.
What we need to do
  Need to allocated the good amount of GDP
 Genrally there is a perception that Developed countries do not
have a good amount of control on health sector is wrong. In Japan govt decide
where and how much of the hospital and doctor need to be placed.
 Institutionalizing the licensing process as in the USA,
geographically incentivizes to put the hospital and doctor in the area of scarcity.
 India need to prioritize the sector.

Major features of the policy that aims to transform healthcare in India:

 The policy aims for attainment of highest possible level of health and well-
being for every citizen through a preventive and promotive healthcare orientation.
 It seeks to provide and deliver healthcare services, particularly to
underprivileged and socially vulnerable groups of people in the country.
 Under the policy, every family will have a health card for access to
primary care facility as well as to defined package of services nationwide.
 Health and hygiene to become part of school curriculum – Yoga
would be introduced much more widely in schools and work places as part of promotion of good
health.
 The policy also seeks to address health security and promotes Make in
India for drugs and devices.
 It seeks to establish a Public Health Management Cadre (PHMC) in
all states.
 It also proposes rising public health expenditure to 2.5% of the
GDP in a time bound manner.
 % wise we increased but the we are very less in terms of expenditure even
less than some of south Asian countries.
 Providing access to water and sanitation by all by 2020.
 A national digital health authority would be devloped.
 BSc in community health+ MD in family medicine like courses would be
scale up
 Targets set under the NHP 2017

 Increasing life expectancy to 70 years from 67.5

 Total fertility rate to 2.1 (Replacement levels) by 2025.
 Reduce IMR to 28 by 2019.
 Reduce Under Five Mortality to 23 by 2025.
 The policy seeks to achieve ’90:90:90′ global target by 2020 – implying that 90% of all people
living with HIV know their HIV status, 90% of those diagnosed with HIV infection receive
sustained antiretroviral therapy and 90% of those receiving antiretroviral therapy will have viral
suppression.
 Elimination of  kala-azar by 2017
 leprosy by 2018
 lymphatic filariasis in endemic pockets by 2017.
 30% male sterilization target is appreciated

Positives of the Policy

 This Policy looks at problems and solutions holistically with private sector
as strategic partners
 It aims to ensure availability of 2 beds per 1,000 population distributed in
a manner to enable access within golden hour .
 Health impact assessment of other policy is the good initative.
 2/3rd of the expenditure of health budget will be on the primary care.
Actually this is preventive and will cause a great impact.

Criticism of the Policy

 It reiterates health spend targets set by Planning Commission for the 12 th FYP.
 It also fails to make health a justifiable right through National Health Rights Act like
the Right to Education Act 2005 did for school education.
 A health cess was a path-breaking idea in the Health Ministry’s draft policy; it has now
been dropped out of the final policy
 The government through 2002 policy promised it would increase health spending to 2 percent
of GDP, which never happened.
 Old Targets and New Deadlines: Look at the Graphic below.
 The IMR in 2015-16 was 41.
 The MMR in 2015-16 is 167.
 The 2002 NHP had set the target of eliminating leprosy, kala azar and lymphatic
filariasis–none of which could be achieved yet.
 Population based norm are here to tackle health problem but the doctors are not ready to go to
naxalite areas or in the backward area.
 It is better to make the policy in take geography into consideration. One size fits for all approach
must be out.
 How health recourses will distribute it is not mentioned. 
 Public health education regulation is not in the ambit of MCI. so how to regulate this.
 What about unqualified practitioner, they are the majorly contribute to the problem in the rural
health.
 No timeline for the budget and the resources that in what time and how to manage the resources
only said that 2.5% GDP will be spend till 2025.
 If there is no compliance by the hospital on the free drug , to tackle this problem no structure or
regulator.
 Regulation with accountability is the need of the hour.
 No where fat tax (As in TN), SIN tax, or tobacco tax which are the major contributor to the bad
health not addressed.

Soltution

 So many times this has been seen that states are not willing to be at par with the centre. so a
cooperative federalism is the need of the hour.
 Health is the state subject. so need to amend the COI to put this into concurrent list.
 Political will is need. as we saw in case of clinical trial act , only 4 state made the regulation
based on the centre norm, and there are some of the state which are even not willing to do.
 Need to strengthen and start as soon as possible.

Recent decision of govt for injectable contraceptive is cause of concern

 Control of women productive right and fertility is cause of concern.

 Offering financial incentives and subjecting women to permanent contraceptives is
unacceptable.
 Why:-
 To control population explosion
 But the countries which attained the less fertility rate they achieved this by
economic, social, cultural development not by enforcing the law.
 Preparedness of govt is also a cause of concern.
 these injectable contraceptive have a adverse effect on women health like
amenoeehea, MC change, bleeding. this also increase the risk of HIV infection
 Govt need to introspect the all method available.
 Promoting male vasectomy is option.
 A violation of law like operation without case, in the sterilization which is recently
by the pvt doctor in Chhattisgarh .
 PRO Argument
 This is all about giving more choices to the women.
 Cycle of proper training and capacity building is needed.
 RMNCH+A_  -> Reproductive, metrnal, newborn,child, adolecent.
 The problem of bone thinng by the use of contraceptive is that bone marrow
density is reversible.
 WHO is in the favor of this.
 we should not treat this problem as women centric as men is the same
responsible for this population.
 Men contrceptive option should alos be available like vescotomy.
 Counselling of men instead of women centic.

Skin disease lesionn the most common type spread in the J&k

 Acne vulgaris
 Eczema and hand dermatitis.

Vernal Window

 transition from winter to growing season 


  Need of a public health management cadre
 Why
 On lines of civil services-> Better allocation +utilization+ monitoring of financial as
well as physical resources.
 It will have a dedicated force of health personal to address specific and complex need
of the Indian health cadre delivery system.
 It will improve the efficience as well as effectiveness of mgm
 Way Fwd
 To recruit +train + implementation and monitoring of public health mgm cadre
 Freeing up the beurocrates and their utilization in the much better place
 At both the level state+ ministry.

 UN Water devlopment progrmmae:- World water devlopment report

 More than world's 80% waster water is from 95% of LDC.

 Why
  Industrial waster+ Medical waste+Municipal waste+ Human waste+ Agri waste
 What need to be done
 empowerment of Municpality and PRI with the help of resources+ Financial funds+ Capacity
bilding
 Acapign to awareness about the waste water geneally people in the industry finds good to pay
rather to make a change in the system.
 1$ investement in the watse water project brings about 5$ profit.
 Waste water is the untapped resourse now.
 By the extraxtion form the waste water like phosporous and all can be used as fertilizer.
 SDG is also about.

India rank is 131 in HDI

 INdia is not a signotory to UN convetion on torture, right to migrant to workers and their family
and protection against forced dissapearances.
 India need to look on these sector too as devlopment is multi dimensional.

CMAM is the project run by the Raj Govt to tackle the malnutiroin problem in ht children.
They are providing the Therapeutic food for the children.
 AIDS:-

 India want to free from the aids till 2030.

 India need to do more concentrated and integrated effort in the direction to crub this
epedemic.
 Funding from the devloped countries is not comming as it was till 2012  now it is on the
decreasing trend.
 Idia boosts its budget allocation to crub the disease, and 2/3rd of the budget comes from
domestic funding.
 A UN report says out of 10 4 indians are dealing with this epedemic.

An INdependent rail regulator will be setup with the sperate budget and seprate jurisdiction
it will direct the govt abotu fair and pvt investment in india railways.

 This regulator will be a 4 memeber body, 1 Chair person and 3 other member.
 It will ensure that the resourc=ses of the railways are optimally used.
 National trasport devlopment policy comm noted that because of centrallisation of all
devlopkment functions proved detrimental to the railways.
 It will improve the service as there is a proposal of making 500 km + journey more
comforatble which will infact lower the rate of transportation in the interior.
 Big challag before this regulator is that to facillitate the railways with the non-budgetory
allocation and funds.
 Regulation on tariff  revenues matching with the quality of the travel infact making trafic
on the railways which is good sign.
 Bibek Deboroy comm recomonded this.

There are two broad types of trans fats found in foods: naturally-occurring and
artificial trans fats. Naturally-occurring trans fats are produced in the gut of some animals and
foods made from these animals (e.g., milk and meat products) may contain small quantities of
these fats. Artificial trans fats (or trans fatty acids) are created in an industrial process that adds
hydrogen to liquid vegetable oils to make them more solid.
The primary dietary source for trans fats in processed food is “partially hydrogenated oils." 
 Trans fats are easy to use, inexpensive to produce and last a long time. Trans fats give
foods a desirable taste and texture
 Trans fats raise your bad (LDL) cholesterol levels and lower your good (HDL) cholesterol
levels. Eating trans fats increases your risk of developing heart disease and stroke. It’s
also associated with a higher risk of developing type 2 diabetes.

Attack on the doctor's 

 Why
 It was seen in some of the report that death of the person in most of tha cases was
due to lack of facilities available in india not by the negligenace of Doctor
community.
 Medical is a novel profession but there are some limitations too, They are not
god, in every circumstatce they can save the life. Immotionally charged public
need to under statnd.
 Very less expanses by the govt on infrastructure is also a cause of blow.
 A less pay to the doctor is also a major problem and more fatigue and less doctor
to patieint ration which is alos not according to the international law.
 Most of the critical medical infra is private and commercialise which is the basic
haunt for the poor public in india.
 Some times it seen as public is loosing faith in the profession as most of the
corporate is just commercialise the medical.
 What can be done to improve
 'Ensure exemplury action for those who indulge in the voilence agaisnt doctor.
 For long term solution need to expense by the govt.
 Fewer patient to doctor ratio on the international norms.
 Spreading the understatnding of science widly in the public.
 People's committee in the hospital will be a good step.
 Hosptital adminstration must ensure that fatigues doctor should not deal with
the emmotionally charged public.
 An audit from time to time to see the stress and fatigue of the doctor.
  Cicvil society and medical community must go by hand in hand to demand the
better infra and facility of health care.

 India and Indonessia

 Similarities
 Multi ethenicity+Multi langauge+Multi religion+ Both are the democracies one is
largest

 Death of children in UP.

 What is the meaning
 A robust public health system is needed.
 In UP 3808 PHC in 2004 now 3497 and population increase in 25-30%.
 Learn from CUBA where IMR was 100 , 50 year ago now 4.2.
 All the middle income countries like thailand has prioritise the health but in india it
seems an arm length apart.
 Some the countires even said right to health is fundamental right.
 Scientfic discoveries,technological imrovement,and govt effort to imrove hygienic
condition will improve the overall health scenario.
 A political will is needed.

 Risk Of Infulenza B virus

 H3N2 is the virus which was present in india in earlier than 2009 the year of outburst of
H1N1.
 Currently india is only tracking H1N1 not H3N2 which is a cause of concern.
 MIT said india under reported the cases of H1N1 in sequencing which can be used to see
the genetic mutation in human due this virus
 New Green Urban Transport Scheme launched by Ministery of Urban Development, It is   
initiatives to encourage private investments in climate friendly and sustainable public transport
systems like Metro rail, Non-motorised Transport and other low carbon emitting systems in
urban areas.

India's LED programme by energy efficiency services limited. Indian government

distributing led under UJALA (unnat jyoti affordable led for all by )

Over all target in this scheme.:-

 Overall target of number of incandescent bulbs to be replaced - 200 million

 Expected overall annual energy savings - 10.5 billion KWh
 Expected reduction of load - 5000 MW
  Expected annual cost reduction of consumer bills -  Rs. 40,000 crore
 Annual estimated greenhouse gas emission reductions -  79 million tonnesof CO2

India is planing to produce 175 GW till 2022 of it's renewable energy.

Ministry of Railways has announced the launch of ‘Yatri Mitra Sewa’ to simplify access to
wheelchairs, battery operated cars and porter services

Haryana Government has formulated ‘Self Certification Scheme’ for the factories, shops
and commercial establishments in the State to liberalize the enforcement of labour laws.

The NBT (National Book Trust) — an autonomous institution under the Ministry of
Human Resource Development — is launching,a new scheme titled the ‘Mahila Lekhak
Protsahan Yojana’ (scheme to promote women writers), under which it will publish the first
work of women authors in English or any of the 22 Indian languages mentioned in the Eighth
Schedule of the Constitution. The prospective authors should, however, be below 40.

Birth certificates and aadhar to street children:- Ministry of women and child

devlopment (Traficking of womens and child bill-2016),

 Project abhayam:- initiative of dayaa foundation for safety, rescue, and

rehabilation of children in city of chennai. establishes a citizen council for child
safety. in this scheme govt will provide birth certificate and adhar card for street children
so that they will not any hurdle in future

 Steps taken by WCD ministry:-

                           children helpline, initiative with railway for missing children, new juvenile justice
act, new foster care programe.

Chahak:Anupyogi Ko Upyogi Banayen is the initiative of UDAIPUR

distrcit administration initiative to  providing essential items to the needy students with the help
of consumers.

Jharkhand has become the first state in the country to implement Direct Benefit
Transfer (DBT) in Kerosene in four identified districts namely, Chatra, Hazaribagh, Khunti and
Jantara.
 National statistic sample survey of india conducted a survey in that sikkim was found as the
cleanest city followed by kerla, mizoram,hismachal pradesh, nagaland on the counter part
jarkhand is at the below of the list.

Surya Jyoti:-PV Integrated Micro Solar Dome (MSD).The Micro Solar Dome (MSD) is a
clear and green energy initiative of the Department of   Science and Technology. he
Department of Science & Technology along with Ministry of New and Renewable Energy
(MNRE) will take it up for larger distribution in bigger areas.

The project Tejaswini aims at Socio-economic empowerment of adolescent girls and young
women. It seeks to empower the adolescent girls with basic life skills and thereafter provide
further opportunities to acquire market driven skill training or completion of secondary
education, depending on the inclination of the beneficiary.

Google announced two new initiatives recently - named Digital Unlocked and My
Business Websites - for small and medium businesses in India. Digital unlocked will train
small and medium businesses (SMBs) in India to capitalize on the digitization wave faster. The
Digital Unlocked training programme has been built across online, offline, and mobile
platforms. The Digital Unlocked offline training, spaced over the next three years, will be
conducted in partnership with FICCI. Under My Business Websites, Google will provide free
websites and web tools to small businesses in order to bolster their digital presence.

CORAL:-The goal of the COral Reef Airborne Laboratory (CORAL) is to provide critical data
and new models needed to analyze the status of coral reefs and to predict their future. CORAL
will provide the most extensive picture to date of the condition of a large portion of the world’s
coral reefs from a uniform data set. The data will reveal trends between coral reef condition and
biogeophysical forcings, both natural and those arising from human activities. With this new
understanding of reef condition, we can better predict the future of this global ecosystem and
provide policy makers.
CORAL acquires airborne spectral image data using the Portable Remote Imaging Spectrometer
(PRISM) instrument installed in a commercial airplane Gulfstream-IV (G-IV) from Tempus
Applied Solutions.  In situ data are obtained to validate the remote observations. 

Comprehensive Environmental Pollution Index (CEPI)

The Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) has developed a Comprehensive Environmental
Pollution Index (CEPI). CPCB has done a nation wide environmental assessment of Industrial
Clusters based on CEPI and 43 such industrial clusters having CEPI greater than 70, on a scale
of 0 to 100, has been identified as critically polluted.

The data refers to the Comprehensive Environmental Pollution Index (CEPI) scores of the
critically polluted industrial clusters/areas. The index captures the various dimensions of
environment including air, water and land.

Comprehensive Environmental Pollution Index (CEPI), which is a rational number to

characterize the environmental quality at a given location following the algorithm of source,
pathway and receptor have been developed.

Tareek-e-Taleem;- Is the scheme for monorities. to take countries educational programme

to minorities.

 Rjasthan Govt unique mission for small family Promotion’

 Sas bahu sammelan for 14 district which reported high fertility rate in the past.
 More awareness towards family planning.
 Patriotic Game at wagha
 Slogans of hatred towards each other at wagha shows the hostility towards each other.
 It was started in 1959 even giving sweets to each other on special occasion+ Firing on the
other side like in Kashmir shows the relationship headed.
 Even in the time of kargil war which was the 1st televised war, ceremony didn’t stop.
 Now nationalism is some what like a business on both the sides where sellers sell tri
color flag and other patriotic things, stars come here to promote the films and so on.
 Retreat ceremony to is less of celebration than denigrating to each other.
 4th estate of Democracy- Media both print and visual
 How to reform
 There is a reform must be from with in the journalist
 He should start condemning publically is anything is wrong and against the ethics of
journalism.
 Some ownership restriction on cross holding and aggregate holding must be
Legislised.
 A mandatory wall between the managerial postion and editorial dpt.
 Provision of contract and all must be according to ILO. The fromer will work when
latter will applied.
 Genuanly and transparent system to asses rating and circulation of media.
 Introduce internal system of disclosure of potential conflict of intrest.
 Same disclosure for Paid media
 Why
 To save democracy
 To maintain trust of individual in the democratic from of govt.
 To maintain transparency in the media.
 It has been seen that corporate sector is influcing the media as it has a large stake in
both print as well as vsual.
 Swach bharat abhiyan (SBM)
 Why not a success
 Actually the root cause of the problem is not addressing the issue of linkage between
the cast and occupation.
 Manual scavenging of manhole in the city
 Not addressing the issue of sewage lines and making smart toilet in particular.
 Making septic tank for the toilet but what to clean how again manual scavenging.
  What to do
 Breaking the bond of cast and occupation
 Faecal sludge management of on site faecal matter in the pit is a good idea
but construction of pits on scientific lines will remain an issue.
 Reguarly emptiness of tank is must.
 On site system are not constructed properly.
 Creation of faecal treatment facility in the cities to treat the matter.

 Success
 Till now 5 states are ODF more than 50million toilet are constructed,
 Use of constructed toilets are 85%.
 Lyfe style and mindset change
 Women empowerment.
 Need to ujnderstand the problem of urban population explosion which has been ignored.
 Huge land fills are running beyond the capacity
 What to do
 Behavoural change in the house hold
 Segregation of garbage at source

 SC direction to centre to setup the special court for MLA, MP trail to be completed within 1
year.
 Benefit
 As those who must be prosecuted under the law of the land, they are persuing to
make the law, so one can think how effective the law will be?
 It will clean the system-> corrupt politician-> corrupt bureaucracy-> illegal contract
which makes public vulnerable.
 Trail with in 1 year pressurize these not to take a path of crime as accusation will be
finalise with in 1 year instead of a long decade.
 Special court will give a speedy trial.
 WHY not
 It doesn’t suit to law of equitily but as MLA and MP are the distinct class so a
different arrangement can save a democracy.
 Fund and finance and infrastructure is a problem.
  A continuous adjournment of session of court is the hurdle in the speedy trial, so
advaocate need to understand this as there profession also because democracy
permits this.
 Increase the number of judges with the special branch can be a good idea which
doesn’t need any new hurdle rather only management.
 If a routine criminal then special court is not needed.
 Secrecy in the appointment in the judges some times leads to the incompetent judges
which inturn give flaws judgement.
 Issue of Anti microbial resistance.
 Why
 Un prescribed use of anti biotics.
 Power to purchase the antibiotics remain in the hand of consumer so over use of
drug.
 By the quacks.
 Due to less manpower of doctors, and overwhelmed advertisement of drugs lead->
man not go to doctor and use the drug.
 On one hand providing drug to the consumer and on the hand restriction need a
balanced policy.
 Resistance means reckless use of antibiotics in farms, humans, animals, in figting against
environment.
 There is similarity in fighting against change in the environement and AMR.
 Both are the consequence of over use of resources.
 Action of the people of one region affects the other region people.
 Requires integrated approach
 Patent act 2005 section 3d
 Section 3d:- It blocks the path of evergreening of patents, Genrally big corporate in
medicine mainly at the time of expiring of patent time they change the salt in the name
of innovation by doing this deprived the most population from generic drug.
 3d validity was upheld by Hc and SC as well.
 +Ve:-
 It provides rejection of bad patents at the intial stage thus savig cost and time in the
litigation.
 Evergreeing of patents block which pave the way to generic drug.
 Indian patent act based on two pillers:-
  Invetion should be new
 Invlove and inventive step (Known as non-obvious)
 Wihout 3d Indian public would have to bear the vast burden of expensive drugs..
 A short term course for PHC called as Licentiate medical practitioner LMp
 It was also proosed in Health policy
 As MBBS course contains some subjest like forensic which do not have any thing to do
with the general medicine LMp will revamp this.
 MBBS student mandatorly have to do some training in the pHC which will provide the
number of doctor to village.
 These LMp can do a post graduate course there by promote in the heirchy.
 Lmp will perform both clinical and administrative function as well.
 Need to increase the capacity of psu in pharma sector
 Why
 It will increase the Indian capacity to respond to the demand of the world in pvt
sector fails.
 Many a times it due to some reason if pvt sector fails to apply for the compulsory
licencing then public sector can respond.
 CL is the only way to reduce Indian vulnerability and it is also in the compliance with
the TRIpS.
 A high level group on universal helath coverage also recomonded to the robust
growth of public sector.
 India depends on china on ApI which are the ingredient of genric drug which makes
india vulnerable.
 Many Indian pharma companies are acquired by the foreign companies which also
will be a hinge in Indian ambition to provide drug on affordable prices.

…………………………………International Rleations……………..
International relation:-

India and Myanmar relation:-

 Infrastructure coperaton
 India will construct bridge
 India Myanmar trilateral Highway
 Kladan multimodel project
 Capacity building in the health sector.
 Rohingiya Issue:-
 What is the issue:-
 In 1982 Burma citizenship act was inacted and stated that:- Rohingiya community
can't aquire nationality. The then a riot happens between rakhine budhist majority
and rohingiya minority.

 Ang san su ki formed an independent commission with chairmen of coffee annan to look
into the issue.
 An independent commission should have been formed to look into the killing of
rohingiya Muslim. 
 A long way to go to Myanmar as they not allowed international media, NGO, free
aid workers, lack of proper judicial proceedings which are the pillar of
democracy.
 Why this issue didn't fetch up international intetnion:-
 The western countries are busy with the Syrian crises.
 China has a very good relation with the army chief of Myanmar and it is good for
china to maintain status quo for their interest.
 In UNSC china stands on mynamar not to intervene in the internal matter of
Myanmar a kick on sovereignty of myanmar.
 india doesn't in the position to accommodate the rohingiya community as
many organizations are shouting that they are security threat  to the country.

What can be done:-

 1st there must be restore of democracy rather than a current condition

of quasi democracy in which army hold the defense and international as well as home
relations.
  A UN report says that rohingiya issue will leads to the radicalization of this community
which in turn the threat to every country.
 New Delhi should use a creative diplomacy to restore the relation of rohingiya
community with myanmar state.
 Stable and democratic Myanmar will be gravitate towards India as India is the ideal of
democracy rather than china which provokes the militancy.

 Govt has decided to deport the illigal immigrants of rohingiya community.

 Why not
 Voilation of article -21,14,15, 51,
 India is a home to refugee since a long time ago, It was tibbetian who got refugee
status in the time of JLN, East bengal refugee in 1975, parsi and jewist refugee too.
 Idea of India is in hospitality and civility, if rohingiya community will send back to
the crises area it will deter India image as in the future India will not be able to
criticize the west on Syrian crises.
 There will be harassment, persecution of this community if they will through back in
to the fire of communal voilance.
 All the countries like indonessia, bang’desh are very critical to these community so
on the humaniterian basis we need to help these people.
 Why
 There are some reports that terrorist groups are connecting this community to
radicalize them.
 It is not in the national security as we have already many trouble from the east fronts
and illegal immigration from B’desh.
 Recent Visit of PM modi to myanmar:-
 Area of convergence:-
 People to people tie+ Act east policy+Kaladan multimodal project+ Capacity
building+Health + culture+ devlopment+maritime security .
 For india as many of indian insurgent groups are based in myanmar.
 Connectivity project
 Klaldan multimodel project+high value capacity and human devlopment
project like mynamar institute of inforamation of tech+ IT+
Enterpreneurship
 Small area development project like chin and naga area of myanmar.
  Implication on mynamr.:-
 As myamar is more dependent on china and china is basically extracting myanamar
natural resources, it will give some relief to Myanmar from dependece of china.
 Myanmar can sell it’s agricultural product like rice+oil and gas in case of investment.
 India imports bean and pulses that are vital for Indian food security.
 What india need to do
 Past attempts to open limited market for myanmar rice in india will be and
alternative to china.
 Myanmar can use indian investment in greater mekong sub- region.
 India’s refuse to bali declation on susatinable devlopment in indonessia on rohingia
issue..
 India is always advocative on the security issue as in the past when b’desh took scorpine
from china the then defence minister rushed to b’desh to make some negotiation on
military issue, MODI is always advocative of b’desh help on security and the best friend
and on the other hand India has denied any help on the humanitairan issue where b’desh
itself is dealing with more than 3 lack refugee and on the other had India only 40000
which will be soon deported to the country where they will be alive the probablity is such
less.
 Why Indis should take this seriously
 Economic concer:- Kaladan multi modei transit project.
 Socio economic:- As india is the home to refugee since a long times.
 Strategic factors.
 Govt on one hand can applaud the action of Myanmar govt for her geopolitics but on the
other hand persuade the myanmar govt to solve the deadlock ASAP.
 Why not
 As india is already over populated by it’s own and illigal immigrants, a limit is reached as
if any further increase may lead to socio economic conflict as we saw in Assam due to
illegal b’deshi immigrants.
 It’s is total failure of myanmarise govt why should india pay for this, as last 70 years of
independence they have failed to accommodate the many tribes.
 East and west pak was mainly created to accommodate muslim population for their
demand of seprate state so considering that myamar was the part of india and got free
itself from british in 1950 so it is the responsibility of these two states to tckle this deluge
of immigrants.
  As in the early india accommodate rohingiyas and make a settlement in J&K but these
the prey which are most vulnerable to L&T and other militant groups to include.
 India need to engage with Myanmar for the long-term solution to this problem
 wHy
 Due to India want to rejuvenate BIMSTIC.
 Root cause of this problem is also a less development and treatment of myanmaese to
rohingiya as 2nd class citizen.

india and Indonessia:-

Why Imp:-

It’s locations in indo-pacific region. Has a potential to block all the roots from Indian Ocean to
South China Sea from which 40% of India trade is passed. Becuase it is a biggest archipelago.

 India and indonessia both having a huge amount of Muslim population

and indonessia is going to a civil war like situation.
 India can enhance the security and defense by Indonesia which may break the
sea of pearls theory of china.
  To counter china effect in indian sea indonessia cooperation is most
important with india.
 Act east policy of india also shows an copperation effect from Indonessia.
 Energy Security
 Law based movement in Indian ocean UNCLOS.
 Terrorism+ Indian trade.
 How
 People -people partnership through cultural, academic and economic engagement.
 India investment in Indonesia for the economic boost purpose, may help to strengthen
india and well as Indonesia relation.
 India need to take a look form tourism business from Indonesia as Indian are more to
visit Bali island
 Key talks between two:-
 To counter terrorism in all form.
 It was also seen to side pak on terrorism issue.
 A joint defense cooperation committee to enhance bilateral ties on
defense.
 South China Sea matter in which Indonesia is party to resolve by peaceful
means.
 Soft diplomacy.
 Actors from indonessia came to india for performing ramleela art on the occasion
of deepawali-> People to people to contact.

India and Nepal Relations:-

 Why Nepal is important for india.

 Strategic location between india and china.
 People to people historic contacts.
 To maintain neighborhood 1st policy.
 SAARC+BIMSTIC+Free movement of people from india and Nepal to each other area.
 Nepal help to out militant communist.
 How india is helping
  Hydroelectic dam which will benefit both India and Nepal.
 Infrastructure area on railway lines.
 Nepal has recently act as a connecting link between India and china to resolve
the differences of two countries on the some issues like cross border terrorism. 
 MoU was signed between Government of Nepal and SJVN Limited for the Arun-III
Hydro ELectric project .
 The project is located on Arun River in Sankhuwa sabha
 The project will provide surplus power to India strengthening power availability in
the country and will also strengthening economic linkages with Nepal.

 India’s grant to Nepal on irrigation project,road infrastructure and power infrastructure.

 Contentious issue of past.

 Madhesi Issue:-The Madhesi people are culturally close to people from the Indian
states of Bihar and Uttar Pradesh and shares some cultural similarities to the Pahari
people of the hills in terms of religions and common festivals.
 India blockade of essential items to Nepal which push Nepal towards china.

 OPen sky:- Govt of India want there should be unlimited flights between Nepal

and india. but nepal rejected.
 Challenges in the relation
 Boundary dispute on kalapani, tri junction at lipulekh
 Nepal has planned to sell the electricity to India but India will purchase the
electricity only by those companies in which equity of Indian companies in 51%
 Arbitrary blockage and go slow at Indian custom of Nepal argi produce.
 Increasing high handedness of SSB.
 Open border. Both curse and bless
 Convergence area
 Migrant workers right issue on both sides.
 Making more traffic through sky.
 Electricity
 Making dam or reservoir on Nepal river which can save UP and Bihar.
 Nepal can pegged nepali rupee with indian rupee, it will give benefit to her in future.
  India can take an advantage of open border and Nepal takes advantage of the special
status of which it’s worker enjoy in india.
 India should adhere to panchseel policy.

Strategic relations between India and Afgan:- Between inda and afghan agreements

on extradition, mutual legal assistance, space co-operation. 

  Issues of Afghanistan with pak:--

 In Pakistan and Afghanistan agreement afghan people can send their

goods to India but Indian people are not allowed to use wagha border to
sell their goods to Afghanistan.
 Restriction of trade with India.
 Pakistan has not reined to Insurgency or compelled the Taliban to
negotiate.

Why afghan want India:-

 Chabhar port will boost the trade for afghan which is on south east
of Iran.
 Afghan stands with India on Baluchistan issue to counter pak
on Kashmir issue.
 Military aid.
 India's support to normalizing the political crises as earlier
president of afghan was very close to India.
 India Role in afghan
 Capacity building measures on afghan forces.
 Coincidence of interest in afghan territory with USA as it is a strategic place.
  India and afghan has strategic relationship so India should be more enthusiastic if
afghan need India Like equipment.
 FATF was used by USA to squeeze the fund of Pakistan on international front so should
take some leverage.
 Peace in the afghan area+ Role to make a democratic country.
 Education+ health + tourism sector India may help.
 Outsider can only train or can withhold the situation for some time but it will not be
sustainable until unless inside is not as powerful to tackle issues like terror.
 Economic engagement.
 Earlier US see India as a problem in afghan and not to offend pak but now India seems
as a part of solution to the problem is the welcome development.
 India should leverage the situation in afghan for it’s regional security and devopment.
 India decision to invest in 30 different sectors must be a welcome development.
 USA south Asia policy and India’s bigger role in that is a multidimensional approach to
make stability in the region.
 Why India should not to be engage in like sending troops in afghan
 India itself has a war on 2 and half fronts.
 India should not make itself vulnerable as did by pak incase of b’desh. Pak did not has a
land route to b’desh that made pak vulnerable to the situation.
 Sustainability of forces will not be there due to poor connectivity
 Ethnic part in india sunni will get tensed as they will be prosuctuted so ethenic tension
can emerge.

India and French: -French Defence Minister Jean is likely to visited India to conclude the
Inter-Governmental Agreement (IGA) between India and France for the purchase of 36
Rafale fighter jets.

India will purchase the gripper aircraft form sweeden which is having american engine
under make in india deal.
 Brexit:- Eu had a member of 28 and now by quiting of u.k. only 27 member left.

 What Is EU: - The EU was created in the aftermath of the 2nd war. The
result was the European Economic Community (EEC), and initially increasing economic
cooperation between six countries: Belgium, Germany, France, Italy,
Luxembourg and the Netherlands.(FINBGL). A name change from the European
Economic Community (EEC) to the European Union (EU) in 1993.The EU is also
governed by the principle of representative democracy, with citizens directly represented
at Union level in the European Parliament and Member States represented in
the European Council and the Council of the EU.The union reached its current size of 28
member countries with the accession of Croatia on 1 July 2013.
 Why U.K. want to exit

 The rules on which EU stands only emended if all 28 states agreed

upon it, This will cause like a club that has no power to change it basic rules will
eventually fossilize and die.
 28 members in theory, sovereign equlas, regardless of diffrences in
population or wealth but voting weight donot recognizes differences in size.
 EU makes the deal on the behalf of its members, using extra
barganning power, but in some cases it's seeing that it is not sufficient for them to
be ratified by the european parlimanent alone but in some cases national
parliament ratifies too, if one of parliament fails to ratifies the trade deals, then
all the efforts goes in the vein.
 It is easy for one nation to take it's own intrest in dealing with the
other countries rather to be ratified from all.
 Outsourcing problem, People in UK thinks that people from EU
takes their jobs and making them jobless.

India with Russia in BRICS-2016 GOA:-signed 16 important deals including one on S-

400 missile systems, a game-changer in countering airborne threats. The Kamov 226T
helicopters will be manufactured by Hindustan Aeronautics Ltd (HAL) and Rostec
State Corporation of Russia under a joint production plan.
 deal on ‘information security’ aimed at countering terrorism, drug
trafficking and other illegal cross-border activities.(India dump the deal of Medium
multi role combat aircraft(MMRCA) instead she will buy 36 Rafale multi role fighter jet
with increased cost which will inhance IAF capablity. Pak-Russia joint millatry
exersice Drujubha-16 is an off-shot to rafale deal. In this there is no technology
transfer agreement with india which could boost up Make in India initiative)(Russian
economy majorly depends on the exporting of energy. Crude oil prices are going down
which lead the economic crises in Russian. Russian economy was shrinked about to 3.7%
of gdp last year and expected to be .7% of shrinkage this year. )
 Russia formally withdrew its signature from the founding statute of the
international criminal court in the backdrop of court publishing report recognising the
annexation of Crimea as a military conflict between Russia and Ukraine and classified it
as an occupation.  Burundi, South Africa and Gambia have quit ICC have already
quit last month
 Piller's of partnership:-

  the establishment of a ministerial-level Military Industrial Conference to identify new

projects and resolve pending issues and a Science and Technology Commission to
facilitate development and sharing of cutting-edge technologies

 Over the past 10 years, Russia provided 70 per cent of India’s defence imports; the
U.S. was next with 14 per cent

 The agreement for information security cooperation should enable India to benefit from
Russia’s expertise in cyber technologies

 There has been a significant increase in university exchanges and joint science and
technology research projects funded by the two governments.

 India and russia will setup agro irradiation centre as a bilateral agreement to reduce agriculture losses.

In first phase, 7 centre will be devloped in maharastra in the district ofRahuri in

Ahemadnagar distirct.

 Radiation processing / Agro-irradiation is a physical process in which food and agricultural commodities

are exposed to controlled amount of radiant energy to achieve desirable effects such as inhibition of

sprouting and ripening, and destroying insect pests, parasites, pathogenic and spoilage bacteria. Gamma
 rays from radio-isotope cobalt-60 and electron beams or X-rays from machine based radiation sources

can be used for processing food commodities.

 Benifits

 Disinfestation of insect pests in stored products.

  Disinfestation of quarantine pests to overcome international trade barriers

 Delay in ripening and senescence in fruits and vegetables

 Inhibition of sprouting in tubers, bulbs and rhizomes

  Destruction of microbes responsible for food spoilage

 Elimination of parasites and pathogens of public health importance in food

 IndiaIssue:-
 Russia, is working on a regional partnership in Afghanistan that includes Pakistan and
China.,‘Russia-China-Pakistan’ consultations to be held in Moscow.


 Heart of Asia:-The annual Heart of Asia (HoA) conference is held by turns
in one of the member countries that include Afghanistan, Azerbaijan,
China, India, Iran, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyz, Russia, Saudi Arabia, Tajikistan,
Turkey, Turkmenistan, and United Arab Emirates.The last summit, held
in Islamabad
 BRICS:-Summit held in goa.The first BRICS Trade Fair & Exhibition will be held in the
national capital, ahead of the BRICS summit in Goa. This aims give an impetus to intra-
BRICS economic engagement.

 What is BRICS:-The term "BRIC" was coined in 2001 by then-chairman

of Goldman Sachs Asset Management, Jim O'Neill, in his publication Building
Better Global Economic BRICs.South Africa officially became a member nation in
 2010. IN 2017 China will host the summit. Comprehensive convention on international

terriorism(CCIT) is an intiative of BRICS to include it in UN.

 As india is the host to many such kind of summit but the outcomes to these are
very sparse.
 Like to counter the effect of west in setting up of pricing of currency there
was proposed BRICS credit rating agency but no of such kind of
agency is in existence (None of . these five countires are the part of great
trade block like TTP,  Trans-Atlantic Trade and Investment Partnership
(TTIP)).
 The BRICS agenda moved forward a bit with the BRICS leaders united in
their “view to establish the
 BRICS Agriculture Research Platform,
 BRICS Railway Research Network,
 BRICS Sports Council, and various youth-centric fora
 agreeing “to fast track the setting up of a BRICS Rating Agency”
based on market-oriented principles to “further bridge the gap in
the global financial architecture.”
 India's focus was on selective approach against terrorism.Recognising the
limits of the BRICS mandate at a time of slowing economies and growing
intra-BRICS political divergences.BRICS delegates will study Kerala
welfare projects.

 BRICS-2017 @ Xiamenin china

 Major devlopment
 Declaration of terrorist group as threat to humanity like Jesh-e-mohamad, Taliaban,
TTP etc.
 Modi 10point agenda to lead the world through BRICS.
 Counter terrorism, Disaster management, cyber security.
 Creating a grrener world,
 Creating a inclusive world,
 Creating a enabled world,
 Creating a digtal world,
 Creating a skilled world
 , Creating a healtheir world,
  Creating a equitable world,
 Creating a connected world,
 Creating a harmonious world.


China Pakistan economic corridor CPECproject:- Will be start from xinijiang in

china and gwadar in Pakistan. This project is a part of china's ambitious project one belt
one road(OBOR). This project will boost the economic activity on the south western
pakistan Baltistan Region and west china where there is less development with respect to
the other region of the country.


 Latvia became the 1st country in the Baltic Sea area to sign a MoU to link up
with China’s Belt and Road Initiative.
  Why india is worries:-
 It pass through POK .
  China will boost its activity in indian ocean which is a security threat to india.
 Theory of Sea pearl in which sri lanka is the pearl
 China will have a hold on strait of malacca (which connects pacific to
indian ocean and in between indonessia and malasia)which is the major
oil transporting route.
 By this project china will get an alternative route to middle east and africa region
which will boost it's economic capacity.
 China is also extending its Tibet railway line from Lhasa to the Indian
frontiers in the south.
 China and pak invitation:-
 Pak and china wants that india to be a part of this intiative. 
 Russia involvement with taliban changing the political sitiuation of this region.
 Iran want gwadar port as sister port with chahabr. this also shows india should engage in
this dailoge.
 This project is not merely a project but it is a key for pakistan to open herslef for central
asia.
 India and china:-Government decision to allow Karmapa after a short while visit of US
ambassador to india Richard verma at disputed territory of Arunanchal pradesh.

  Karmapa has a temporary home at monastery, UPA gov banned his movement to
India.After 900 years the 17th Gyalwang karmapa will visit AN.
 Recently Chinese and pak advocated about inclusion of india into the ambitious
mission of china CPEC. they said if india will join this project it will be in favor of
India as Srinagar can be make as a regional hub for India northern state growth.
 Soft border:- Concept generated since 2005 to
 China And West
 Recent visit of Saudi king to the china and 65$ Bn deal in the energy is most
sginifanct for her west policy.
 West asia is pivot to the OBOR and Silk road intiative,
 Problem
 West asia piller in the Policy of china is Iran, Saudi and Israel.
 Theree are the rival to each other.
 China's focus is alwys economic centric be it inter conuntires or be it intra
countires. 
 So less political expericnce to tacke such issue.
 Recently Visit will be take place by dalai lama in twang vally , China registered a
strong protest against visit to india.
 Twang valley is the largest monestry of india (estd- by Mera lama ), birth
place of 6th dlai lama  and 2nd in the world after potala place in lahasa.
 Twang share boundary with Sw with Bhutan, North-Tibbet, East-Kameg,
West-Sela Range.
 Twang distrcit is smallest of AP.
 China claim Twang is part of tibbet and tibbet part of china.
 Currently Iran is also engaging with China as china didn't stop the trade in the
saction regime of USA

 Now again there is a confrontation between PLA and Indian army on the issue of
Doklam Plateau
 China is accused of crossing the border and making road in bhutanease territory.
 Implication for india
  It is only 100 Km away from chiken's neck.
 Near to the stratagic location of chumbi valley. 
 India probelm is again same of worrying of china assertion in the
area and low devlopment of Indian border which is the major
cause of worry.

 India is backed by Japan on the issue of territorial dispute.

 Implication

 It will strengthen the position of india on doklam issue.

 China has a problem with all it’s neighbor be it territory of maritime.

 As japan is lifiting it’s self imposed ban on millatry spending it will give india a
boost to it’s technology collaboration

 India should handle this issue as it will give the benefit to both the country. War is
not the solution of any dispute.

 What india has learnt from Doklam Issue

 What is this issue all about
 Doklam is a tri junction point of china Bhutan and india it is a plateau in chumbi valley.
India has reservation that is is near to silguri coridore and will compromise the india
security if any permanent structure will allow to be made ther.
 In the last time of issue thimpu was not vocal to the issue much more, so New delhi could
have convinced thimpu for more vocal on the issue.
 It was a counter check on india and bhutan for not attendig BRI. So we should consider
all odd and merit and demerit of the issue before going for milltary commitment.
 India need to engage with china with more diplomatically
 It need to realise the weight of the BRI before all the way refusal, so it will cost india on
economic front.
 Next
  Need to engage a high level dialogue with china.
 According to the treaty of 2007 with bhutan there was no compulsion to sent the troops
on this front, so india should convinced bhutan to be more vocal of her right in
international community.
 Need of a multi pronged policy+ in multi pronged sector from afganistan to BRI and
from boundary dispute to people to people contact.
 BRICS Summit -2018
 In BRI india joined to refuse why
 Due it’s territorial Sovereignity +
 Transparency and undeclared clear objectives of BRI.
 China is proposing BRICS+ (In which Maxico+Pak+Sri lanka)
 Russia inclination to china is also due to Chinese investment in Russian and china
pipeline 300 bn $ by Chinese which can be seen in Afghanistan as Russia is engaging
with the dialogue with Taliban

1st train from UK to china has been departed will pass through France, Belgium, Germany,
Poland, Belarus, Russia and Kazakhstan. Earlier a train from china to UK has already reached to
China.

 China changing name of indian areas in arunanchal Pradesh

 Why
 China is constantly asserting on india position it never want to resolve the
dispute till then it became in a position to dominate india.
 AP is not the part of china occuping tibbet as in 1962 when china invaded
the indian territory it it belongs to her whyit left?
 China is having dispute with all it's neighborour infiact one can sea south
china sea dispute
 China ambitious project OBOR is the stamp on such kind.
 China is not investing in india infact she invests in the
neighbouring countries to isolate india.
 What india need to do
 Building the infrastructue in AP so that in any condition INDIA should
retaliate if one touches it's soveriegnity.
 Making india more stronger on economic as well as millatry front.
  India has a advantage that india has excess to such tech which not
available to china.
 All dispute must be resolved bilatrlly.
 Both country must see this centruy as the asian century if they can all the
issue will be resolved.
 There must be frequent high level visit from both the sides so that there
must be a sense of confidence building betwen the relation of both the
country.
 Problem in the sikkim border so called chumbi valley is that there is no
clear demarcation of boundary in the sikkim area.
 Mechanism at local level should be use firstly before taking escaltion in
the relation.

 India and china on economic front

 India has a trade deficit with china of 50 Bn, it seen as a benefit to Chinese economy and
a loss to Indian.
 Indian minister has a recent talk with her Chinese counterpart for an increase openness
for Indian product in china.
 Why this deficit
 Chinese invest their Yuan in India in the asset rather than in the product
consumption and on the contrary Indian buys the Chinese product from these Yuan
rather to invest it back in china in the asset.
 Indian agri+ Pharmaceutical product has a very less access to Chinese market.
 Concern of Chinese sanitary and phyto-sanitary policy
 Anti dumping duty must be imposed on Chinese lowest price.
 India and china common ground to work
 Economic and trade cooperation gaining momentum.
 People to people exchanges are thriving
 Watching bolly wood movies ex- dangal+ Yoga+ Dargiling Tea
 Local exchanges are booming-> India and china has 14 sister cities.
 Two countires maintained high level cooperation on many global issue like in wto.
 Challenges coomon
 Anti globalization + protectionism from west+ Terrorism+ inter regional connectivity
 Why should china need a peace in neighboring area
 Economic prospective
 As china is in making a global power, it needs an uninterrupted supply of oil which
can happen only when there is no turmoil in Asia especially in south.
 South China Sea: - As china should resolve the issue peace fully with all the stake
holder.
 OBOR.
 If china seems as a assertive power to the territorial dispute then it will significantly
loose it’s economic leverage.
 Global prospective
 The goals which set by china can only be achieve when there is peace on the
neighboring areas.
 As china growth is going low+ Increase debt+ Increase labour cost on which it gains
cause hamper to it’s way, to do away with this china needs a global chain.
 China has already a stress in Tibet and Xinjiang province which will lead to a
significant loss in it’s prestige if confrontation on the border will take place.

 BRICS what is now?

 South africa and Brazil now wandering on periphery of BRICS+ Russia is busy to
restore Eurasia and not seems to take brics as seriously as it took in past.
 China doesn’t seems brics as a tool which can aspire her economic and military
ambitions.
 Fighting china on many front
 Terrorism in the south province, south china sea as many of the countries now
advocating for freedom of navigation like indonessia.
 Brics declation not seems as it can tackle the regional as well as global problem like
not mention of North korea threat, Middle east+ afganistan, so it seems no to take a
position on global stage. Repetition of HOA declaration.
 China is anxious to play a role with india as she can not fight all along it’s border
with every one.
 India and Bhutan
 Recent visit of foreign secy to Bhutan for increase in trust.
 Issue of Bhutan with india
  As Bhutan is heavily dependent on india economically, and militarily. So any changes
in the policy of eoconomy will have a subsequent impact on Bhutan economy vis-e-
vis to normal people.
 GST:-Bhutan wants some exempts in GST but not given.
 As india is exploiting their natural resources in term of HEP , so asking greater
revenue by Bhutan from india. Demonitization was also a cause
 Bhutan has 90% of the trade deficit with india
 Bhutan wants to sell electricity to primary market where it will get good amount of
revenue but conidition for the distribution company is that 51% of the share of that
company must be held by the Indian
 Make in india plan will some how a negative impact on Bhutan economy so we must
take Bhutan on board in such issues
 What india should do
 As some of the countries allows Indian currency in their economy as legal tender,
demonitisation like event will give a loose in the trust if we will not take them on
board so , the deficit must be reimbursed by india to that countries which is due to
deomnitisation
 Involve Bhutan in some of the decision making like in security for example with
Nepal, IORA, it will increase their trust in Indian
 Short isssues must be resolve first like revenue from HEP
 India should allow them to use their resources first like on the docklam issue if we
have supported Bhutan on from behind then it will lead to the trust,.royal army can
defend it’s territory as china was repeatedly saying india should withdraw it’s troop
from doklam.
 The way south aisa politics is going we need to check our intrest vis-e-vis china.
 Asserive china on territorial disputes and relection of Chinese president again and his
remark on the occasion of opening seremony to make china a global power is worrysome
for indi.
 How
 See china as a solution rather as a problem like we have engaged china on multiple
spehere like anti piracy operation in gulf of aden and economic so we need to engage
much more.
 As china in CPEC corridor can’t make a hard comment on pkistan where we need to
put our dioplamtic skill on front.
  Enhacning security cooperation with china.
 India should cooperate with china and turst on the same time enhancing it’s
capability on military front as it can’t be ignored.

China -Russia-Pak:-

 As USA is making less presence in south asia it is this axis which is making itelf presence
as a fate for south asia
 Why problem
 India wants to make Pak in isolation to the world, india some how making herself
on the same path way
 The days have gone when USA influsence on pak was greater now it is russia and
china axes which making her fate in terms of geopolitical angle.
 It is india which is on the wrong path like a terror man is deciding our relation
with the china the biggest trading partner vis-a-vis masood azhar.
 Changing the geopolitical angle of south asia is now evident. Russia and  china
making fevor for pak is also a issue.
 The state of south asia is now looking towards china as she have big pockets and
providing infrastructure.
 What india need to do
 Yes certainly there is a issue of cpec passing through the POK but thinking about
it through the bilateral relations not dismissing the project.
 As in the upcoming times may be USA and bangladesh will sign CPEC.

India-Sri lanka:- To come up with lighten the tension between india and shri lanka. india
and sri lanka will have a joint venture to establish a regional petroleum hub on the coast on
lanka.Recently BIMSTIC-BRICS sideline meeting with sri lanka president on the issue of
fisherman who unknowingly entered into each other territories in search of fishes. They also
talked on the issues of energy and health.

 The main issue with srilanka is fisher man issue. Will likly to be resolveed soon
 Economical and technological coperation agriment(ETCA) will be signed soon.
 Srilanka will sign a FTA with china.
 Stratagic port devlopment at hambantota and a huge industrail zone near by opposed
by lanka nationals. a part of silk road initiative.
  a FTA with india also.
 Recently a shoot dead by the srilankan nevy in the name to curb paoching of an indian
tamil is a cause of concern.
 Joint working group to resolve the issue of entering into the each other teritorial
water was made but a very slow process in this regard is not justified  by both the
countires.
 A hotline to be established between the coatline gaurd india and srilanakan navy
is not activated till now.
 Meeting of JWG in three month was a way forward for the issue but not
happedned.
 Meeting atleast in 2 a year between the fishing minister for both the countires
was also not happend.
 Sri Lanka’s fishermen want to assert their right over their own territorial waters,
hindered by Indian trawlers

Consolidated reports by Sri Lankan Navy

 beginning of each month a consolidated report is sent to Indian officials by the Sri
Lankan Navy. This report contains information on the Indian fishing craft in Sri Lankan
waters

Indian trawlers in Sri Lankan waters

In February, the Sri Lankans noticed approximately 835 fishing trawlers/dhows they said were
engaged in bottom trawling/poaching.


Sri Lankan Navy’s course of action
 The arrest the fishermen and seize the boats

 Deep sea fishing

 Why
 For blue revolution->export+domestic mkt+healthy food+ easy to process
 TN govt is also giving a push to DSF by providing them to subsidy for the trawlers.
 Issue
  Genrally Cross of maritime boundary by the fisher men’
 Resources are not unlimited+ their trans boundary movement make it difficult to
measure appropriately that how much to exploit.
 Some study shows that deep sea fishing is not economical in case of india due to high
cost of high powered trawler.
 Not much skilled workers in india for deep sea fishing so need training
 How to solve
 Monitor, control and carry out surveillance MCS of the process of decommissioning
as TN govt planed for to depot the trawler in the phased manner (2017-20) by 2000
in number.
 Palk bay conflict must requires a multidimensional apporch.

Inda-Singapore :Recently Singapore prime minister visit and said india have to be more
liberal in terms of easy doing business(The ease of doing business index is an index
published by World Bank and india recent ranking is 130.) such as land acquisition act, a
good communication between multiple level of government to ensure make in
india programme.In other words cooperative fedralism. Trade between india and
singapore downpore in the last year but investment increased. India has 1/3rd of china GDP but
india trade to international is only 1/5th. This must be in proprtion in order to get a good trade
response from other countries as well as in terms of investment. india have to be more librel as
indian companies doing the business in all over the world and india has to encourage the other
countries companies to setup their business in the india too.

India-Pak Relations:- India has denied to take part in 19th SAARC summit at islamabad
to put a diplomatic pressure on pak. In this situation

1. India on the verge to break the indus water treaty. In this 80% of water is
utilized by pak and rest of the water is utilized by India.
2. To remove the status of MFN(Most Favored Nation), under this pak gets
so many favour ( Trade advantages include low tariffs or high import quotas).
3. India had granted the MFN status to Pakistan in 1996 as part of its
commitments on joining the WTO.
 4. a controversial dam kisangenga will be commissioned and even will have
an expansion. by this J&K will have a good irrigation facility as well as hep.
5. India is on the vision to make SAARC- pakistan.
6.  India getting a loss due to smuggling of good to pakistan through third
country like afghan and Dubai,  The three important  factors which contributes towards
thriving informal trade are quick realization of payments, zero documentation and little
procedural hassles leading to lower transaction costs, 


 Indus water treaty:- done in 1960. 80% of water will be used by Pakistan and
20% of water will be used by india for no consumption purposes.It served it's
purpose. As of now india has a water crises in haryana, punjab, and rajasthan.
The east flowing river are not suficient to cop up with this problem. so we need to
revive this treaty but not on the aggression level but on the diplomatic level.
Breaking of treaty in the current situation will be a knee jerk to situation. For
Invoking indus treaty and to handle water, india need a infrastructure, for this
india will take some years to make this handle.
  IWT can't be altered or revoked unilaterly.
 The PIWC is intended to act as a first-tier bilateral review platform for the two
signatories to monitor its implementation.The Indus Commissioners constitute
the PIWC. The PIWC meets at least once a year. 
 If india brokes this treaty then Pakinvoke the dispute resolution mechanism
which indeed involves aneutral expert to consider issues..
 Dispute will be difficult to resolve if 1st tier of mechanism i.e.
PIWC deactivated.
 Pakistan is building two mega dams of Diamer and Bunji on the Indus in
occupied Gilgit-Baltistan, the Chinese dam will cause water shortage for similar
mega hydroelectric projects including the existing Tarbela dam that also lies on
Indus.
 One can only hope that Chinese intentions are benign and geared towards
tourism promotion. The dam is very far from Kailash Mansrovar and will largely
cater to the needs of the expanding military city near Ladakh, which raises
concerns in India.
 three hydel projects on Chenab and its tributary —Sawalkot , Pakal Dul  and Bursar.
 Error! Filename not specified.

 It is almost next to impossible task to stop water of jelum as Velley is flat

which can cauase of flood if done so.
 Water in the Indus is less because of Environmental resaons.
 Ratle project on chenab river and kisanganga project is on  kisanganga.
 Recent mandate by the govt of pak on saed arrest what are the implication on:-
 This is basically done because of intenral pressure and external pressue.
 External pressure like FTAF give the time to pak to cut terro
funding within 90 day other wise she will be putted with those
countires which are unable to controll teror.
 On the external front there is a threeat of economic sanction by the trump
as he mentioned that NATO is falied to look into the issue of terrorism so
look for alternative.
 Internal is that pak is also figthing with the terrorism as she faced attack
on millatry school and now increasing popularity of saed in the hindu
resident of pak too because of they are providing the emergency services
or may be by the threat too.
 UNSC sanction of 1267 which want some kind of work that can shows pak
is fighting against terror.
 There is a very poor condition of judiciary in pak till now no major
contribution by these judicial officer on the front to curb terror.
 Pak is using terror as a geopolitical tool in the neighbouring countires. 
 Pak should stablize 1st and make peace in her region for any concluding
remarks with india.
 New general of pak army made a comment to learn from indian
democracy and decreasing bullet exchange at LOC is some how seems a
direction in which both the countries make their relation forward.
 What can do pak to fight against terror
 If pak want to make a medical treatment of her distorted image, she have
to do many thing.
  Radicalization is established in the middle class roots in the pakisatan
which is the threat to to peace for example asasination of kadri make him
hero.
 Caught the major terrorist and put them into jail with some sanctions.
 Deradicallised the people who are associated with these group.'
 Actually the major thing to do is to make a treatment to this ideology
whcih is jehaidst.
 Make the people educate and put therm into the main stream.
 Reverse the jehadist of all kind irrespect to the bad and good.
 Army has to change the ideology to tackle the situation

India- Hungary:-Recently Indian VP Hmaid Ansari had visited to hungary and signed 2
act with the countary in order to strengthen the ties between the two's. A Memorandum was
relates to river managment which will be a offshoot to india's ambitious plan of interlinking
of rivers. and 2nd was a cooperation between indian council for the world affairs and the
institute of foriegn affairs and trade of hungary.Defence industry cooperation is another positive
move  afoot.

India's foriegn policy :-http://www.mea.gov.in/distinguished-lectures-detail.htm?569

India and China:-China is to build an ocean park on Hainan Island, which is

located in the disputed South China Sea. With this, the number of ocean parks in the country
will go up to 42.


  China's military strategy takes a substantial leap with the construction of its first
overseas military installation in Djibouti. Peoples libration army(PLA) will
soon take control of a dual-use port facility in djibouti. Central Asia is a major
destination for Chinese foreign investment and it could have been a location for a
facility in support of land operations, but Central Asia remains a region where
Russia’s shadow looms large and where suspicion of China’s intentions for the
region have increased since the announcement of Xi’s One Belt, One Road
Initiative.Djibouti is located in the Horn of Africa, giving China the ability to
project strength in both the western Indian Ocean and the Mediterranean.
 A joint working group will be formed between china and india to work together
on environment degradation and lowering the everest by melting of glacier.
 China proposed BRICS-FTA aimed at boosting trade ties through eliminating tariff.
Because chinease goods are cheap so it will lead to hurdled local manufactures so this
will leads to money out flowing which india don't want.China and russia together did
neval excercize in south china sea. this will send the message to whole world over the
territorial claim of china over south china sea. India and China for the first time
conducted military exercises in the state of Jammu and Kashmir in Eastern
Ladakh.India and china  had their first high level meeting to combat terrorism. 

 What is trade barriers:- These are govt induces restriction on
international trade. The imposition of some sort of cost on trade that rises
the price of a product.
 Trade barriers are detrimental and decrease econimic efficiency.
 however this is important also for security and local manufactures.
 but not good for consumers
 becuase if trade barrier exist than no free trade, so choices are less
and leads to inferior goods consumption or giving high price for
same quality of good.
 Trade barriers are not good for devolping economy
 becuase in developed economy there is subsidy to farmers or local
manufacturers and they boost their production and dump to the
world market. But on the other hand devloping economies are
largest consumers instead of producers
  .India can't impose a blanket ban on any contries import because it is against world trade. But we can introduced antidumping
duties and safegaurd mechanism on certain product.

 India and China – Common Values

 China and India have had much in common in terms of physiography and
strategic ideology.
 Both countries have major snow fed rivers as boundaries.
 Strategically, both the nations have not been believers of conquering nations
outside their territories of influence.
 Contrary to western belief, both these nations focus on building partnerships
based on common values.
 In terms of political ideology as well, both China and India give due
importance to secularism, human rights and welfare of all.
 They have had a common agenda at the United Nations (UN) as well. Both
the nations have not been favouring the international relations based on the
global strategy of shared natural resources, technology and prosperity.
 The great positive of the India-China relationship in the recent years has been
the increased business-to-business and people-to-people contacts between
citizens of the two countries.
 China again blocked the resolution in UNSC against azhar mahmood by veeto
power. This will be a blow against india comapaign of terrorism and international
convention on terrorism.
 Chinese ambassador to  India :- friendship and cooperation treaty’ and a free trade
agreement (FTA) to boost bilateral relations and joining of hands on China’s One Belt, One Road
(OBOR) initiative, and added that the time is ripe for both countries to reap some ‘early harvest’
outcomes (based on negotiations held so far) on the unresolved boundary question.
 The Chinese have today chosen to disregard the sovereignty issues surrounding the
dispute between India and Pakistan over the State of J&K, despite the provisions of the 1963
China-Pakistan Boundary Agreement which conceded the disputed nature of the territory (in
what Pakistan now calls Gilgit-Baltistan but what India claims as part of Jammu and Kashmir)
covered under the agreement. This is a crucial reason for India’s reservations about OBOR.
 A true indicator of Chinese positivity would be approval for India to open a Trade Office
in Lhasa in place of the old Consulate General that operated there

till ’62.
 India and china stratagic dialgue to resolve the issue on masood azhar and india entry to
NSG
 NSG membership can't make without the consnet of China, so india need to make
resolve the issues very tactfully.
 Italy is also opposing as her neval man was accused in the murder of a fishermen in
india.
 India need to make more high level dailogue to comabat such issues like trade
representative for trade deficit problem.
 A defence dailgue to combat such issue on defense
 China giving neuclear as well as some other weapon to pakistan and they
used it against india.
 China often talk about joint devlopment project when one talks about south china
sea and east china sea problem.
 We have to engage with  china as china is 5 times bigger than india in economic
times and a well efficient millatry power. on this context india need to see its
future in a more cohrent way like china see it's like she wants to dominat asia 1st
then super power.
 India should continue to invest in afgan it will have a multiple dimension effect
on india not to profit terms but on the geo political terms.
 Recently taiwaneese parliamentarian came to india because they are withdrawing
the investment from china and want to make it in india as under make india plan.
 Need to see some issue like a dialogue of afgan, russia, china and taliban as russia
recognises taliban on negotiating ground
 India put its position on more negotiating rather in making the relation more
difficult. 
 There is diffrence on the work in afgan between 2 countries., Intially sino-india
dialogue on terrrorism was seen as a promising but it is actually nothing.

Evolution of the world order:-

 


 The control of nations on the global geopolitics has shifted hands from Asian
powers till the late 18thCentury to the Western nations such as United
Kingdom and United States of America.
 The late 19th century and the 20th century have witnessed the Western powers
using imperialism and colonialism to dictate trade and even production and
consumption.
 The contemporary events now hint at history repeating itself and the power
returning in the hands of the Asian powers once again.
 Changes that have occurred
 The relative decline of the U.S. that has occurred both economically and
strategically. However, focus is also needed on Asia’s re-emergence.
 Declining supremacy and might of the global institutions such as World
Bank, International Monetary Fund (IMF) and World
Trade Organization (WTO) and emergence of institutions such as BRICS
Bank and Asian Infrastructure and Investment Bank.
 Increase in the limits to trade liberalization in the West also.
 Containment, as adopted during the Cold War, is not effective in Asia since
China is emerging as the largest global economy and has no close
competition.
 Alliances, as formed during the World War, are also losing significance in
Asia as economic influence is attaining greater importance than military
influence.
 Emergence of the New U.S. President Elect, Donald Trump who intends to
focus on “America First” approach with focus on resetting ties with Russia
and build a very strong relationship with China based with focus on trade.
 Emergence of Right wing leaders across various nations.
 Exit of the UK from European Union.
 Annexation of Crimea by Russia and its impact on the power equation
between USA and Russia. 
 Now because of trump implication on Asia
 Chineese influence on the smaller states will increase.
  CHineese and russian bilateral will cause a damge to  aisa including
india.
 North korea and china copperation which is already have, will
increase and north korea will increase her millatry power.
 South korea and japan has to increase their millatry power also.
 Scope of Cooperation
 China’s One Belt, One Road (OBOR) initiative is an opportunity for both
nations to collaborate and take a lead in connectivity-led trade in Eurasia.
 Both the nations should give recognition to each other’s special interests in
the South China Sea and the Indian Ocean and enhance the strategic
advantage from it.
 There is a need to come to a mutual understanding on the issues of
membership of the Nuclear Suppliers Group (NSG), global terrorism, and
China’s role in Gwadar.
 China has also suggested a free trade agreement and both countries aspire
towards creating an ‘Asian Century’
 China is the world’s largest producer of goods and India is the largest
producer of services. India will have an advantage in this since the future
growth in Asia will be service sector oriented.
 India has the potential to be the world leader in terms new knowledge-based
order through its pharmaceutical sector, information technology and crop
varieties.
 It is the only country with both extensive endemic biodiversity and world-
class endogenous biotechnology industry.
 India is also developing low cost and indigenous solutions for urbanisation,
governance, health and education problems.

 India and USA :-

 Big vision and Hazy detail

 USA wants india engagement on two fronts

 In afganistan+ In indo pacific area to counter china influence in SCS and to contain
north korea.
  Complete alienability of usa from Pakistan will not be possible due to geographical
location of pak in afganistan and USA relation.

 A complete alley of USA and india will not be possible also because of geographical
proximity of china and india and outstanding issues of india and china on territorial
basis.

 USA statement about to make an alternative to counter china OBOR is also a welcome
step in which india plays a central role.

 Recent attack on Indian's in US

 why
 All the western countries so called 1st world passing through the right
wing.
 In USA it is easy to take GUN.
 There is economic gap between indian and USA american.
 western economies are shrinking and creating the less JObs.
 There is notion that after middle east immigration, Immigration is related
to terrorist.
 Racism is increasing.
 Introvert civilization, (Clash of civilization written by  Huttington)
 Need to cure
 We need  the personality in the world like martin luthor, gandhi, Madela. who
can give the massage that everybody is same, not diffrence based on color.

Mr Modi visit to USA:-

 Outcome of Visit:-
 A joint cooperation on islamic radical terrorism.
 A close coperation in Natural Gas, clean coal, renewable resources.
 USA support to india membership in UNSC, NSG, australlia group, wassengar
agrement.
 Praised of india step towards sanctioning on north korea.
 a close cooperation in the field of millatry.
  Recent visit can be seen in the back drop of 100 birth aniversary of abrham linkon. USA
is a primary allay to india in the recent past there is growing warm in the relation of india
and USA.

India And Japan:- India relation with japan reaches on a great hight with the second visit
of PM with in 2 years.

 History:-When India conducted its nuclear tests in 1998, Japan was the country that
took it the hardest: it put all political exchanges with India on hold, froze aid and
announced economic sanctions within hours. A thaw in ties didn’t come until 2001,
when sanctions were lifted.then, in 2009, the two countries began an annual strategic
dialogue.The deal is critical to India’s renewable energy plans. Japanese companies that
produce cutting-edge reactor technology were previously not allowed to supply parts to
India.
 India's No Use of first policy in nuclear weapon gave a cutting edge to completion of
this agreement.
 Civil Nuclear Energy cooperation  Accord Signed:-This will allow india excess to
japan nuclear technology as india can by the nuclear component from japan. Japan has
signed such kind of treaty with other 13 countries but they all belongs to NSG Group. But
india is the only country which not a signatory to NPT and signed the same.
 There is a nullification clause in the deal which is that if india use the technology
for nuclear weapon, then soon japan will stop the tech and material transfer to
india
 India is also has the treaty with the other countrires like
Argentina,Australlia,Canada, USA, France,Kajakastan,Mangolia,Russia, South
Korea.
 Issues:- Techno commercial aspect, Financial aspect, Insurance.
 Skill transfer promotion programme by providing 30,000
young Indian youth Japanese training on manufacturing
 Cooperation in the field of agriculture and food industry
 Infrastructure, textiles, Art and Cult
 Defence, Disaster management, Maritime surrvillance, Renewable Energy Research.

 Sinjo Abe travel to india

  Bullet train foundation stone.
 China and Japan is having bullet train and selling the tech to south east and asian
country.
 In the recent time China take over to japan on this tech as seen in thailand, indonessia
due to pressure so called political although chinese bullet train fasts upto 430Km/Hr
 Mumbai – ahmdabad cover distance of more than 500 km in 2.57 hr
 It is not about the train but more on geostratagic as seen in the recent time.
 Time for strategiv partnership
 USA backs india on global front like in NPT, NSG and in UNSC too.
 Japan backs india in many ways.
 Enhancing india critical infrastructure and reviving india economy.
 What is strategic partnership.
 Political emgagement and economic cooperation with comon adversiory.
 Avoid entrapment into singular issues of one other like japan avoid to enter into
india china and pak dispute.
 High level political and milletry engagement.
 Major strategic partnership is strengthen the defences against marginal conflict.
 In case of china it means to engage with china to avoid any conflict ans standoff
in teritorial sphere.

 Recent devlopment in korean peninsula

 N. Korea send a missile to east which passed through the japanese air defence.
 Recent Testing of hydrogen bomb by N.korea may lead to a crises in the east.
 As japan is facing 2 sided security issue, One from chinese assertiveness in china sea and
now by N.korea.
 India can help japanses in this situation as japanes showed the same attitude towrds
india on doklam crises.
 A history of carrot and stick apporch by USA.
 1953 armistice agreement which is signed by china, USA, russia, N.Korea is due.
  1991 3rd nuclear crises on korean peninsula after post cold ware era.
 2 countires doesn’t recognise each other as south said whole peninsula is belongs to
them and north fighting for terriorial recognition.
 Clinton govt provide 80o Million $ for humanitarean assistance ton North korea and
NPT was extended to 1995.
 But bush adminstration anuulled 1994 framework and declared in 2002 north korea
as axis of evil in resopnse to that 2006 nuclear test of north korea.
 6 party talk collapsed.\
 What should be done now.
 A different apporch is needed.
 As noth korea has 90% of trade with china, a nucleated north korea is a less threat
than a combined korea as united korea will belongs to the usa ally and close to China
territory.

How to rejunevate the relation.

 Problem faced by Japanese companies in india:-

 India complex regulation mechanism, red tape, and ad-hoc nature of state level
intervention.
 Considerable logistics challenge,  intrepted power supply.
 Delays in the infrastructure project like, Delhi mumbai coridore.
 India is the largest recepient of japanese overseas devlpmennt assistance.
 India should look at japan for FDI at least 25 billion in the year.

India and Israel:-President of israel just came to india -Will have cooperation between
the two countries on counter-terrorism.

 India and israel gets up again for their better ties with each other. India refrain from the
voting in UNSC against Israel- Palestinian cause.
 India itself abstain from voting in UNESCO against Israel which can be seen as greater
ties with Israel.
 India doesn't recognize international criminal court and Israel too.
 India has approved a deal to jointly develop a medium range surface-to-air missile (MR-
SAM) system for the Army.
 This Year India and Israel celebrating 25 year of full relation.
 An up gradation in Israel position to strategic partnership.
 A close cooperation in the field of Space, Science (small propulsion engine for
satellite, optical link as cooperation for atomic clock.)R&D, Water conservation
and recycling ,agri,
 A 40 million $ fund for both sides for industrial R&D
 Recent visit of PM MODI Is the 1st visit of Indian PM to ISRAEL.
 Very important symbolically; India will have a strategic partnership with Israel.
 India can learn very well in entrepreneurship area by Israel.
 One agreement was on education on conservation. Will affect clean ganga
programme.
 7 MOU’s are signed on water, space ,S&T, agriculture, dry land farming,
floriculture.
 Israel has world’s efficient water recycle system. They almost use 90% of desaline
water for their house hold.
 95% of water recycled used in the agriculture. They generally do not depend on
the monsoon as the other countries do. They have a closed water cycle for their
country it will benefit India; as India is a water deficit country.
 India will open the culture centre in Israel even it will give the culture
promotion and people to people ties.
 Israel is 3rd largest armed supplier and 51% of Israel military supply is with
India.
 Israel investment in India will improve the make in India and may increase India
export.
 Intelligence will be a area in which india want to have greater ties with Israel
as both countries are facing extremist Islamic militant movement.
 Two factors are more important which closes india to Israel
 Militancy in Kashmir
 Voting against India in Islamic organization on Kashmir issue.
 Israel very much helped to increase Indian relationship with USA.
 Importance:-

 This is the latest in a series of other variants of SAM systems for the Navy and the
Air Force being jointly developed with Israeli help.
 The system will be based on the older Barak system of Israel, which is in use
in India.
 The systems will be manufactured in India and would have an 80%
indigenous content.
 The two countries are also in an advanced stage of negotiations for the purchase
of two more long-range Phalcon Airborne Warning And Control System
(AWACS).


Russian partnership

 India now operates three Phalcon AWACS with Israeli radars mounted on
Russian transport aircraft.

UNSC Resolution against Israel:-

 Resolution condemned the occupation of Israel on the west bank and east Jerusalem.
But it didn't call for settlement illegal rather said no legal validity.
 This time USA abstains from voting in the UNSC, 5 years before it used veto against this
type of resolution.
 UNSC and UN working on two nation theory, Palestine and Israel but Israel said Jewish
state proudly reclaiming it's forefather state.
 ICC prosecutor has been visited into the disputed territory in 2004, where in Gaza Israel
bombed.
 UN recognizes in 2012 Palestine as a state.
 1967:- Israel seized the west bank, east jerusalam, gaza strip.
 1st major resolution to defined Israel occupation sponsored by UK. us has voted in favor
of UK.
 Oslo accord-1994:-placed the possibility of Palestine state, At that time Israel neither
want two state nor 1. It continues to harbor the dreams greater Israel.
  Rome statute:- Establishment of ICC. USA used veto to protect Israel.
 Task for the new UN secy to protect the two nation solution.
 There is no two state solution in the present scenario cause of continue grabbing
the land of Palestine which will be a future state.
 the next further is that Israel grabbed all and gives the equal right to the
Palestinian as Jews but this will not be happen.
 Israel never be in the international pressure on this. She wants two states on the
paper but not in actual.

Heart Of Asia Summit:-6th summit will be held in Amritsar, Participating 14

countires, Afganistan, azarbejan,china,india,iran, kyrzakastan, kyzakastan,pakistan,turkey,
turkmenistan,UAE, saudi Arabia,russia

 Found in 2011 instanbul conference.

 India and afgan can go to UNSC on terrorism issue
 china is also concerned in the political as well as millatery stabilzation due to her OBOR
intiative and Xixiang province destabilization due to terror.
 India deeper ties with afgan by signing TAPI and tenacity on economic devlopment of
Afgan


Amrtisar declaration:-


 The declaration puts focus on the concerned countries to address terrorism and
enhancing regional economic cooperation.
 The declaration recognises terrorism as the biggest threat to peace and security. And
demands immediate end to all forms of terrorism and all support financial and safe
havens providing sanctuary to it.
 The declaration states the urgency to respond to the nexus between drug menace
and its financial support for terrorist entities in Afghanistan. The declaration also
mentions the Haqqani Network.
 It also calls for early finalisation of the draft comprehensive convention on
international terrorism. It also looks at the early meeting of experts to discuss a
 draft regional counter terrorism framework strategy, recently prepared by
Afghanistan for its early finalisation.
 The declaration states the welcoming of the agreements between the international
community and Afghanistan for continued financial support to the Afghanistan
National Defence and Security Forces (ANDSF) until 2020.
 The declaration welcomes the MOU on Jointly Building the Silk Road Economic
Belt and the 21st Century Maritime Silk Road between China and Afghanistan.
 The declaration also expressed serious concern about opium, the base material for
production of heroin in Afghanistan, a large chunk of which eventually finds its way
into India through Indo-Pak international border in Punjab.
 Golden Crescent and Triangle ,.... Traingle:-(Myanmar, Laos, Thailand),
Crescent:-Iran, Afgan, Pak

Inida foriegn policy :-

 U.S said new symphony in play-> in order to build an interrelation maritime partnership
in Asia to play a leading role in S.Asia.
 Modi doctrine:- India with neighbourhood first and engaging competing global power.
 To make relation with USA is not new on the cost of NAM as we saw the same in the atal
gov->maritime partnership with Japan, USA, Singapore, a respone of chine assertivness
on South china sea.
 I.K. gujral doc is also show that SAARC-pak
 A single objective of india foriegn policy is that to make an environement which is
conducive to well being for our country and provide us Jobs.
 A reverse change in F.p. seen when from Lal kila Pm adresses about baluchistan which is
not an india policy to intefere in the internal matter of any cuntry.
 What ever india will do china and pak will counter the same with the more effect like
india inclusion to NSG, UNSC, we have to look at his point of view also.
 India policy to isolating pak diplamatically also seems to lost relevance that->It is more
giveing thrust to her relation towards russia and china.
 Trumph making is also a think of cause beacuse if he will withdraw his resoucres from
aisa it will eventually create an imbalance of power in this region and make russia-china
axis. 
India's Foriegn Policy:- Recent by over coming the odds of the past Foriegn secy tennure has
been extended for 1 year more. The odd is that foriegn secy will be served only for the 2 years .

 Change in the india froeign policy can be seen in the INdo-Us relation. Lemoa pact.
 Operatin Maitri
 Operation rahat in yeman
 Change in the realtion with UAE.
 Chanege in the relation with japan.
 relation with central asia.

 India’s cooperative and compitive federalism must be seen in the deciding the foreign policy.
 In the intial year of independence or in the nehruvian era the policy was shaped by the
centre as he had a vast experience in the foreign affairs.
 Now with the emergence of the regional parties they exert pressure on the centre to
formulate the foreign policy according to their profit and putting the national intrest on
brink.
 Seen in durin the era of manmohan singh on teesta agreement.
 Tamil issue
 Kerla policy to subjugate the Italian marine officer who charged of murder, cause
strain in EU and india relations.
 Sarjah king visit to kerla and some of the MOU with sarjah with de imprissionment of
150 kerlaites is the best example.
 What india need to do
 Making a cooperative federalism in the foreign policy affrairs.
 A state devision in the external affairs ministry couldn’t did much diffrecne so
need to rethink
 A new structure in which state are fully represented should be established.
 Think tank must be established in the states to facilitate policy options.
 The policy countires like china and USA even encourage the states to take their economic
delegations and the establishes their own trading offices abroad.
 How india tackling issues
 Bhutan a majorly electricity export country vis-à-vis india has invested there a huge
amount as debt to Bhutan and many of the delay in the project is due to the India
domestic problem like- after receiving many reminder from Bhutan external affair
ministry didn’t gave a positive look, as Bhutan can’t sell their electricity to other
 country due to restcition from india and now has 110% of external debt next to japan
according to IMF.
 India seeded ground to china in Nepal on intervening in the internal affairs of Nepal
and in constitution particular, same happen lost ground to china in b’desh on
mynamar issue.
 A quadlilateral india+aus+japan+usa to cunter china will only increase the rivelry
but a psotive to india.
 India seeded ground in SL to china at hambantotoa in particular as china made a
port and sea of pearls theory srilanka act as pearls.

 Formation of quadrilateral
 Why
 Mainly due to Chinese assertiveness in maritime as on the land as well.
 Aus, japan, india, usa
 Benefit from this group
 India should leverage this group for their interest as the mean of diplomacy
 Maritime security and freedom of navigation is the main agenda as all the countries
not specify the agenda till now
 From south china sea to Indian ocean by china seen as a threat to these countirses.
 Challenege
 As all the countries are integrated with china on economic point of view so economic
intrest on one side and containing china assertiveness on the other will be a
challenge.

India and Tajakistan:-

 Signed a document related to prevent terror funding and monery laundering.

 Tajakistan will strenthen india bid to UNSC and SCO.
  chabar port with connetciivity to tajakistan will boost up its econmic activity.
 DATT will also signed.

India- Kyrgystan:-  Kyrgyzstan is home to the great Mughals of India and Emperor Babur
came from the city Osh and even in his memoir the Baburnama, he refers to his place of origin
in the mountains near Osh,

It also noted the high altitude Kyrgyz-Indian Mountain Training Centre being built in the
city of Balykchi which will be used to train Indian military personnel.

One China:-In a recent conflict between US and China.

 What is one china principle

 It is astablisation mechanism that preserves the stats quo over taiwan political
status and allowing it to function as an independent state.
 US bound with its taiwan relationship act which says that US will help to taiwan
in any case if there will be a millatery conflict between china and taiwan.
 Tawian is a member of some international organisation but this is when china
allows her.
 Mebership is backed by Usa and its allies.

India- Afgan- USA:-

 Operation enduring freedom is a operation done by International security

assisatnace force against taliban to restore peace in afgan. USA is allied partner.
 Some time ago due to iraq war USA didn't keep an eye as much as she could on
afganistan.
 Obama:- said this is a war of neccessity and we have to win it.
 USA spend about 800 billion $ on afgan till now.
 NATO agreed to maintain the troops in afganistan with the current strangth.
 The main problem with afgan is that they have to engange in multiple problem
simultaneaously liek pak, haqqani, taliban.
  India giving it's assisatnce to combat terrorsim and regional conflict. There is millatry
assistance also by india to afgan.
 USA address the issue was to reduce it's role.
 INdia and afgan will have a talk to boost trade
 Problem is that Afgan has afgan-pak transit trade agreement throught which
afgan goods can enter to india through wagah border but indian goods cant go to
afgan
 UNTIR(UN internation trade transport ) convetion to boost india afgan trade.

 Trumph policy on Afgan

 1st time in the recent history of decades any president openly ciriticiesd pak as the home
of terror and violence.
 India is always willing to be a partner in the solution to the problem on afgan
 Wheter is may be to train the army of afgan for internal security or to air force or
providing the spare parts for the forces.
 India has never been interfered in the internal affairs of afgan.
 SCO+SAARC are the oppertunites to give boost to the regional cooperation on trade
and secuirity to the afgan problem.
 Afgan need energy as it is destructed by the terror forces and regional energy storage
exploiation must be enhanced in order to put agfgan on track
 Chahbar port for india to enter into afgan
 Terrorism infra should be dismantled by thinking that terror is no face and all the
groups are ht subset of one terror.
 India and pak relation nothing to do with the afgan problem
 Afghan never opens op for ‘J&K issue
 Afgan never supported india in 1965+72 war
 India never indulges on durand line issue of afgan.
 India never expoit it’s friendly relation with afgan to harm pak.
 Counter narckotics must be takes place.
 New game of unfold.
 American stragy in south asia is seems contradcting vis-à-vis west asia in genereal and
afganistan in particular.
 Taking india on the board to counter pak in afgan area and taking both pak and india on
the bord to counter china influence in south asia and seeing china as a potential allay to
reach any solution in afghan area is a complex equation of relations.
 We must be aware that absence of longterm commitment is the central feature of USA
foreign policy.
 What india need to do
 To reduce American complex equation vis-à-vis china and afganistan is a grave
mistake
 India need to carefully design the countour of china policy that it serves it’s
purpose rather than to suit for usa intrest.
 Russia is not a unavoidable traditional allay of india in afgan and well as capcity
building of india in defence area,
 Both geopolitically and geo-economically indo pacific area is pregnanct with lots
of potential for india in which japan, usa and aus fits well for india.

India fight against Terror:-

 China again bocked indias way to ban on Azhar in UN.

 Recently we can see the world is devided on the lines of terror.
 Russia talking with taliban+pak +china. to foster peaceful dialogue between kabul and
taliban.  
 China+pak+russia-> flexible approch-> to remove some taliban figure from UN
sanction.
 USA is also pushing  for the removal ban from some group of afgan -> bloked by russia.
 Russia is not supporting india on this issue as we can see" Russia min said india should
not use multilaterall forum to combat bilateral issues.

India and Africa:-

 India need to enhance her economic cooperation with afrcia.

 China is the major investor in Africa.
 Recent vibrant summit in gujrat kenyan president was tha main guest.
  There are some areas like energy, agri, mining etc to enhance india positions as world
power.
 Recent USA mood on africa is making africa sideline, WHich give india a stratagic
importance to show africa as world power to invest in africa.
 100 Mn line of credit to kenya for agri mechanization.

Kenya look east policy .

 Modi visit to africa is also shows some positive.

 Inidia enjoys friendly relation with all EAC.
 Kenya is keen intrested in ISA and gave india invitation is common market for estern
and souther afrcia.
 East African community- Kenya+tanzania+ugnda+rawanda+burundi+south sudan. This
is custom union soon want to be monetry union.

Attack on Nigerian student:-


 Recent attack on nigerian student shows kind of racism spreded in India on the
older lines.
 There are so many incident took place in delhi, Benglur and many more on the
african community.
 This is same racism as india student feels in the white countries.
 A concentrated effort to eradicate the racism is the need.
 Poilce has to be more proffessional and be more trained to tackle the
racism issue.
 An artist community and many more like writers have to make a concrete
effort to wards this direction.
 People to people ties is the only way to stop kind of mob voilence with
racism.
 There must be a strong protest by the civil societies and adminstration on
suck kind of issue.
 How to deal with the problem of racism
 A community culture oriented programme is the need of the hour.
  Law and order must prevail as this is the problem which mus be dealt in
the initial phase when mob is becoming larger and larger.
 Intermingling of international community with the local community.
 In UK there is a programme for the foreigner student like home stay in
which foriegner student live with the local family and understand their
cusotm and make a harmony in the society.
 Govt need to be proactive and make some awareness programme about
the menace of racism.
 We are globalising but mind is regressive in  nature. Vasudhaiv
kutumkbakm is the slogan of indian soil which we follows since ancient so
need to percolate this idea into our next and the current generation.
 Is it rasism or What?
 India is country of multiculturism which is the basis of india democracy
now. India doesn't follow the same for earliest as Gerorge Yule was the
president of INC and even the founder of INC was britisher.
 There is diffrecne in the culture and the allegation on the afrcian people
for the drug selling which is a cause of concern, And need to look into.
 It is a simple law and order problem which must be dealth with the forrce

Changing of Geopolitical Environement in the world:-

 Why:-
 Donald trum won the election.
 Russia shift to china as well as pakistan.
 Everybody is keen to enhance their economic situation rather to isolate some
countries from politics.
 OBOR intiative of china.
 AIIB in china. 
 Inidia is a no longer swing state.
 India stratagy to isolate pakistan in the global sphere of influence.
 What india need to do:-
 Focusing on to increase the GDP rather to isolate the pak.
  To be a part of OBOR as this is the oppertunity to make relation softer with china
and increase in the economy.
 Why:- India is the only country which is opposing OBO, 65 countries of
central asia is keen to become the part of this, This will be the gatway to
europe, Africa as their gwadar port is also have a stratgic importance.
 If india will become a 5 trillion economy terrorism problem will somehow curbed
as india will become a far stronger nation then now.
 India investment in chabar port is only 500mn but china investment in gwadar
port is 4 billion which make iran to say both the port is sister port. Iran is also
keen in the OBOR initiative.
 India was richer than china in 1950.
 India look east policy is some how was not gave the result as aspected only some costal
patrol vessol sale to vietnam.
 China investement in SE aisa is also good and all countries want their investment.
 Russia, China, USA all have some thing strong in their fields so they will coperate each
other. 
 Remergence of china made a limited ability to USA to for setting global agenda.
 NITI ayog till now couldn't framed how india will become a 10 trillion economy on the
other hand china want to double its econmy of 2010 by OBOR intiative.

China- Russia-Pakistan:-

 Why:-
 gain more in their foreign policy;
 influence collectively the regional balance of power in their favour.
 aimed to influence regional security conditions to the three countries’ strategic
advantage, at a possible cost to Indian strategic autonomy and challenging the India-US
strategic bonhomie in the region. 
 Implication on india:-
 the connectivity politics involving the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC)
would significantly influence the geopolitics of the region.
  isolating India’s advocacy in the fight against terrorism. 
  addressing the alignments that are taking place regionally, in the backdrop of an
expanded Shanghai Cooperation Organisation 
 distancing India and China multilaterally
 Russia’s strategic intention of establishing a link between the Eurasian Economic
Community (EEC) and CPEC gets fulfilled through Pakistani and Chinese backing. 
 The North-South gas pipeline link is one such aspect which might not be directly linked
to CPEC but it endorses Putin’s vision of linking the Eurasian region with South Asia,
where Pakistan is emerging as a connecting bridge.
 Russia’s joining the troika would further strengthen Pakistan’s standing against India.
 Russia’s recent attempts at engaging with the Taliban leaders, within and outside the
troika, have expressively changed the regional dynamics to fight against terrorism. 
 discuss with Afghanistan in length on how to offset the troika’s agenda.
 Russia was waiting for the response to make a direct contact between central asia and
S.asia. But it seems for russia that it is pakisatan who is the convergence centre of the
C.A. and SA
 SCO is basically Russia and china centric so these two with pakistan in SCO will create a
problem to india.
 The emergence of the troika will not only distance China and India from each other but
will also severely undermine the significance of the China-India-Russia (CIR) tripartite
network.
 From the Indian point of view, the relevance of CIR and BRICS stands to be reviewed
with the arrival of the troika

India- Iran:-

 Rafsanjani who was known as akbar sah was also president of iran. Made a good relation
with india.
 His proposed iran-india-turkmenistan transit agreement, Tehran-bejing-delhi axis was
very important.
 His stand in favor of india in UNSC on kashmir issue was very important.
 His visit to india and rally at imambara with 10000 person and giving credit to indian
govt on secularity earlier india was defame by IOC on babri masjid issue.
 India and iran relation went on top due to libralisation and situation in afganistan.
  Now reserve bank of india want that iran bank should open their branch in india that will
help india to boost relative trade,
 Economic deplamacy focused on connectivity, energy, and trade.
 common concern over afagan issue.
 chahbar port:- The only port of iran which opens up in ocean
 Recent visit of rouhani, india got key of Chahbar.
 India -> Trade and investment in iran. Currently 10Bn$ trade between two
major part oil.
 Energy+ Golden gate to afgan and CA
 Need to balance Iran Israel USA relation as all are very important for Indian
future.
 Jacpoa was unanimously supported by UNSC, abdication of USA on jacpoa
will give an imeteous to Indian future in iran.
 There is a talk about Aluminium smelter plant on chahbar SEZ and urea plant
by Indian investment will catalyse the trade activity between the two.
 Rupee rial agreement is a positive agreement and will give some relief in case
of USA put sanction on IRAN.

Raisina Dialgoue:- An anuual meeting for geopolitics and geo-economics. Orgaised by

minstry of external affairs and overseas reseacrh foundation.

 issue of CPEC:- India said no reagional connectivity without territorial soverignity.

 Srilanka :- Issue of Hambantota port on which chineese neuclear subamarines came.
teritorial soverignity issue of india.
 Now srialanka want trncomalee port to be used by india and china on equal basis.
Currently lanka is having a huge deficit due to chineese infastructure project.

india and UAE:-

 UAE prince was the chief guest on republic day.
 1st time tjeas displayed in the parade.
 NSG also 1st time.
 India and UAE have 75 billion trade. Largest after China andUSA.
 UAE and India both are concerning with the state sponsor terrorism. Actually terrorsim
is the main problem of middle east.
 Energy Security:- GCC exports 45% of petroleum to india.
 Trading Partner:-GCC is the second largest trading partner with india .
 Gulf states intrested in human resource and IT.
 India Nevy regular visiting Ports in the gulf for anti piracy operation is another major
contribution by india for stablizing the trade with the gulf.
 Indian are the largest expatriate community in the gulf with 7 million and of that 2.5
million is alone in UAE.
 52% of the remittances from Gulfs.
 Inidia and UAE signed a comprehensive stratagic partnership. In this 17 Bn will be
invested by UAE within the some year.
 UAE havea soverign wealth fund for which india ia looking. And NIIF is the body
through which all the ivestment in the infrastructure in india will be done.
 MOU on coperation in defence industry.
 14 agreement was signed.

Donald Trump Actions:-

 Refugee problem with the austraillia.

 Iran, Maxico, Austraillia issues.
 Communalism, radialism is aslo there.
 BAn on that countires that have nothing to do with the usa eco
 Iran sanction lifted in obama.(N. KORIA is giving assistance to iran on neuclear )
 USA want Iran on seria solution.
 Maxican Problem:- Nafta+ Good agreement. trum bad behaviour to make wall between
USA and  MAxico:- It is Important to see others countries relation
 Formation of New World Order:- Asian countires are flourishing.
Ait Lift:-

 India should avoid ad-hoc operation rather to make it institutionalize so that operation
Rahat becomes scuccessfull.
 Govt need to build policy on its rich experience to conduct air lift. By supporting policy
oriented reaserch in the univerisity.
 An inter-ministerial committee should prepare a mannual with guidelines that establish
a clear chian of operations to be performed when in need.
 Indian diplomatic caddre must given specific training to operate in the hostile
conditions.
 India foreign services must given special training during their probation period.
 Success of future operation will rely on new Delhi willingness to work togeher with the
countires, so diplomatic affort to maintian new and good relation with the ocuntitries.
 Govt have to assign greater role to the armed forces.
 Inter-ministerial coordinating mechanism for emergency evacuation.
 To avoid inflation and delays-> a permanent civil reserve air fleet that pool all the
aircraft of all the air lines.
 Govt will have to invest in new technologies to better monitor the diasphora.
 Govt must expand efforts to manage public openion and he able to conduct a quiet
diplomacy that is crucial for cinflict zone. 

India is so called on the three and half front 

 One Loc
 LAC, Maritime with china where usa and allied want india to join in south china issue.
and tibbet.
 Allowing to speak on the matter on front to the middle and big power is also a concern
cause they will not help india to LAC problem.
India And Bangladesh:-

 Although relations are good but chinease presence there is some how bow for india.
 Bangladesh want to build a barage in the lower riperian area to solve aridity problem.
 Ganga baisn devlopment project want to be commenced by the bangladesh.
 it will help to restore the ecology, navigation, and cultutral relation too.
 India dicission to use the border road in mizoram and tripura can be used by the
bangladeshi forces for is an example of enchancement in the ties.
 Tista water agreement is the issue now to be resolve.
 The problem is Tista flows good only in the wet season otherwise the normal or
may be less.
 This is the lifeline of West bengal and water is state subject. There is a possiblity
that a dam is buld but the faourable site is in india and Benagal govt is reluctant
to it.
 Bengal govt gave a formula that 42.5% of the water by bengal and 37% of the
water by bangladesh during dry season but not adhered to .
 Ganaga water barrage project need to be entertained on the issue.
 CHina invetsment in the bangladesh is also a cause of concern for india.
 Diffrences between india and bangladesh
 Tista Agreement
 There is the problem on which Bengal dno't want to conclude the
agreement and india can't do with out bengal due to cooperative
fedralism.
 Bengal govt taking tista as a bargaining tool from thr centre for the
financial package. It is since last 6 years Ms banrjee changing the goal
post.
 Just because of the internal indian political problem ordinary bangladehi
suffered.
 There was a committee formed by the banrjee on tista issue, Its report is
not disclosed till yet.
 In 2011 Manmohan singh confirmed that 42.5% of water to india and
37.5% water to bangladesh and rest for the later discussion. And a
hydrological observation station to gather data for future purposes.
  Some times it seems as bangal govt in the dry season put the gate of the
dam gazaldoba dam closed and river in the riperian state is dried.
 Water is state subject and BJP is also do not want to make amend the
constitution as he don't want to loose the base in the north bengal where
it is already in minority.Same goes to mamta  on tista she will loose the
voter base as tista is a lifeline of north bengal.\
 China is investing in bangladesh and india problem.
 In vist there wil be a MOU on defence for 5 years and automatically renew after 5
years. In defence there will be cooperation in the R&D 
 500 Mn credit for purchase of millitary equipment from india.
 India-Bang relation is on the best hight   
 India greater role to Asia Pacific:
 India increasing capability in the maritime as well as strategically 
 Austraillia, indonessia, bangladesh, maldives are in greater cooperation with
india stratagically.
 It is good for maritime security as of growing concern of china in indo pacific
region.

INdia-Rawanda:- 3 Mou signed.

 Direct flight between india and rawanda .

 Enterprenurialship development center.
 exemption on visa for diplomatic entry.
  What else rawanda want
 Bollywood suiting in kigali to improve the tourism as bollywood increased the
toursim in new zealand.

Memdership of UNSC

 India is negotiating on membership-> than give the membership to india without veto
till or other suspend the veto power to other countries.
 India is need to get in UNSC 1st so as it will be the platform to negotiate on the veto too.
 India will act as bridge to UNSC and 3rd world.
 This time the situation in world politics is changing so need to look into as soon as
possible.
 Like UFC is wanting to increase the non-permanent membership inplace of permannet
membership.
 UN itself is not on the pillar of justice and equlity as in UNSC when established not
proposed.
 India need to increase the G4 group or the bigger group which support india.
 Recent offer of USA to support india membership to UNSC without veto can be seen as
positive but india took a combat position on this but we need to understand that G4
group is ready for the witout veto memebership.

India security challenges in 2017

 Truph administration
 Neighbourhood hostility
 For transforming india economically stratagically need to recalibrate the relation with
china
 There is trend in globalisation Vs Nationalism 
 Drive towards populism
 After cold war world was unipolar but now towards bipolar.
 India have to engage bilatrally or multilaterlly with the countires because india has
benifited with globalization
 India need to look at internal security structure on the external security point of view
 Civil millaretry relation propsed by subrmanyam committee need to be looked into
 Currently no country has like this kind of relstionship
 Need acedemic for this issue means what kind of structure
 What kind of relation.
 What are this relations existed today
 Currently Defence ministry headed by the defence minister assisted by the
defence seceratory. Defecne secy is the interface between the all millitary and
govt.
 At higher level it seems to be harmonious but actually the policicy on which there
are some turmoil.
  India need to look whole relation from the step ahead of colonial era.
 UK changed its policy 4 times since india independence and we are continuing
this legacy of them.
 From the earlier time of independence in the nehru era the govt was more wary
about the relation with millatry and look them at suspecious although india in the
South asia is the one country where millitry is apolitical.
 Chief of defence staff with 5 star was recomonded by the kargil war committee
but no dicission is taken till now.
 It may be a solution that all milltary staff chief and defence secy should be on the
same platfrom so that no body see oneself on suspecian to took ones role.
 No mention of any of the defence staff chief in the bussiness alocation of Govt of
india is need to be take care of.
 If india is not getting multilateral then go for  bilateral relation.
 China increasing It's maritime strength-> Implication on india
 Why india should worry
 India see indian ocean as peace ocean and wants to remains that with the
neval excercise with neighbour country
 But china policy to hinder indian stake by saying china is securing it's
maritime is a worrysome.
 China increasing it's relation economically with the neighbour and then
millatry bases as they did in srilanka in their theory of sea pearl.
 Incearing one country defence expenditure and then by other is a vicious
cycle on which indian ocean is currently standsup.
 China long term intrest in the indian ocean is the worry for india as she is
setting up bases in the indian ocean.
 What actually china wants is the need either spell out USA presesnce or
putting indian stake on intrest.
 What india should do
 As india has a huge Land army and USA has a nevy and air. so india can
negosiate with USA on this baisis.
 Inida has to make a high level dialogue with china to know their actual
intenstion.
 Indian need to explore some vulnerable state like australlia which is
expelled from the picture by the USA.
  India need to look on the littoral state as india has a good character in
their eye.
 India need ot enhance their capablity on maritime with the political will.
as one can see there is major procurement is going on and some issues are
in the way and chair or defence minister is vacant or given to some other
who has an additional charge of this.
 Release of Joint doctrine of indian foreces
 What is the problem
 Not defined properly what is jointness.
 No joint comand 
 Not explained why andman comand was a failure (Earlier andman
command was to be chaired by the chief od joint comman but now
will be permanantly held bychief  neval staff,.)ub
 All the countries are going for the joint command like china but
india reluctacne is more.
 NFU is as it is .
 There is a provision of special cell and training for special area as
well as special work.
 NO mentaion of surgiacal strike or circumstances in which it will
be taken.
 Appointment of CDS, Formationa of cyber, space and special
forces commnand no dicission
 15  year long term integrative plan.
 indianisation of denfece equipment and technology independecy
by 2035 is also a biggest hurdle

Iran- USA changing world politics

 Cuurently Iran nuclear deal with usa can't be revoked by the USA because of multilateral
treaty.
 Iran is a moajor soilder to fight with the IS in seria.
 Ban on iran immigration and announcing Iran as a terror state and hostile policy
towards iran by the USA is creating a bipolar world.
 India foriegn policy challanges:-

 USA sentiment on the immigration issue

 India should make itslef capable of so that less number of people go to USA. India
should eenhance the relation with other power like CEPA with ASEAN and
austrailla.
 Growing polarisation in the USA society is a cuase of concent now the thing is we
have to see what kind of support is being provided by the society to the killer of
indian people.
 Russia change attitutde towards pak is also a cuase of concer.
 Russia did tha same for taliban and china to make peace in afgan is a beeter step
by these and there is no point on which india should make a concern.
 India can not take the immigration issue to the WTO causw this is not the trade issue.
 India have to show the USA that india is a emerging market and a better for USA
comapanies in whicn indian demand is good. Indian defence procurement from USA is
also good.
 Objective of india foriegn policy is devlop and diversified its relation with other power so
that betterment of indian people.
 Enhancing the comptitveness of indian goods and services devloping a modern
infrastructure and improving the trade practices and support practices will be the key to
confront china.

 The operation — named “Euphrates Shield:- It is a turkish operation in seriya against IS. It
will also attack on kurdish Forces.

India and Turkey:-

 Recnt visit of Turkey president Erdogon is some how to revive the releation of indian and
turkey.
 In history date back indian help them to achive the freeedom.
  Ottoman emopire had a good relation with Muslims dynasty even diplomatic exhange
was there.
 But turkey want to present her as a muslim protect country and their role with india is
decreasing in the bilatral as we see in present.
 Her moto to be act as a mediator on the kashmir issue is some what unacceptable to
india as india position is clear on this issue.
 Turkey inclination towards pak
 Both countries are park of islamic group. Part of bagdad pact
 Both are the against idea of UNSC expanstion or part of united consesnsus group.

 India and Australlia

 Coversion Space
 South china sea
 Maritime Boundary
 India-Aus Exercise
 Uranium Export to india for civil nuclear
 Coal Export by adani group from aus to india
 Migration issue
 Recent turnbull visit to india shows nuclear deal with india
 Australlia produces 60% of world’s minig computer software. So with india there is scope
 Australlia has a very tough norm over the enviromental mining, so india can have an
advantage over the technology support from aus.

 India and switzerland:-

 Area of cooperation:-
 Swiss govt supported india on multilateral forum such as MTCR, NSG on financial
transparency
 2 mou on railway
 On financial transparecny as many indian have account in swiss bank.
 On globalisation and disarmemt.
  Switzerland want to conclude the EFTA (Europian free trade agreement) (EFTA-
norway+leinchistan+iceland+switzerland).
 India’s IPR regime is now in the compliance with the global.
 Data security is the issue which is mainly regulator only and will be discussed in
internet governace forum

 India Entry to SCO:-

 It was formed in 1996 by Russia+china+ kazagasthan, kyragasthan & Tajikistan known
as shngai 5 Then in 2001 ujbekistan joined called as SCO.
 Primary aim of SCO is regional security+ trade+ boundary dispute+ counter
Terrorism
 Benefit to india
 Energy security as central asia is rich in oil+coal
 Trade with Russia+ central asia country
 Potash access which will be used in fertilizer+ increase in production of agri
 Boundary dispute with china
 Confidence building measure will increase
 Boost to Counter terrorism operation as it is the primary mandate of SCO
 TAPI
 India and EU
 Issue
 Free movement of temporary skilled worker
 Seeing the populism and protectionism in the west as seen in EU it’s tough
 BTIA
 EU not granting data secure certification to india companies
 As india suspended all it’s BIT and took model bilatetral treaty to make sure the issue
arisen out like protection of investment.
 Issue of investment protection in india due to model treaty
 EU is very keen on what happen to their citizen data online and india law is required
to take a standard parth on EU law. Which is like shot in the arm for costomer right
and privacy in the digital age if india were to adopt and impelement strict standard
for handeling data.
 Issue on which there may be a convergence
  Trade
 Terrorism as it is a threat to humanity
 Now an imerging area is in security like missile tech as if ISS and pak like countries
are equal threat to eu and india
 China increasing assertiveness in in the navigation and in economic spehere.
 China making BRI and eastern and central Europe is in the range so india need to
make a leap forward to wards EU in economic spehere as EU is positive to BRI.
 Rule based international trade.
 Maritime exercise+space
 India and EU are natural partners:- How
 Democracy +diversity+ tolerance

 India-USA-Aus-Japan
 Area of convergence
 Maritime security from china
 Trade+ prosperity + capacity building+ confidence building measures.
 All countries are the democracies vis-e-vis to china
 India convergence with china
 Climate change+ trade
 Why Japan is important
 Japan seen as a good will in Asia due to its empathy.
 Japan track record in building infrastructure in Asia like DND in india+S.L.
Parliament.
 Japan has area of convergence with India like Africa growth corridor.
 Proactive security consciousness make a nation assertive as we saw in case of china ,
doklam issue is a template many more to come it’s hint can be seen in the language used
by the china Prez to address congress.
 Malabar exercise is like cooperation India need to enhance in term of quality of
cooperation like we should engage with these countries in joint operation too.
 This is Asian century
 Calling of ASEAN premier on republic day.
 Implication.
 Boost to india act east policy.
 3 C’s-: Connectivity + Culture + Commerce.
 Connectivity
 IMT trilateral highway- Extend it to combodia and laos
 Improve air connectivity through commercial flights.
 Indian ocean region can also be used to enhance connectivity.
 Culutre
 People to people contact.
 Budhist circuit
 Nalanda university scholarship+ Make easy to take admisiion to IIT and IIM
 Tourism
 Commerce
 India departure from SAARC to BIMSTIC
 Boost the trade , as india is asparing to become the manufacturing hub of
world will have some positive growth with asean
 ASEAN is a important market for export and investment.
 India and Canada
 Recent issue of kalistan is need to take a concern.
 3 areas now india cooperating : Education, Energy, Economy
 5E’s:- Education, Energy, Economy, entertainment industry linkage, ecmowerment of
women.
 Canada is investing in india heavily in many sectory ranging from real state to distressed
asset.
 Canada pension fund is also investing in india
 Bilateral investment promotion and protection agreement BIppA is also on finalizing
 2015 Both states pledge to move to strategic partneshi.
 CANADA strengthen india’s bid to NSG.
 India need uranium and state of art for clean energy and renewable on which discussion
was held.
 Both support freedom of navigation though out the indo pacific region.
  FRAME work for cooperation between india and Canada on counterterrosism and
ciolent extremism.
 Fututre area of cooperation
 IT, S&T, Clean and green tech, Aviation and Outer space, Cold climate warfare, cyber
security, counter terror, and touris,.
 Both countries are multi ethenic country , an india disaphora, are the convergence
issue.
 Currently many student going for study as many Canada offers 3 year of extension after
completion of job.
 India’s neighbhourhood
 What need
 India must do away with the hard power politics
 There are 3 way to engage china
 1st engage with the project
 If it is not in consonance with the india’s intrest then propose other project
with the help of quad.
 SAARC must be revived for the ASEAN success story need to replicate. Like in asean
indonessia the biggest democracy gives the lead to the smaller countires. Same can
be done by india too.
 NAM revival
 Why
 It will serve the better intrest of indi.. As it has done in past during stoppage of
germany in UNSC
 India is likely in the USA camp as seen quad , as USA seen china and Russia as
Russia..
 India must remain true to it’s aspiration of creating a new alternative.
 Managing complicated coalition and opportunity in the environement
 Stretegic autonomy and india’s served can only be served neither to enter into
anyone’s camp.
 India can seek like IBSA partnership which can better serve it’s purpose..
......................................International Confrence and
Grouping..................................................................................................................
....................................................

Trans-Pacific Strategic Economic Partnership Agreement:- Trade agreement

between four pacific rim countries(Brunei, Chile, Singapore, New Zealand). Reduction of 90% of
all tariff between member countries.

Asia-Pacific-Economic Cooperation(APEC):- HQ-Singapore, Establsihed in 1989

 Non Member-Cambodia,columbia,equador,Nicaragua,Gautemal
 Forum of 21Pacific rim member economies to promote free trade through out the Asia-
Pacific region. In annual meeting All the members are represented by head of the states
except Taiwan(Represents ministerial level).(Australia,Brunei Darussalam, Canada,
Chile, China, Hong Kong,Indonesia, Japan, Republic of Korea,Malaysia, Mexico, New
Zealand, Papua New Guina,Philippines, Russia, Singapore, Chinese Taipei,
Thailand, United States, and Vietnaea, Peru,)(Jab KUSHI MP PR China ne Chile ko
Cnanda k liye MT NTV)

Trans-pacific-Partnership:- Trade agreement between 12 pacific rim countries.

Proposal signed in auckland formed on feb 2016 but not in forc

Country includes:- Singapore, Brunei, New Zealand, Chile,U.S.A., Australia, Peru, Vietnam,

Malasia, Mexico, Canada, Japan.

Why bad for India:-

 They will give them self some previlages like duty free trade to each other teritory.
 It will affect india interest.
  TPP Bolck will coverpacific countiries then there will be trade reduction from india to
USA. as 60% of our trade partner is USA.
 India can't join due to some barrier like environement protection norms are very
stringent.
 India foriegn poliity-2015 also denied to that. 

SAARC finance minister conference islamabad:- India didn't attend.It was improper
for india to use the SAARC plateform to send message to pakisthan.

 Highlighted the issue pertainig to regional economic integration and reiterated

commitment to establish a South Asian Economic Union (SEAU). BBIN+MS (Maldiev
but in BIMSTIC- M-Myanmar)
 Before establishing SEAU there should be an establishment of South Asian Custom
Union (SACU).
 SAARC trade problems:-
 Poor infrastructure
 Lower trust among each other like india and pakistan.
 poor connectivity
 low intra SAARC trade
 http://www.mea.gov.in/distinguished-lectures-detail.htm?577
 India took a U turn on its foreign policy against pakistan. it will go against indian foreign
policy of first neighborhood.

 SAARC and It's Relevence Today:-
 Problems:-
 Prevalence of poverty
 governance issues
 underdevelopment
 deep seated socio-political divisions
 occasional territorial disputes in countries and between countries 
  poor domestic governance, export of terror by some, of sporadic outbursts of
ethnic, communal and sectarian conflicts and unresolved border disputes gifted
by the colonial past. 
  SAFTA accounts for only around 10% of the total regional trade even after 30
years of the establishment of SAARC and despite the existence of logistical
advantages.
  India’s trade with South Asia accounts for about 5 % of its global trade.
 South Asian countries will need to address not only economic factors such as
trade facilitation and infrastructure development, but also some non‐economic
factors like creating political will and building confidence so that the road map of
converting SAPTA into SAFTA and further into South Asian Customs Union and
finally into South Asian Economic Union by the year 2020 could hopefully be
achieved.
 With SAPTA and SAFTA there are some other initiatives which are in the process:
 SAARC motor vhicle agreement 
 The SAARC Agreement on Rapid response to Natural Disasters with the aim of
institutionalizing the regional cooperation on disaster response among SAARC
countries. 
 The "Kathmandu Declaration” called for reinvigoration of regional cooperation
and revitalization of SAARC as an effective vehicle to fulfill developmental
aspirations of the peoples of South Asia. It also called for early operationalization
of SATIS (SAARC Agreement on Trade in Services)
 SAARC Agreement on Trade in Services (SATIS) came into force in December
2012. The Agreement provides for expanding intra-regional investments, trade
liberalization in the services sector, etc
 India because of its geography, economy, international stature and commitment
to the region is central to SAARC. The SAARC region has acute asymmetrical
power balance as India encompasses more than 75 percent of the region’s GDP
and more than 70 percent of population, territorial dependency in India is high
and it possesses enormous military power compared to other countries 
 what india did till now
  India has contributed US$ 1.05 million for up gradation of the SAARC
Tuberculosis and HIV/AIDS Centre laboratory in Kathmandu to a
supranational laboratory (ii) A delegation from Afghanistan visited India
in November, 2015 to participate in the polio immunization drive and
learn from our best practices (iii) India organized the first ever South
Asian Annual Disaster Management Exercise(SAADMEx) from 23-26th
 November, 2015 in New Delhi to provide participants a practical, realistic
exercise aiming to address the diverse strategic issues of a multi-national
disaster relief operation and coordination (iv) The regime of Indian
business and medical visas have been liberalized for SAARC nationals (v)
India has set up a Special Purpose Facility(SPF) to finance infrastructure
projects in the region that would enhance our connectivity and trade.
 India was the first country to reach out to Nepal in the aftermath of the
devastating earthquake. Our emergency assistance drew appreciation
from all quarters.
 India’s emphasis is on three central themes of SAARC- trade, connectivity
and people-to- people contact.
 Under SAFTA, India has unilaterally offered duty free access on all items
to the SAARC LDCs and has met the Phase II commitments for non-
LDCs. It has zero tariff for goods coming from LDCs. We are eliminating
455 out of 480 tariff lines in our Sensitive Lists for LDCs.
 currency swap arrangement for the region, with a base fund of US$ 2
billion from India provides short term foreign exchange liquidity
requirements of Member States.
 India understands and appreciates the concern over the challenge of
climate change in the region. It has established an Endowment for
Climate Change with a corpus of Rs. 25 crores to finance environment
related projects. India has unilaterally undertaken several regional
projects in the fields of solar rural electrification, rainwater harvesting,
seed testing etc.
 We can look at South Asia and SAARC as a half-full glass while the pessimist views it as
half-empty. The realist, however, drinks the water in the glass and wisely quenches his
thirst. We need not be despondent over population issues, abysmal poverty levels and
endless squabbles over historic wrongs for ever .Rather we should focus on the region as
immensely youth and change driven replete with vitality and a can-do approach, on-
going reforms as well as its diaspora and huge market advantage so that SAARC could
claim its rightful place.
 ASEAN and SAARC was formed with the same inspiration but saarc is lagging behind due to
political rivalry in the region.
  There is no people to people contact as more hassles if one want to visit the other country
in saarc which is prohibiting the aspiration of group.
 The main difference between saarc and asean is that in ASEAN any dispute to be
resolved must have a mechanism or a dialogue to cater the differences but in case of
saarc like between india and pak it is even difficult.
 ASEAN group rivalry is not to isolate any country or to deprived the benefit but in case of
saarc india is doing to isolate pak to form regional group.


NSG:- Group of the nation which supply technology and material for manufacturing of
neuclear wepon. curently 48 members. india is not a member to NSG rather she has applied for
the membership in 2016. Created in 1974. The NSG Guidelines were published in 1978 by the
International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA)

 India want NSG membership beacuse till now it has its relation with other neuclear
power based on the NSG Wavier condition.
 Full membership give the enhanced and predictable opening to global world of neuclear
tech, component.
 India having a keen intrest in clean energy which will also give a boost to india
programme on civil nuclear.
  in future no unpredicablity on the terms of material and technology.

Maldives quits from commonwealth nations.

A major part of international humanitarian law is contained in the four Geneva

Conventions of 1949. Nearly every State in the world has agreed to be bound by them.
 India has been blocked by Pakistan from joining the OIC over Kashmir issue. OIC regard
partsof Kashmir as “occupied by India”. The Organisation of Islamic Cooperation (OIC) has
voicedits concern over alleged excesses of the Indian military and the paramilitary forces
in Kashmir.It is headquartered at Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.

UNODC  and Sri Lanka co-hosted a meeting to adress drug trafficking in the indian ocean
region.

 MTCR:-Established in April 1987, the voluntary Missile Technology Control Regime

(MTCR) aims to limit the spread of ballistic missiles and other unmanned delivery
systems that could be used for chemical, biological, and nuclear attacks. The regime
urges its 35 members,1 which include most of the world's key missile manufacturers, to
restrict their exports of missiles and related technologies capable of carrying a 500-
kilogram payload at least 300 kilometres or delivering any type of weapon of mass
destruction.
 The Wassenaar Arrangement on Export Controls for Conventional Arms and
Technologies The Nuclear Suppliers Group (NSG), for the control of nuclear related
technology .
 The Australia Group (AG) for control of chemical and biological technology that could be
weaponized
 The Missile Technology Control Regime for the control of rockets and other aerial
vehicles capable of delivering weapons of mass destruction.India become a member to
MTCR.
 Schengen Area:- The Agreement was signed by the five (5) following European countries:
France, Germany, Belgium, Luxemburg, and Netherlands (BeLu Ne GF), in Schengen, a small
village in Southern Luxemburg on the river Moselle. 

India is hosting the golden jubilee celebrations of United Nations Commission on

International Trade Law (UNCITRAL).

 The event is being hosted by the UNCITRAL National Coordination Committee India
(UNCCI) and the UNCITRAL Regional Centre for Asia and the Pacific, with the support of
the Permanent Court of Arbitration.
About UNCITRAL:
             UNCITRAL was established by the UN General Assembly in 1966 to promote the
progressive harmonisation and unification of international trade law.

 It is the core legal body of the United Nations system in the field of international trade law.
 The Commission comprises 60 member States elected by the United Nations General
Assembly for a term of six years. Membership is structured to ensure representation of the
world’s various geographic regions and its principal economic and legal systems.
 India is a founding member of UNCITRAL. India is only one of eight countries which have
been a member of UNCITRAL since its inception. Last year, it was re-elected for a term of
six years (2016-2022).

AIIB:-The Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank (AIIB), conceived and hosted by China, is
essentially a multilateral development bank to  “financial support for infrastructure
development and regional connectivity in Asia.”

 It was founded in October, 2014, and will have its headquarters in Beijing.
 India is an influential member of the AIIB as it has the second-largest voting share
and percentage of shares (next only to China) in the multilateral institution that has
57 member countries.
 The decision of cut in 1.2 million barrels per day in crude oil output by the Organisation of
Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC), spearheaded by Saudi Arabia-> failure of the SA
strategy of protecting market share at the cost of falling prices.

 Shale gas production in the US was badly hitted the oil prices.(AQUA EVIL SKIN+ GG)
(gaboon+equatorial guniea) total-14

Organisation of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC)

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Picture Credit: http://history105.libraries.wsu.edu/fall2015/wp-
content/uploads/sites/7/2015/08/List_of_OPEC_countries.jpg

 world’s major oil-exporting nations ->13 member countries (Gabon, Africa which recently
joined in July 2016. Also, Indonesia terminated its membership on 30 th November 2016.).
With HQ veinna
 It was founded in 1960 to coordinate the petroleum policies of its members, and to provide
member states with technical and economic aid.
 influencing the global oil market since the 1970s when OPEC had ~50% of market share in
global crude oil production.
 High market share has also given OPEC the bargaining power to price oil.
 Has the ability to sway crude oil prices by increasing or decreasing production.
 But with US Shale market rising with increased domestic production, it started importing
less oil. Thus, Saudi Arabia lost ~50% of its US customer base.

OPEC- Losing relevance?

 Saudi Arabia, the lead oil producer in the OPEC-> badly hurt in economic terms by low oil
prices As a resut-> offering to cut its output by half-a-million barrels per day. This has been
first production cut by OPEC in eight years.
 Can shot up price 10% immediately — clearly signals that the cartel is alive.
 Iraq was very reluctant to cut its output but even it has been persuaded to cut output while
Iran has been permitted to produce at its pre-sanction levels.

The test of oil prices

 Countries like Venezuela and Algeria-> small economies are in doldrums Because of smaller
production, are highly likely to breach the output limit.
 If non-OPEC members like Russia will support by cutting their own output. Russia has
agreed to cooperate with the OPEC decision.
 However, just like smaller OPEC countries, Russia is known to break promises in the past
and importantly, all its output is piped out, making it difficult for the cartel to monitor
compliance.
 Effect on prices of oil when the shale oil producers in the US wil increase the production to
limit the oil price.

Impact on India

 India is the fourth largest importer-> imports 85% of total oil and 95% of gas from OPEC.->
benefited highly from the low price-> inflation under control and economy on growth path.
 output cut -> might raise prices -> subsidies.
 Experts say, a global crude oil price of $50-55 a barrel is comfortable for India. But it may
hike from this Number.
 An increase in price->boost for domestic exploration and production companies Oil and
natural Gas Corporation, Cairn India and Oil India.
 The inventory drawdowns + the oil market are expected to come back into balance which
will further push up prices.
  Higher prices will also result in higher production from US shale, preventing prices from
reaching levels last seen in 2014.
 The current subsidy burden on government is LPG and kerosene which is expected to
remain below Rs. 30,000 crore in FY17.
 On the other hand, the sector is providing excise revenue in excess of Rs. 160,000 crore to
the government, a net contributor to the fiscal situation.

Venezuela has been suspended from the Mercosur trade group over its failure to comply
with its commitments when it joined the group in 2012. In this regard, the Foreign Ministers of
the four founding members of Mercosur— Argentina, Brazil, Uruguay and Paraguay — notified
Venezuela’s government of the decision in a letter.

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Background:
Mercosur accepted Venezuela as a member when South America was dominated by Leftist
governments in an effort to link the region’s biggest agricultural and energy markets.

Implications of this move:

 A suspension would also further isolate Venezuela as it struggles with food shortages and
social unrest as its oil-dependent economy crumbles.
What is Mercosur?
Mercosur is an economic and political bloc comprising Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay and
Uruguay.
 Bolivia, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Guyana, Peru, and Suriname are associate members.
 Its purpose is to promote free trade and the fluid movement of goods, people, and currency.
The official languages are Spanish, Portuguese and Guarani. It is now a full customs union
and a trading bloc.

UNSC:- Has 15 member(10+5), P5 are china france, USA, russia,U.k.

 India is seeking for permanent mebership in UNSC. But not supported by P5 because
they will loose the autonomy in the world power of politics.
 India is seeking for the membership about 2.5 decades before.
 Till now UNGA two timee amendement has been taken place to amened UNSC but these
process has no relevenve.
 In 1992 A resulution 67/62 which highlighted 3 critism about council
 lack of equitable representation
 Unresponsiveness towards new political realities
 domination of west
 In 1993 resolution 42/26 to establish open-ended working group to discuss UNSC
reform.
 Major coalition for SC reform include G4(brazil,germany,india,japan) and L69, African
group.
 To make a permanent seat in UNSC india should take a leadership to refrom UNSC
through UNGA.
  UNSC reform without veto power is null and void so india shouldn't accept this.
 India take other alternative platform to push her agenda like BRICS, SAARC etc.

Global Conference on Cyberspace (GCCS):-

 History:-Munich Security conference in 2011 for an international meeting to

discuss “rules of the road” in cyberspace.
 the themes of the conference were Economic growth and development, Social
benefits, Safe and reliable access, International security, and Cyber crime.
 India has been a participant in all the Conferences of the London Process.
 India now officially supported the multi stakeholder model earlier india wasn't in favor
off.
 Problems in india:-
 As private sector giving their performance in other counturies is no giving in
india due to low return.
 Civil society and NGOs are also not very much expert in the cyber security
 Criticism of coference:-
 Till now no code or clear consensus on Cyber security issues.
 No guideline provided
 Critisized for multilateral process.
 Discussion on Humanitariansim issues.

“Habitat 3” is shorthand for a major global summit, formally known as the United Nations
Conference on Housing and Sustainable Urban Development, that was held in Quito, Ecuador.

 The United Nations called the conference, the third in a series that began in 1976,
to “reinvigorate” the global political commitment to the sustainable development of
towns, cities and other human settlements, both rural and urban. 
 The product of that reinvigoration, along with pledges and new obligations, is the New
Urban Agenda, which sets global strategy around urbanization for the next two decades.
 The conference was the first time in 20 years that the international community,.
 As a formal conference in October 2016, Habitat III and its outcomes were requested by
the U. N. General Assembly, the United Nations’ most representative body
  Habitat III was thus a U. N.-wide initiative
 The New Urban Agenda is the outcome document agreed upon at the Habitat III.
  It will guide the efforts around urbanization of a wide range of actors — nation states,
city and regional leaders, international development funders, United Nations
programmes and civil society — for the next 20 years.
 

The recently released Habitat Commitment Index (HCI), which tracks every
country’s performance record as against the commitments made during Habitat II in
Istanbaul in 1996, shows that India has fared worse than other South Asian
countries such as Pakistan and Nepal.

 The review of each country’s score on the previous urban agenda was released by the
New York based Global Urban Futures Project. The HCI creates an index that tracks
the progress made in six broad categories of the Habitat II agenda namely
Infrastructure, Poverty, Employment, Sustainability, Institutional Capacity,
and Gender. Instead of comparing absolute outcomes between countries of varying
levels of economic development, the outcomes are adjusted for resource difference, as
measured by per capita GDP.

The New York Declaration for Refugees and Migrants expresses the political will of world
leaders to save lives, protect rights and share responsibility on a global scale..

The six-party talks are a series of multilateral negotiations held intermittently since 2003

and attended by China, Japan, North Korea, Russia, South Korea, and the United States for the
purpose of dismantling North Korea's nuclear program. The talks are hosted in Beijing and
chaired by China.
 India is an original state party to the Chemical Weapons Convention and as a
possessor state it has fully completed the destruction of its chemical weapons in accordance with
the Convention.

 India has offered the services of its experts to help in the destruction of Damascus'
chemical weapons arsenal and related facilities.
 India has also decided to offer a contribution of 1 million dollars for use in the
destruction of Syria's chemical weapons and related facilities by the Organisation for the
Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW).
 India has found support from Russia for its participation in an international conference
called Geneva-II which seeks to bring together all warring parties, domestic and
international, to stablilise Syria.
 India has welcomed the progress on the time-bound safeguarding and destruction of
Syria's chemical weapons and its accession to the Chemical Weapons Convention. It is a
multilateral treaty that bans chemical weapons and requires their destruction within a
specified period of time.
 The treaty is of unlimited duration and is far more comprehensive than the 1925
Geneva Protocol, which outlaws the use but not the possession of chemical
weapons

CWC negotiations started in 1980 in the UN Conference on Disarmament. . The CWC is

open to all nations and currently has 192 states-parties. Israel has signed but not ratified
the agreement, while three other UN member states (Egypt, North Korea and South
Sudan) have neither signed nor acceded to the treaty. Most recently, Angola deposited its
instrument of accession to the CWC on 16 September 2015. The CWC is implemented by the
Organization for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW), which is
headquartered in the Hague. The OPCW receives States-parties’ declarations detailing chemical
weapons-related activities or materials and relevant industrial activities. After receiving
declarations, the OPCW inspects and monitors statesparties’ facilities and activities that are
relevant to the convention, to ensure compliance.
 Project Iceworm was the code name for a top-secret United States Army program during
the Cold War to build a network of mobile nuclear missile launch sites under the Greenland ice
sheet. The ultimate objective of placing medium-range missiles under the ice — close enough to
strike targets within the Soviet Union — was kept secret from the Danish government. To study
the feasibility of working under the ice, a highly publicized "cover" project, known as Camp
Century, was launched in 1960. However, unsteady ice conditions within the ice sheet caused
the project to be cancelled in 1966

In UN diplomat of 13o countries began to talk on an international trreaty to ban nuclear

weapon

 Why It is neccessary
 To give equal oppertunity to all country to save their soverignity.
 These are not the weapon of war rather weapon of mass destrucion
 No counrty can win a war by this weapon rather some advantage of threat.
 India, USA and other total 9 nuclear weapon states put themselve away from the
reslution.
 A very 1st resolution passed in 1946 called for the elemintation from national armaments
of atomic weapon.
 There is need for these weapon to prhibit as did in case of chemical and bilogical
weapon.

 It will — for the first time in two decades — not have a member in a prestigious, U.N.
scientific body that decides what portions of the seabed can be exclusively mined for
natural resources such as oil, precious metals and minerals

 What is CLCS?

Part of United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS), this scientific body decides
what portions of the seabed can be exclusively mined for natural resources such as oil, precious
metals and minerals
  The CLCS has a 5 year tenure.
 Existing members: In CLCS, the sitting members from the Asia-Pacific region are
China, Japan, South Korea, Pakistan, Malaysia and India
 There is no remuneration for the sitting CLCS member

What is UNCLOS?
The United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS), also called the Law of the Sea
Convention or the Law of the Sea treaty, is the international agreement that resulted from the
3rd United Nations Conference on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS III), which took place from 1973
through 1982

 The Law of the Sea Convention defines the rights and responsibilities of nations in their
use of the world’s oceans, establishing guidelines for businesses, the environment, and
the management of marine natural resources

Different Areas under UNCLOS III :

Internal waters

Covers all water and waterways on the landward side of the baseline. The coastal state is free to
set laws, regulate use, and use any resource. Foreign vessels have no right of passage within
internal waters.

Territorial waters :

 Out to 12 nautical miles from the baseline, the coastal state is free to set laws, regulate
use, and use any resource.
 Vessels were given the right of innocent passage through any territorial waters, with
strategic straits allowing the passage of military craft as transit passage, in that naval
vessels are allowed to maintain postures that would be illegal in territorial waters.
 “Innocent passage” is defined by the convention as passing through waters in an
expeditious and continuous manner, which is not “prejudicial to the peace, good order or
the security” of the coastal state.
 Fishing, polluting, weapons practice, and spying are not “innocent”, and submarines and
other underwater vehicles are required to navigate on the surface and to show their flag.
Nations can also temporarily suspend innocent passage in specific areas of their
territorial seas, if doing so is essential for the protection of its security.
 

Archipelagic waters :

 The convention defines how the state can draw its territorial borders.
 A baseline is drawn between the outermost points of the outermost islands, subject to
these points being sufficiently close to one another.
 All waters inside this baseline are designated Archipelagic Waters.
 The state has full sovereignty over these waters (like internal waters), but foreign vessels
have right of innocent passage through archipelagic waters (like territorial waters).

Contiguous zone 
Contiguous zone is 24 nautical miles from the territorial sea baseline in which a state could
continue to enforce laws in four specific areas: pollution, taxation, customs, and immigration.

Continental shelf

 The continental shelf is defined as the natural prolongation of the land territory to the
continental margin’s outer edge, or 200 nautical miles from the coastal state’s baseline,
whichever is greater.
 A state’s continental shelf may exceed 200 nautical miles until the natural prolongation
ends.
 However, it may never exceed 350 nautical miles from the baseline.
 Coastal states have the right to harvest mineral and non-living material in the subsoil of
its continental shelf, to the exclusion of others. Coastal states also have exclusive control
over living resources “attached” to the continental shelf, but not to creatures living in the
water column beyond the exclusive economic zone.

Under the provision of UNCLOS, a coastal country can seek an extension of the EEZ beyond the
approved 200 nautical miles if it can demonstrate that the continental shelf of the country
extends beyond that distance – up to a maximum of 350 nautical miles. On June 2011,
India’s EEZ was extended to 350 nautical mile

What is ITLOS?
The International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea is an independent judicial body established by
the UNCLOS to adjudicate disputes arising out of the interpretation and application of the
Convention. The Tribunal is composed of 21 independent members, elected from among
persons enjoying the highest reputation for fairness and integrity and of recognized competence
in the field of the law of the sea.

What has happened?

India has decided not to send nomination for CLCS membership this year. Instead it has fielded
nomination for another body called International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea (ITLOS)

Who nominates members for CLCS?

Ministry of External Affairs nominates members for CLCS

Which is the nodal ministry of the government on laws for sea related issues?

The MoEA is the nodal Ministry of the Government for the Law of the Sea-related issues

Significance of CLCS membership

 Not having an Indian in this 21-member group would mean that China and Pakistan
would likely “grab” two of the five seats allotted to the so-called Asia-Pacific group
 Help in determining strength of other countries claims to seabed: Apart from
signaling prestige, a membership of the commission allows India to gauge the scientific
strength of claims by countries to parts of the seabed that, like territorial waters, are
often hard to demarcate. Such information is privy only to participants
 Disputes with neighbors: India has had disputes with several neighbors —
Pakistan, Bangladesh and Sri Lanka — over how the continental shelf (the seabed
under the Arabian Sea, the Indian Ocean and the Bay of Bengal) can be fairly
distributed
 Scrutiny of India’s submission: India has huge interest in CLCS and applied
for extending the Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) up to 350 nautical miles from
the existing 200 nautical miles. India’s submission to CLCS will likely come up
for scrutiny later this year, and Sri Lanka, which has claimed a larger area than
India, will be examined first. 

Backdrop
India became a signatory to the UNCLOS, CLCS, ITLOS and the International Seabed Authority
(ISA) since their inception in 1997, 1996 and 1994 respectively.

The International Court of Arbitration is an institution for the resolution

of international commercial disputes. The International Court of Arbitration is part of
the International Chamber of Commerce. The court comprises more than 100 members from
about 90 countries.ICC headquarters is in Paris, France.

 The Court was founded in 1923 under the leadership of the ICC's first president.

The International Criminal Courtis an intergovernmental

organization and international tribunal that sits in The Hague in the Netherlands. The ICC has
the jurisdiction to prosecute individuals for the international crimes of genocide, crimes against
humanity, and war crimes. The ICC is intended to complement existing national judicial systems
and it may therefore only exercise its jurisdiction when certain conditions are met, such as when
national courts are unwilling or unable to prosecute criminals or when the United Nations
Security Council or individual states refer investigations to the Court.

 The ICC began functioning on  2002, the date that the Rome Statute entered into force.
The Rome Statute is a multilateral treaty which serves as the ICC's foundational and
governing document. States which become party to the Rome Statute.

The Permanent Court of Arbitration (PCA) is an intergovernmental

organization located at The Hague in the Netherlands. The PCA is not a court "in the traditional
sense", but provides services of arbitral tribunal to resolve disputes between member states,
international organizations, or private parties arising out of international agreements

 PCA is one of the oldest institutions for international dispute resolutions. It was
established in 1899 by the first Hague Peace Conference
 The International Court of Justiceis the primary judicial branch of the United
Nations (UN). Seated in the Peace Palace in The Hague, Netherlands, the court settles legal
disputes submitted to it by states and provides advisory opinions on legal questions submitted
to it by duly authorized international branches, agencies, and the UN General Assembly.

This first Asian Ministerial Conference for Disaster Risk Reduction after the advent of the
Sendai Framework will be hosted by the Government of India in November 2016. As a follow-up
from the 6th Asian Ministerial Conference outcome (2014) and as a requirement of the Sendai
Framework, the intended outcome of the conference in India will be to adopt an ‘Asia Regional
Plan for Implementation of the Sendai Framework’.

  The motive of such conference was to mitigate the disaster risks. Unlike past, today
Asian countries have created institutions for disaster risk management. After the Indian
Ocean tsunami came in 2004, India was among the five countries that were very badly
impacted and took prime initiative to endorse for creating new laws for disaster risk
management.
 Member:-

The Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction (2015-2030) is an

international document which was adopted by  UN member states between 14th and 18th of
March 2015 at the World Conference on Disaster Risk Reduction held in Sendai, Japan and
endorsed by the UN General Assembly in June 2015

 UN ineffectiveness
 Recent development in the general meeting to malaign the India image in the world
politics was futile as the photograph which was shown, by the special envoy to UN from
pak, belongs to J&K , it actually belongs to GAZA. But not critics remarks from UN.
 NATO violation of treaties in libia to change the regime in view to save lebia from terror,
on the same no reaction from UN.
 On rohingia issue, After koffee annan report on issue there was an ethenic cleansing saif
by UNHCR genereal not by the security general of UN.
 Sanction on north korea since 1966, some are still going but the effect is on the poor, it
didn’t change the belligerent face of the state but it affected the poor adversely.
 Walk out of USA from Paris Deal attracts no comment from UN.
 Trigve lie who was the 1st governor general oUN resigned from the post by saying that UN
will be a dead asset is it will be used as a forum for destructive propaganda. Neither will
it work if it is used only for the in which national intrest are directly involved.
 UN need to uplift it’s position rather to act as a peace maker in the world.