Scribd Logo
Upload

Welcome to Scribd!

  • 38 views

    Cooling Towers 2

    Uploaded by

    Hamza Newera
    Cooling towers are devices that use evaporation or air to remove unwanted heat from fluids. They were originally developed from steam engine condensers in the 19th century. There are different types of cooling towers classified by their method of heat transfer, construction, air flow pattern, and other factors. Some common types include wet cooling towers, dry cooling towers, mechanical draft towers, and crossflow towers.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Cooling Towers 2

    Uploaded by

    Hamza Newera
    38 views10 pages
    Cooling towers are devices that use evaporation or air to remove unwanted heat from fluids. They were originally developed from steam engine condensers in the 19th century. There are different types of cooling towers classified by their method of heat transfer, construction, air flow pattern, and other factors. Some common types include wet cooling towers, dry cooling towers, mechanical draft towers, and crossflow towers.

    Original Description:

    Cooling tower technology

    Original Title

    cooling towers 2-converted

    Copyright

    © © All Rights Reserved

    Available Formats

    PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Did you find this document useful?

    Is this content inappropriate?

    Cooling towers are devices that use evaporation or air to remove unwanted heat from fluids. They were originally developed from steam engine condensers in the 19th century. There are different types of cooling towers classified by their method of heat transfer, construction, air flow pattern, and other factors. Some common types include wet cooling towers, dry cooling towers, mechanical draft towers, and crossflow towers.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    38 views10 pages

    Cooling Towers 2

    Uploaded by

    Hamza Newera
    Cooling towers are devices that use evaporation or air to remove unwanted heat from fluids. They were originally developed from steam engine condensers in the 19th century. There are different types of cooling towers classified by their method of heat transfer, construction, air flow pattern, and other factors. Some common types include wet cooling towers, dry cooling towers, mechanical draft towers, and crossflow towers.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    You are on page 1of 10

    Cooling towers

    ‫حمزه السيد محمد الصادق نويره‬:‫االسم‬


    sec:2
    8574 :‫رقم الجلوس‬

    1-introduction
    Cooling towers are devices that used to remove heat (Anonymous,
    2013). They transfer heat that is unwanted to our surrounding
    atmosphere. Cooling towers can use the evaporation process of
    water to get rid of unwanted heat to cool the fluids. If the cooling
    tower is the dry cooling type, which is closed circuit, then it will use
    only air to cool the fluids. Cooling towers can come in many
    shapes and sizes. The larger types of cooling towers can reach up
    to heights of 200 meters (Anonymous, 2013); however, the cooling
    towers are much smaller and there also a unit to release heat from
    the building’s air conditioning equipment

    2- History of cooling towers


    Cooling towers were originated from the development and invention of
    condensers that were built for steam engines in the 19th century.
    Condensers use cool water to condense the steam that was produced by
    the steam engine’s pistons or turbines (Anonymous, 2013). After further
    development, other systems are begun to form by adapting to the
    environment. Areas with more land used cooling ponds and areas with a
    limited supply of water took advantage of municipal water sources while
    urban areas which lacked space used cooling towers. The cooling towers
    were usually placed on building or rooftops that were either utilizing
    natural airflow or supplied with air through fans. The largest size of
    cooling towers was built in around the 1920s for usage in a coal fired
    electrical power station (Anonymous, 2013).

    3-Classifications of cooling towers


    -Whether there is direct or indirect contact

    -The mechanism uses to provide the required airflow

    -The relative flow paths of air and water

    -The primary materials of construction

    -The type of heat transfer media applied

    -The tower’s physical shape


    3.1-Classification by build
    3.1.1Package Type

    This type of cooling towers is preassembled and can be simply


    transported on trucks as they are compact machines. The capacity
    of package type towers are limited and for that reason, they are
    usually preferred by facilities with low heat rejection requirements
    such as food processing plants, textile plants, buildings like
    hospitals, hotels, malls, chemical processing plants, automotive
    factories etc. (V. Mulyandasari, K. Kolmetz, 2011). Due to the
    intensive use in domestic areas, sound level control is a relatively
    more important issue for package type cooling towers.

    3.1.2 Field erected type

    Field erected type cooling towers are usually preferred for power
    plants, steel processing plants, petroleum refineries, and
    petrochemical plants (V. Mulyandasari, K. Kolmetz, 2011). These
    towers are large in size compared to the package type cooling
    towers.

    3.2Classification based on heat transfer method


    3.2.1 Wet cooling tower

    This type of cooling tower operates based on evaporation


    principle. The working fluid and the evaporated fluid (usually water)
    are one and the same, as can be seen in Figure below. In a wet
    cooling tower, the warm water can be cooled to a temperature
    lower than the ambient air dry-bulb temperature, if the air is
    relatively dry (V. Mulyandasari, K. Kolmetz, 2011).

    For the technical words, it can call such as below:

    -Wet Cooling Tower

    -Open Circuit Cooling Tower

    -Open Evaporative Cooling Tower


    -Direct Contact Cooling Tower

    3.2.2Dry cooling tower

    This tower is operated by heat transfer through a surface that


    separates the working fluid from ambient air such as in a tube to
    air heat exchanger and utilizing convective heat transfer. Dry
    cooling tower is operated by heat transfer that divides the cooling
    fluid from the air. It uses air 100% to cool and evaporation is not
    used (Anonymous, 2013)

    3.2.3Fluid cooler

    This tower passes the working fluid through a tube bundle, upon
    which clean water is sprayed and a fan-induced draft applied. The
    resulting heat transfer performance is much closer to that of a wet
    cooling tower, with the advantage provided by a dry cooler of
    protecting the working fluid from environmental exposure and
    contamination. One more thing, it involves indirect contact
    between heated fluid and atmosphere, see Figure below

    Indirect-contact or closed-circuit cooling towers contain two


    separate fluid circuits:
    - An external circuit, in which water is exposed to the atmosphere
    as it cascades over the tubes of a coil bundle

    -An internal circuit, in which the fluid to be cooled circulates inside


    the tube of the coil bundle (ASHRAE, 2000).

    For other technical words that we can call like below:

    - Indirect Contact Cooling Tower

    - Closed-Circuit Evaporative Cooling Tower

    3.3Classification based on air draft


    3.3.1Atmospheric tower

    An atmospheric tower consists of a big rectangular chamber with


    two opposite louvered walls. The tower is packed with a suitable
    tower fill (V. Mulyandasari, K. Kolmetz, 2011). Atmospheric air
    enters the tower through the louvers driven by its own velocity. An
    atmospheric tower is cheap but inefficient. Its performance largely
    depends upon the direction and velocity of wind. In addition, the
    aspirating effect of the water spray, either vertical or horizontal,
    see Figure below, induces airflow through the tower in a parallel
    flow pattern.

    3.3.2Mechanical draft cooling tower

    Mechanical draft towers have large fans to force or draw air


    through circulated water. The water falls downwards over fill
    surfaces, which helps increase the contact time between the water
    and the air. Cooling rates of mechanical draft towers depend upon
    various parameters; such as fan diameter and speed of operation,
    fills for system resistance, etc. (V. Mulyandasari, K. Kolmetz,
    2011).

    Figure below shows five different designs for mechanical-draft


    towers (conventional towers). The fans may be on the inlet air side
    (forced-draft) or the exit air side (induced-draft)
    This figure shows five different designs for mechanical-draft towers
    (conventional towers). The fans may be on the inlet air side
    (forced-draft) or the exit air side (induced-draft).

    a. Forced draft

    It has one or more fans located at the tower bottom to push air into
    the tower. During operation, the fan forces air at a low velocity
    horizontally through the packing and then vertically against the
    downward flow of the water that occurs on either side of the fan.
    The drift eliminators located at the top of the tower remove water
    entrained in the air. Vibration and noise are minimal since the
    rotating equipment is built on a solid foundation. The fans handle
    mostly dry air, greatly reducing erosion and water condensation
    problems (V. Mulyandasari, K. Kolmetz, 2011)
    This figure shows Forced draft counter-flow and crossflow
    (ASHRAE, 2000)

    b. Induced draft

    A mechanical draft tower with a fan at the discharge that pulls air
    through tower. The fan induces hot moist air out the discharge.
    This produces low entering and high exiting air velocities, reducing
    the possibility of recirculation in which discharged air flows back
    into the air intake (V. Mulyandasari, K. Kolmetz, 2011).

    This figure shows Induced draft, crossflow and counterflow cooling


    tower (ASHRAE, 2000)
    3.4-Classification based on air flow pattern
    a. Crossflow

    Crossflow is a design in which the air flow is directed


    perpendicular to the water flow. Air flow enters one or more vertical
    faces of the cooling tower to meet the fill material. Water flows
    (perpendicular to the air) through the fill by gravity

    The air continues through the fill and thus past the water flow into
    an open plenum area, see Figure below

    A distribution or hot water basin consisting of a deep pan with


    holes or nozzles in the bottom is utilized in a crossflow tower.
    Gravity distributes the water through the nozzles uniformly across
    the fill material (V. Mulyandasari, K. Kolmetz, 2011).

    b-counterflow

    In a counterflow design the air flow is directly opposite to the water


    flow, see the Figure below

    Airflow first enters an open area beneath the fill media and then
    drawn up vertically. The water is sprayed through pressurized
    nozzles and flows downward through the fill, opposite to the
    airflow.

    You might also like

    pFad - Phonifier reborn

    Pfad - The Proxy pFad of © 2024 Garber Painting. All rights reserved.

    Note: This service is not intended for secure transactions such as banking, social media, email, or purchasing. Use at your own risk. We assume no liability whatsoever for broken pages.


    Alternative Proxies:

    Alternative Proxy

    pFad Proxy

    pFad v3 Proxy

    pFad v4 Proxy