Measurement of Plain Internal Diameters For Use As Master Rings or Ring Gages
Measurement of Plain Internal Diameters For Use As Master Rings or Ring Gages
MEASUREMENT OF PLAIN
(Revision of B89.1.6M-1984)
ASME B89.1.6-2002
S T A N D A R D
N A T I O N A L
A M E R I C A N
A N
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Date of Issuance: December 31, 2003
This Standard will be revised when the Society approves the issuance of a new edition. There will
be no addenda or written interpretations of the requirements of this Standard issued to this edition.
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Copyright © 2003 by
THE AMERICAN SOCIETY OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERS
All rights reserved
Printed in U.S.A.
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CONTENTS
Foreword . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iv
Committee Roster . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . v
Correspondence With the B89 Committee . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vi
1 Scope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
2 Definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
3 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
4 Requirements of Master Rings and Ring Gages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
5 Calibration of an Identified Diameter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
6 Environment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Figures
1 Location of Calibrated Diameter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
2 Typical Gage Block Combination Techniques for Ring Gage Measurements . . . . . . . . . 9
Tables
1 Surface Roughness Limits for Master Rings and Ring Gages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
2 Limits for Roundness, Taper, or Straightness for Master Rings and
Ring Gages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
3 Diameter Tolerances for Classes and Sizes for Master Rings and Ring Gages . . . . . . . 6
4 Face Squareness Error/Cosine Error Relationship . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Nonmandatory Appendices
A Effects of Form and Form Errors on Size (Geometry) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
B Measurement Uncertainty . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
C ISO Cylindrical Ring Blank Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
iii
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FOREWORD
The American National Standards Committee B89 on Dimensional Metrology was established
in February 1963 under the sponsorship of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers. The
first organization meeting was held at the United Engineering Center in New York City. The
scope of the Committee was defined as follows:
Calibration and the specific conditions relating thereto. It shall encompass the inspection and
the means of measuring the characteristics of the various geometrical configurations such as
lengths, plane surfaces, angles, circles, cylinders, cones, and spheres.
Among the six Subcommittees originally established to carry out this mandate was B89.1 -
Length, whose chairman authorized the formation of B89.1.6 to prepare a standard on the measure-
ment of internal diameters for use as master rings and ring gages. The standard was approved
by ANSI as an American National Standard on June 10, 1976.
The B89 Committee was reorganized as an ASME Standards Committee on July 8, 1981. The
ASME B89 Committee revised the Standard which included specifications that extend qualifica-
tions of rings up to 21 in. (533 mm), consolidated information into tables from within the original
standard and from other sources, and related surface texture to tolerance rather than class. The
revised Standard was approved by the American National Standards Institute on June 18, 1984.
In October of 1997, the B89.1.6 Committee began rewriting and revising the Standard because
of many advances in measurement technology and standardization among laboratories both in
the United States and abroad. Several changes have been made to the Standard to reflect a more
up-to-date approach to internal diameter measurement, and to include information needed by
laboratories for purposes of standardization, accreditation, etc. This revision was approved by
the American National Standards Institute on October 29, 2002.
iv
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ASME B89 COMMITTEE
Dimensional Metrology
(The following is the roster of the Committee at the time of approval of this Standard.)
OFFICERS
B. Parry, Chair
D. Beutel, Vice Chair
M. Lo, Secretary
COMMITTEE PERSONNEL
D. Beutel, Catepillar Inc. R. J. Hocken, University of North Carolina
K. L. Blaedel, University of California R. B. Hook, Consultant
J. B. Bryan, Bryan Associates M. Lo, The American Society of Mechanical Engineers
T. Carpenter, U.S. Air Force B. Parry, Boeing Co.
T. Charlton, Brown and Sharpe Manufacturing B. R. Taylor, Renishaw PLC
W. T. Estler, National Institute of Standards and Technology R. C. Veale, National Institute of Standards and Technology
G. Hetland, International Institute of Geometric Dimensioning and
Tolerancing
v
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CORRESPONDENCE WITH THE B89 COMMITTEE
General. ASME Codes and Standards are developed and maintained with the intent to
represent the consensus of concerned interests. As such, users of this Standard may interact
with the Committee by requesting interpretations, proposing revisions, and attending Com-
mittee meetings. Correspondence should be addressed to:
Secretary, B89 Standards Committee
The American Society of Mechanical Engineers
Three Park Avenue
New York, NY 10016
Proposed Revisions. Revisions are made periodically to the Standard to incorporate
changes that appear necessary or desirable, as demonstrated by the experience gained from
the application of the standard. Approved revisions will be published periodically.
The Committee welcomes proposals for revisions to this Standard. Such proposals should
be as specific as possible: citing the paragraph number(s), the proposed wording, and a
detailed description of the reasons for the proposal, including any pertinent documentation.
Attending Committee Meetings. The B89 Standards Committee regularly holds meetings
that are open to the public. Persons wishing to attend any meeting should contact the
Secretary of the B89 Standards Committee.
vi
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ASME B89.1.6-2002
1
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ASME B89.1.6-2002 MEASUREMENT OF PLAIN INTERNAL DIAMETERS
FOR USE AS MASTER RINGS OR RING GAGES
object being measured by a measuring instrument dur- (2) This concept applies also to a recording device.
ing the act of measurement. Measurement force is an straightness: the minimum distance between two parallel
important factor used in the calculations of elastic defor- lines which contain the line profile.
mation.
surface texture: repetitive or random deviations from the
microinch: one millionth of an inch, i.e., 0.000001 inch, nominal surface, which form the pattern of the surface.
1 in., or 25.4 nanometers. Surface texture includes roughness, waviness, lay and
micrometer: one millionth of a meter, i.e., 0.000001 meter, flaws.
1 m, or approximately 39.37 microinches. taper: for the purposes of this Standard, taper is defined
min. (minimum) master ring: an internal diameter stan- as the gradual increase or decrease in diameter over the
dard used to set other gaging equipment. Min. master full length of the gage.
rings are manufactured to a unilateral Plus tolerance on thermal gradients: the rate of change of temperature as a
the part tolerance low limit. function of another parameter.
modulus of elasticity: the ratio of unit stress to unit defor- NOTES:
mation for a particular material, within the limit of pro- (1) Temporal thermal gradient is the variation of temperature as
portionality, i.e., E p /. a function of time, denoted by ⌬T/⌬t, °C/hour (or °F/hour).
NOTE: The modulus of elasticity is sometimes known as Young’s (2) Spatial thermal gradient is the variation in temperature as a
modulus. function of length, denoted by ⌬T/⌬L, °C/m (or °F/in.).
NoGo ring: an internal diameter gage manufactured to uncertainty of measurement: parameter, associated with
the part tolerance low limit with a unilateral plus toler- the result of a measurement, which characterizes the
ance, therefore accepting the manufactured part when dispersion of the values that could reasonably be attrib-
in tolerance by not fitting on the part. uted to the measurand.
nominal coefficient of thermal expansion: approximate value NOTES:
(ISO VIM: 1993 Section 5.3) for the coefficient of thermal (1) The parameter may be, for example, a standard deviation (or
a given multiple of it), or the half width of an interval having
expansion over a range from a temperature, T, to 20°C
a stated level of confidence.
and denoted ␣n for the part and ␣ns for the reference (2) See NIST Technical Note 1297 for additional information.
standard. Estimated values for ␣ n and ␣ ns may be
obtained from experiments on like objects or from pub- unilateral tolerance: the entire gage tolerance is applied
lished data. unidirectionally at the extreme limits of the part toler-
ance. This applies to Go/NoGo min./max. ring gages.
out-of-roundness: is the term used to describe a deviation
from being round and its value is defined as the mini-
mum radial separation between two concentric circles 3 REFERENCES
within which all points on the circular cross section lie.
The following is a list of publications referenced in
out-of-straightness: the deviation of the straightness of a this Standard.
line is the minimum distance between two parallel lines,
ANSI/ASME B47.1, Gage Blanks
which contain the line profile.
Publisher: American National Standards Institute
point contact: the single point of contact when using a (ANSI) 25 West 43rd Street, New York, NY 10036
sphere or section of a sphere in a measurement.
ASME B46.1, Surface Texture (Surface Roughness, Wavi-
NOTE: The idealized point becomes an area of contact under the
measurement force. ness, and Lay), 1995
ASME B89.1.2M, Calibration of Gage Blocks by Contact
Poisson’s ratio: the ratio of the transverse unit deforma- Comparison Methods (Through 20 in. and 500 mm)
tion of a body to the unit deformation in length, within ASME B89.1.5, Measurement of Plain External Diame-
the limit of proportionality. ters for Use as Master Discs or Cylindrical Plug Gages
ring gage: an internal diameter standard used for setting ASME B89.1.9, Standard Gage Blocks
other measuring instruments or checking the manufac- ASME B89.3.1, Measurement of Out-of-Roundness
tured parts as Go/NoGo gages. ASME B89.6.2, Temperature and Humidity Environment
roundness: (see circularity). for Dimensional Measurement
Publisher: The American Society of Mechanical
resolution (of a displaying device): smallest difference
Engineers (ASME International, Three Park Avenue,
between indications of a displaying device that can be
New York, NY 10016-5990; Order Department: 22 Law
meaningfully distinguished.
Drive, Box 2300, Fairfield, NJ 07007-2300
NOTES:
(1) For a digital displaying device, this is the change in the indica- ISO 1, Standard Reference Temperature
tion when the least significant digit changes one step. ISO Report, Guide to the Expression of Uncertainty in
2
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MEASUREMENT OF PLAIN INTERNAL DIAMETERS ASME B89.1.6-2002
FOR USE AS MASTER RINGS OR RING GAGES
3
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ASME B89.1.6-2002 MEASUREMENT OF PLAIN INTERNAL DIAMETERS
FOR USE AS MASTER RINGS OR RING GAGES
Table 1 Surface Roughness Limits for Master Rings and Ring Gages
Diameter, in. Tolerance Class, in. (Ra) [Note (1)]
To and
Above Including XXX XX X Y Z ZZ
0.040 0.825 2 2 4 4 8 10
[Note (2)] [Note (2)]
0.825 1.510 2 2 4 8 12 14
[Note (2)] [Note (2)]
1.510 2.510 4 4 8 12 16 16
2.510 4.510 4 4 8 12 16 16
4.510 6.510 6 6 12 16 16 16
6.510 9.010 8 8 16 16 16 16
9.010 12.010 8 8 16 16 16 16
12.010 21.010 16 16 16 16 16 16
Diameter, mm
To and Tolerance Class, m (Ra) [Note (1)]
Above Including XXX XX X Y Z ZZ
NOTES:
(1) Ra shall be evaluated using Gaussian filters with c p 0.8 mm (0.030 in.), and a tip radius of 2 m
(80 in.).
(2) State-of-the-art limitations decree that the method of verification be established by agreement between
manufacturer and user.
4.5.2 Roundness. Deviations in roundness can be (see Table 3) multiplied by the stated size of the gage,
determined at three planes (see para. 4.5.1) perpendicu- the error is small enough under ordinary circumstances
lar to the axis of the gage, using a chart type precision to be ignored. When extremely accurate measurements
spindle instrument. The out-of-round condition shall not are required squareness errors may need to be elimi-
exceed the value shown in Table 2. ASME B89.3.1 shall nated by means of tilt tables or mathematical compen-
be consulted for measurement information. Ring gages sation.
used for applications other than as diameter masters,
such as limit gages, shall be evaluated by criteria applica-
ble to the intended use, with Table 2 serving only as a 4.7 Tolerance Classes
reference guide.
4.5.3 Straightness and Taper. Deviations from sur- Master rings and ring gages are graded into classes
face element straightness can be determined by making identified by XXX, XX, X, Y, Z, and ZZ which determine
axial tracings approximately 90 deg apart using a profile the total applicable tolerance for a given size. When the
type instrument. The determined value shall not exceed tolerance is applied unilaterally, the full amount of the
the tolerances listed in Table 2. Taper is measured as the tolerance as specified in Table 3 is applied to the stated
gradual increase or decrease in diameter over the full gage size in one direction with the other direction being
length of the gage. zero. For instance, a class X ring in the 0.040 to 0.825
range would have a tolerance of + 0.000040/− 0.0 (unilat-
4.6 Face Perpendicularity of Rings eral plus) or + 0.0/− 0.000040 (unilateral minus). When
The faces of the ring gage should be reasonably square the tolerance is applied bilaterally, the tolerance speci-
to the Inner Diameter (ID) of the ring gage to eliminate fied in Table 3 is split in half and applied in both direc-
the first order or cosine errors that arise from imperfect tions from the stated gage size. For instance a class X
alignment of the measuring contacts. If the out-of-squar- ring in the 0.040 to 0.825 range would have a tolerance
eness is less than 50 times the total diameter tolerance of + 0.000020/− 0.000020.
4
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MEASUREMENT OF PLAIN INTERNAL DIAMETERS ASME B89.1.6-2002
FOR USE AS MASTER RINGS OR RING GAGES
Diameter, mm
Tolerance Class, m
To and
Above Including XXX XX X Y Z ZZ
GENERAL NOTE: Any single geometric error, such as those outlined in Table 2, roundness, taper, or
straightness shall not exceed the listed values. The tabulated values are one-half of the total diameter
tolerance applicable for the class of gage.
5
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ASME B89.1.6-2002 MEASUREMENT OF PLAIN INTERNAL DIAMETERS
FOR USE AS MASTER RINGS OR RING GAGES
Table 3 Diameter Tolerances for Classes and Sizes for Master Rings
and Ring Gages
Diameter, in.
To and Tolerance Class, in.
Above Including XXX XX X Y Z ZZ
Diameter, mm
Tolerance Class, m
To and
Above Including XXX XX X Y Z ZZ
Fig. 1 Location of Calibrated Diameter When a ring gage is being measured on a machine
that uses the top or bottom of the ring as a reference
as gage blocks) and the internal surface of a master ring,
surface, perpendicularity error exists. This error can be
there can be a significant difference as the radius of the
relatively small depending on the geometry of the refer-
ring approaches the radius of the contact. Contact force
ence surface in relation to the internal cylinder wall of
can create compressive deformation of the contact sur-
the ring gage. This error produces a cosine error in the
face and bending of cantilever type fingers. To minimize
measurement of the ring gage. A tilt table may be used
contact force deformation in these cases, the lightest
gaging force should be used. It is recommended that no to eliminate such error. A tilt table allows the user to
more than 2 oz. (56.7 g) gaging force be used for a probe align the machine’s measuring jaws to the perpendicular
radius of 0.016 in. (0.41 mm) and no more than 4 oz. centerline of the internal cylinder walls of the ring gage.
(113.4 g) for a probe radius of 0.060 in. (1.52 mm) to Table 4 gives examples of squareness and cosine error
avoid any permanent deformations. Differences in relationships that occur with a 1 in. diameter ring gage.
6
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MEASUREMENT OF PLAIN INTERNAL DIAMETERS ASME B89.1.6-2002
FOR USE AS MASTER RINGS OR RING GAGES
Table 4 Face Squareness Error/Cosine Error measuring range and measure diameters of all sizes
Relationship within the range. Direct reading instruments contain
Squareness Error
transducers such as laser interferometers, glass scales,
Cosine Error holographic scales, and others. For direct reading instru-
Angle
ments, instrument alignments and motion errors may
in. mm [Note (1)] in. m
become an important source of measurement uncer-
0.0001 0.0025 0 ft 10 in. 0 0 tainty. These instruments are often set up using several
0.0005 0.0127 0 ft 52 in. 0.13 0.0033 ring gages of known diameter to calibrate the scale mag-
0.001 0.0254 1 ft 43 in. 0.50 0.0127 nification. These errors are then commonly assumed
0.005 0.1270 8 ft 36 in. 12.50 0.3175 to be linear between these set points throughout the
0.010 0.2540 17 ft 11 in. 50.0 1.27
measurement range. Calibration in this manner reduces
NOTE: the number of artifacts needed for the measurement of
(1) Variation in minutes and seconds in perpendicularity between diameters. Direct reading instruments can also be used
table top and ring diameter being measured. as comparators in which master rings or ring gages are
measured by comparing them to a reference master ring,
5.5 Measurements Using a Mechanical Comparator
a single gage block, or a combination gage block stack.
Master rings or ring gages are usually measured by Comparator instruments that measure internal diame-
comparing them to a reference master ring, a single gage ter can have either one sphere or two opposing spheres
block, or a combination gage block stack. The method as contact probes. Each configuration has advantages
of comparing a ring gage to master artifacts consists of and disadvantages. The mastering artifact, being either
measuring the displacement of one or both contacts that a master ring or an assembly of gage blocks, can also
touch the gage. Using gage block(s) or master rings affect the performance of the comparator. These configu-
of the same material as the gage being measured will rations will be discussed individually.
minimize variations due to differences in contact defor-
5.5.1 Dual Sphere Contact Probe Configuration. The
mation and due to differences in the nominal coefficient
most common configuration is a dual-sphere contact
of thermal expansion. See para. 6.4. To achieve optimum
probe configuration. The spherical probes are mounted
accuracy when using gage blocks, the calibrated value
on stems or fingers that allow the probes access into the
of each gage block in the stack shall be summed, then
bore of the ring. These fingers are connected to a sensor
used in the measurement process.
that measures the displacement of the finger(s) during
Due to limitations in accessing the inside gaging sur-
measurement.
face of internal diameter artifacts, a spherical probe is
When comparing artifacts with this probe configura-
the only contact geometry that can be used for high
tion, bending effects of the probe stems or fingers can
accuracy comparison measurements. Care must be taken
be overcome if the probe forces are applied in the same
to periodically check for wear or flats on the contact
direction and with the same magnitude for each artifact
surface. This can be accomplished by a procedure of
measurement. The bending is then common in each mea-
checking a known size ring gage to a known size gage
surement and the effects cancel. This measurement is
block stack.
the axis of the ring bore at that particular point down
Comparison measurements of ring gages are generally
the bore. Effects resulting from non-perpendicularity of
two-point measurements. Two-point diameter measure-
the bore to the bottom surface and comparing the results.
ments will not detect the effect that odd-numbered lob-
Differences indicate the ring bore is not perpendicular
ing will have on the size.
to the bottom of the ring across the measurement plane.
First, verify that the comparator is set sensitive to
internal diameter measurements. Second, verify that the 5.5.1.1 Mastering to a Ring Gage. Comparing rings
probe diameters are smaller than the internal diameter gages of the same nominal size is a classic, common
of the ring. artifact comparison measurement. The effects from
Comparator instruments can generally be categorized instrument geometry, alignment, scale, motion errors,
as either short range or long range (commonly known and most of the thermal effects are minimized when
as direct reading instruments). Each has distinct advan- comparing rings of the same nominal size. Elastic defor-
tages and disadvantages. mation corrections can be ignored if the elastic constants
Short range comparators require a master artifact of of both the master ring and the test ring are the same.
the same size as the diameter being measured. The The measurement datum can vary depending on the
effects from instrument geometry, alignment, scale, design of the comparator. Depending on the geometry
motion errors, and most of the thermal effects are mini- of the ring gage, different datums will yield different
mized if the change in temperature is not short term. measurement results. Some instruments use a gage sup-
Short range comparators generally use an LVDT to port table that can be translated horizontally but unable
detect displacement between the measuring probes. to tilt. For these instruments, the measurement datum
Direct reading instruments generally allow a large becomes the bottom surface of the ring gage and results
7
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ASME B89.1.6-2002 MEASUREMENT OF PLAIN INTERNAL DIAMETERS
FOR USE AS MASTER RINGS OR RING GAGES
in a measurement plane that is parallel to this surface. large measurement errors if not constructed properly.
Non-perpendicularity of the ring bore to the bottom of This arrangement is typically used with square gage
the ring will result in a diameter measurement larger blocks that have a hole bored through the center. After
than the actual diameter perpendicular to the bore. the large end pieces are wrung to each end of the stack
On instruments with gage support tables that tilt, the a threaded rod can be inserted through the entire assem-
ring gage can be tilted until the minimum diameter bly, which can be a useful feature for very long gage
across the bore is achieved. The measurement datum of block stacks. The clamp nuts on the ends of the tie rods
the ring can be measured by rotating the ring 180 deg must be only very lightly finger tight or compression
because when positioning the master ring on the compa- of the assembly will occur and large measurement errors
rator, adjust the position until the maximum diameter will result. One advantage of this arrangement is that
across the bore is seen on the comparator analog or the large end pieces allow for the measurement to be
digital display. This can be done using the horizontal performed on either end of the stack. This feature can
adjustments on the gage support table or by tapping be used to check the parallelism of the gage block combi-
the ring lightly. This setup is repeated for measurements nation.
of the test ring. Depending on the required accuracy, elastic deforma-
For direct reading instruments, the ring gages being tion equations may be required for the combination and
measured are often of dissimilar size from those used the ring gage even if they are of the same material. For
to set up the instrument magnification. Therefore, local larger ring sizes, these differences are generally small.
air and gage temperatures should be monitored to deter- Large differences, 50 nanometers and more, can result
mine correction values for the thermal expansion of the when measuring small rings where the probe’s diameter
instrument scale and the ring gages. Depending on the approaches the size of the ring diameter. As usual, dis-
required accuracy, elastic deformation corrections may similar material comparisons do require deformation
need to be made for each ring gage. Calculations can be corrections. Calculations can be computed using equa-
computed using equations from Puttock and Thwaite’s tions from Puttock and Thwaite’s CSIRO Technical Paper
CSIRO Technical Paper No. 25. No. 25.
5.5.1.2 Mastering to a Gage Block Assembly. When 5.5.2 Single Sphere Contact Probe Configuration.
comparing ring gages to a gage block stack using a Some instruments may only use a single spherical probe
dual probe comparator, the gage block stack must be to perform the comparison measurement. As in the dual
constructed for an inside measurement. This requires probe techniques, the sphere must also be mounted on
that the stack, built to the nominal size of the ring gage a stem to allow access into the ring bore. The bending
to be measured, use end pieces to facilitate the internal of this stem during measurement can be overcome as
measurement condition. Some examples of this are before, if the probing forces are applied in the same
shown in Fig. 2. direction and with the same magnitude for each artifact.
The gage block setup technique shown in Fig. 2(a) Appropriate fixturing of the artifacts is required for
can be used for any size ring. For large rings (greater single probe systems because during measurement the
than 50 mm) this can be the preferred arrangement. probe force in one direction is not offset by the second
The stack is rested on its side and is positioned on the probe, and the measurement is invalidated if the ring
comparator with the probes between the end pieces. The moves. The fixturing must hold the ring in place but
stack is then tapped and rotated around the probes until not deform the shape of the gage. Over-restraining the
a minimum value is indicated on the display. Note that master or test gages will result in large measurement
this arrangement uses the non-gaging surfaces of the errors.
gage blocks as the datum surface. The perpendicularity Depending on the measuring instrument design and
of the end pieces to the gage support table can be com- the protocols followed during the ring gage measure-
promised with this arrangement. This can be a larger ment, several measurement datums are available. For
problem for multiple block stacks where this side surface example, the ring bore can be probed and an average
is likely to be uneven. Also, flatness and parallelism datum axis can be developed. To avoid cosine errors
errors of the gage blocks can be magnified as the stack when measuring with single probe instruments, the
length is projected out with the end pieces. plane of motion used by the instrument must be either
The technique used in Fig. 2(b) uses a precision square parallel (if the ring bore is used) or perpendicular (if
as one end piece and a base for the assembly. This setup the top or bottom surface of the ring is used) to the
should insure the perpendicularity of the gage block datum chosen for the ring gage.
stack to the support table, however the gage block geom- Single probe instruments are generally a 1D direct
etry errors can still be magnified with the remaining reading instrument as described above or a 3D instru-
end piece. This arrangement also becomes unstable and ment such as a coordinate measuring machine (CMM).
tilts as the combination length exceeds 50 mm. 5.5.2.1 Mastering to a Ring Gage. When using small
The technique shown in Fig. 2(c) can result in very 1D comparator instruments, positioning the ring gages
8
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MEASUREMENT OF PLAIN INTERNAL DIAMETERS ASME B89.1.6-2002
FOR USE AS MASTER RINGS OR RING GAGES
Square
Fig. 2 Typical Gage Block Combination Techniques for Ring Gage Measurements
so the maximum diameter is probed by the instrument of the stack. This technique has the advantage of reduc-
is more difficult than with a dual probe system. When ing the effects of block geometry through the end pieces
mastering to another ring gage, the bending of the probe and is generally a less complicated gage block
stem is common in each measurement as long as the arrangement.
applied force is the same for each ring. Also, as before, However this technique can have one large disadvan-
elastic deformation corrections can be minimized if the tage. The probe stem will bend or deflect during mea-
elastic constants of both the master ring and the test surement. If a probe ball of known diameter is used and
ring are the same. the stem bending has not been calculated, a large error
For larger 3D instruments, both the master ring and may result. The gaging motion when touching the gage
test ring can generally be placed on the gage support block stack is in the opposite direction than when gaging
table together. For this configuration, the chosen datum the ring. Therefore the bending of the probe stem does
should be the same for each ring. To reduce the effects not cancel. In fact, after completing the comparison mea-
of unknown errors in the instrument motion, the master surement, the resulting error is four times the size of
ring can also be removed and the test ring placed in the the bending effect. Most stylus calibration techniques
same location on the table. Instrument motion errors used on CMM’s bypass this potential error by including
will then generally be the same for each measurement, the stem bending into the calculation of effective probe
however the thermal environment around the instru- ball diameter.
ment and the ring gage may have been disturbed and
normalizing time may be required. 5.5.3 Non-Contact Measurement Issues. Some direct
In some cases, using 3D machines may be the only reading or absolute instruments may use laser incidence
practical option for measuring very large rings. In any or grazing technologies to determine the diameter of
case, a careful analysis of the measurement uncertainty ring gages. These instruments can be sensitive to the
should be done to show that the process will yield an roughness or finish of the gaging surfaces and have only
acceptable measurement uncertainty. a limited useful measuring range. However, because
these types of instruments are non-contacting, concerns
5.5.2.2 Mastering to Gage Blocks. Mastering to over elastic deformation corrections, probe diameter
gage blocks with single probe systems can be done in measurements, or stylus bending are eliminated.
two ways. First, the gage block stack can be built using
end pieces in the same configurations shown in Fig. 2.
The bending effect of the probe stem is then eliminated 6 ENVIRONMENT
as described earlier.
6.1 General
Second, the stack can be used without end pieces. For
1D instruments, the probe would need to be lowered to All environmental factors shall be controlled to
move from one end of the combination to the other. achieve repeatability and accuracy as required in the
These extra motions may disrupt the measurement and measurement of master rings and ring gages.
is not recommended. This section contains only essentials for a metrology
For larger 3D instruments, the probe can more easily laboratory concerned with calibration of master rings
be moved out away from the block between either end and ring gages.
9
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ASME B89.1.6-2002 MEASUREMENT OF PLAIN INTERNAL DIAMETERS
FOR USE AS MASTER RINGS OR RING GAGES
6.2 Cleanliness mended to wait long enough to be sure that the artifact
has come into thermal equilibrium with the gage before
Areas where calibration is performed shall be shielded
taking a measurement. It may take a significant time for
from smoke, dust, mist, and other contaminants typical
this to occur, even if the temperature differences are only
of some production areas. During calibration, the instru-
a few tenths of a degree.
ment, master, and cylinder shall be clean.
In measuring rings it is critical that the combination
6.3 Vibration and the ring be at the same temperature. Assuming
that both the ring and the gage blocks are steel, with a
Excessive vibration has serious detrimental effects on coefficient of thermal expansion of 6.4 ⴛ 10−6/°F (11.5
the accuracy attainable in precise measurements. Objec- ⴛ 10 −6 /°C), a difference in temperature of approxi-
tionable vibrations take two different forms and may be mately 1°F (0.5°C) between a Class XXX ring and its
constant, periodic, or random in occurrence. These two combination will account for a significant percentage of
forms are tactile and audible. Tactile vibrations (feel) the tolerance. For a Class XX ring the corresponding
are objectionable because they may cause inconsistent temperature difference is 2°F (1°C); for a Class X ring,
and unstable contact at the point of measurement and 4°F (2°C); for a Class Y ring, 6°F (3°C).
instability in the readout of the amplifier. Audible vibra- Even when care is taken to insure the items are at
tions (noise) are objectionable if they adversely affect nearly the same temperature and corrections are made
the performance of the operator. Following are the most to correct the temperature of the items to the reference
common methods to bring vibration levels to acceptable temperature of 20°C, errors will result if the ambient
values: temperature is far from the nominal 20°C. The errors
(a) When locating the metrology laboratory, avoid will result from uncertainties in the coefficient of linear
areas adjacent to, or affected by, heavy machinery, inter- expansion. The change in length (⌬L) of a part with
nal, or external traffic. length L is
(b) Insulate the areas from known potential sources of
vibration and use insulating mountings when installing ⌬Lp␣(L) (t−20)
sensitive apparatus.
where
(c) Create an acceptable, low operational noise level
␣ p is the nominal coefficient of linear expansion
and require strict observance of it at all time.
t p is the temperature of the part
6.4 Temperature The value of the coefficient of linear expansion is not
The standard reference temperature for industrial known any better than about 10%. In a measurement
length measurements is fixed at 20°C (68°F) see ISO 1. area maintained at 23°C, an error of 0.23 m (9 in.)
The ambient temperature of the measurement area shall could result, solely from the uncertainty in the value of
be controlled close to the reference temperature if accu- the coefficient, if a 25.4 mm (1 in.) cylinder is measured
rate measurements are required. by comparing it to a gage block of the same material.
While it is never possible to control the ambient tem- Further refinement can be achieved by determining
perature to exactly 20°C, the degree of control shall be the temperature of each pertinent component and
consistent with the required accuracy of the measure- applying the necessary corrections. For optimum accu-
ments. If the master and the test parts are of the same racy, a thermometer can measure the parts and correc-
material, a larger deviation from the nominal tempera- tions made to compensate for the difference in
ture can be tolerated than if the master and test parts temperature from master to test piece. A detailed discus-
are of different materials. Even when the master and sion of the effects of making measurements at tempera-
test part are of the same material, care shall be taken to tures other than at 20°C is given in ASME B89.6.2.
insure that the two items are at nearly the same tempera-
6.5 Humidity
ture. If a part is brought from a 23°C shop environment
into a 20°C metrology laboratory, adequate time shall It is recommended that relative humidity in the mea-
be allowed for the part to reach temperature equilibrium. suring environment not exceed 45%. Humidity signifi-
The use of soaking plates and thermal shielding can cantly beyond that value may cause problems with
help equalize the temperature between the two parts. corrosion of iron or steel surfaces. Also, caution shall
To minimize measurement errors it will be necessary be used when establishing the low limit due to static
to allow both the ring and its reference combination to electricity.
be together in the same thermal environment for several
hours, as massive parts take considerable time to come 6.6 Illumination
to thermal equilibrium with their environment. When The four factors of “vision” are brightness, size, con-
moving the reference combination or the ring from the trast, and time. Variations in one factor may affect one
heat sink to the measuring instrument, it is recom- or all of the others. Increasing brightness lets the eyes
10
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MEASUREMENT OF PLAIN INTERNAL DIAMETERS ASME B89.1.6-2002
FOR USE AS MASTER RINGS OR RING GAGES
see small objects. However, this brightness may lessen depending on the measurement methodology. For exam-
the contrast and make it difficult or impractical to read ple, low lighting is usually used for interferometry. Sup-
fine scale graduations. plemental illumination or illumination level controls
The proper level of illumination must be provided to should be available if required for specific tasks or meth-
accomplish each specific measurement task but will vary odologies.
11
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12
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ASME B89.1.6-2002
NONMANDATORY APPENDIX A
EFFECTS OF FORM AND FORM ERRORS ON SIZE (GEOMETRY)
A1 INTRODUCTION of various form errors and how they affect the measured
size and how they can be detected.
In this appendix we discuss a number of typical geom- Table A1 presents the appropriate measurement meth-
etry errors of internal cylinders and how they affect the od(s) for a few common form errors. Tables A2, A3, and
measured diameter for different measurement methods. A4 present a number of examples of how form errors
An understanding of these interactions between form affect the actual usage of ring gages when various form
errors and measurement methods is important in choos- errors are present. Table A5 shows the relation of
ing the most appropriate measurement method. machining practices on the number of lobes typically
Figures A1, A2, and A3 present a number of examples found in the part form.
13
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ASME B89.1.6-2002 NONMANDATORY APPENDIX A
NOTES:
(1) Actual Local Size One-Dimensional Distance. As measured with a two-point device at any measuring plane.
(2) Local Mating Diameter Two-Dimensional Circle. Maximum inscribed circle at any measuring plane
(This is the size of a plug that could enter this ring).
(3) Actual Mating Size Three-Dimensional Envelope. Maximum inscribed cylinder encompassing entire part
(This is the size of a plug whose full length could pass through).
Theoretical cylinder
Bent hole
GENERAL NOTES:
(a) Difference between 1 and 2 is the roundness deviation.
(b) Difference between 2 and 3 is the straightness deviation.
14
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NONMANDATORY APPENDIX A ASME B89.1.6-2002
Condition A Condition B
(Single flat, burr, bump, rust) (Single groove)
Condition C Condition D
Uniform oval or regular even numbered lobing Uniform tri-lobe
Condition E Condition F
Uniform odd-number lobing Non uniform lobing
greater than 3 lobes
Diameter effect = between 1X
Diameter effect = 1X roundness deviation and 2X roundness deviation.
(Not directly measurable with a two-point (May be partially measurable with a
measuring device) measuring device)
15
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ASME B89.1.6-2002 NONMANDATORY APPENDIX A
Condition A (Taper)
Condition E Condition F
(Barber Pole — Waviness with lead) (Camber-end)
16
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NONMANDATORY APPENDIX A ASME B89.1.6-2002
Roundness
Taper A3-Condition A X X X X
Straightness
Barrel shaped A3-Condition B X X X
Hourglass A3-Condition C X X X
Convoluted A3-Condition D X X X
Barber pole A3-Condition E X X X
Camber A3-Condition F X X
Twist A3-Condition G X X X
Combinations of above 1 X
NOTES:
(1) Two-point (180 deg apart) variable diameter measurement with 180 deg rotation of workpiece. Observe
maximum and minimum measured values.
(2) Variable diameter measurement at or near both ends of the workpiece.
(3) Variable diameter measurement scanning the entire length of the workpiece.
(4) Precision rotating spindle or rotating table instrument.
(5) Precision rotating spindle or rotating table instrument with a precision axial slide (cylindricity analyzer).
17
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ASME B89.1.6-2002 NONMANDATORY APPENDIX A
Roundness
Straightness
Barrel shape A3-Condition B (1), (2), (6)
Hourglass A3-Condition C (1), (2), (3), (4), (6)
Convoluted A3-Condition D (1), (4), (6)
Barber pole A3-Condition E (1), (4), (6)
Camber A3-Condition F (1), (4), (6)
Twist A3-Condition G (1), (4), (6)
NOTES:
(1) Smallest effective diameter of gage may exceed the lower tolerance limit of the gage. This increases
the probability of fail error and may increase manufacturing cost.
(2) Effective diameter at end of gage may be less than measured size of gage and could be less than lower
limit of gage size tolerances. This increases probability of fail error and may increase manufacturing cost.
(3) Effective diameter at end of gage may exceed the measured size of gage and could be above the
upper limit of gage size tolerances. Workpiece may appear to be tapered when it is not. User will
assume workpiece is wrong. This increases pobability of fail error and may increase manufacturing cost.
(4) Virtual condition of gage may be smaller than the lower tolerance limit of the gage. This increases
the probability of fail error and may increase manufacturing cost.
(5) May accept a correspondingly out-of-round workpiece if the form error of the workpiece is aligned
with the form error of the gage. This increased probability of pass error can be avoided by rotating
the gage while it is engaged with the workpiece.
(6) Form error may reduce gage life because less surface material is available at the gage/workpiece
interface and wear rates could increase.
18
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NONMANDATORY APPENDIX A ASME B89.1.6-2002
Roundness
Straightness
Barrel shape A3-Condition B (1), (2), (4)
Hourglass A3-Condition C (1), (3), (4)
Convoluted A3-Condition D (1), (2), (4)
Barber pole A3-Condition E (5)
Camber A3-Condition F (5)
Twist A3-Condition G (5)
NOTES:
(1) Smallest effective diameter of gage may exceed the lower tolerance limit of the gage. This increases
the probability of acceptance of product, which is out of its tolerance specification.
(2) Effective diameter at end of gage may be less than measured size of gage and could be less than
lower limit of gage size tolerances. This increases probability of acceptance of product, which is out
of its tolerance specification.
(3) Effective diameter at end of gage may exceed the measured size of gage and could be above the
upper limit of gage size tolerances. Workpiece may appear to be tapered when it is not. User will
assume workpiece is wrong. This increases pobability of fail error and may increase manufacturing cost.
(4) Virtual condition of gage may be smaller than the lower tolerance limit of the gage. This increases
probability of acceptance of product, which is out of its tolerance specification.
(5) Other conditions of form error that may produce a difference between the actual mating size and the
measured size of a NoGo gage are not applicable because the workpiece is not intended to enter
the gage.
19
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ASME B89.1.6-2002 NONMANDATORY APPENDIX A
Roundness
Single flat A2-Condition A (1), (3), (4), (5), (7), (8), (11)
Single groove A2-Condition B (2), (3), (4), (6), (7), (8)
Ovality or even numbered lobes A2-Condition C (1), (2), (3), (4), (5), (6), (7),
(8)
Tri-lobe A2-Condition D (5), (6), (7)
Odd numbered lobes A2-Condition D, E (5), (6), (7)
Irregular lobes A2-Condition F (1), (2), (3), (4), (5), (6), (7)
Straightness
Barrel shape A3-Condition B (4), (5), (6), (7), (9), (10)
Hourglass A3-Condition C (4), (5), (7), (9), (10)
Convoluted A3-Condition D (4), (5), (6), (7), (9), (10)
Barber pole A3-Condition E (3), (4), (5), (6), (7), (9), (10)
Camber A3-Condition F (10)
Twist A3-Condition G (10)
NOTES:
(1) Diameter across the flat may be less than the measured size of the Master Ring Gage and less than
the lower limit of the gage size tolerance.
(2) Diameter across the groove may exceed the measured size of the Master Ring Gage and exceed
upper limit of the gage size tolerance.
(3) Gage reading will change abruptly when the Master Ring Gage is rotated across the flat or groove.
(4) Inaccurate gage setting can be avoided by not setting the Master Ring Gage at a localized high or
low reading.
(5) Inscribed circle size of the Master Ring Gage may be less than its measured size and could exceed
the lower limit of gage size tolerance.
(6) Circumscribed circle size of the Master Ring Gage may be greater than its measured size and could
exceed the upper limit of gage size tolerance.
(7) Regularly spaced odd-numbered lobes are not a factor when setting a two-point measuring device.
Form error may be apparent when setting a multi-point measuring device (e.g., air spindle).
(8) Gage reading will change from high to low twice with each full rotation of the Master Ring Gage.
(9) Gage reading will change as the Master Ring Gage is moved lengthwise over the measuring device.
(10) Virtual condition of the Master Ring Gage may extend below the measured diameter and could
exceed the lower limit of the gage size tolerance. This could cause the gage to be set smaller than
intended and workpiece measurements will read larger than the actual size.
(11) Inaccurate gage setting can be avoided by rotating the Master Ring Gage and setting the gage at
the highest reading.
2 Inaccuracy in tooling (elliptical). Part not square in machine. Part not square in
measuring machine. Uneven lapping process.
3–4 Distortion of part due to clamping in machine or measuring system. Commonly
caused by three or four jaw chuck.
3–15 Machining process or grinding process. (Machine bearings, grind wheel con-
dition).
>15 Process and material parameters. Common process parameters include vibra-
tion, tool condition, spindle speed, feed rates and medium to high fre-
quency chatter.
20
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ASME B89.1.6-2002
NONMANDATORY APPENDIX B
MEASUREMENT UNCERTAINTY
21
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ASME B89.1.6-2002 NONMANDATORY APPENDIX B
the geometry of the blocks. Blocks that are very parallel reproducibility of the process.
and flat produce much less uncertainty than those of One easy method to develop this component for indi-
lesser quality. vidual laboratories is to maintain a set of check standard
A simple test to determine the magnitude of these ring gages. These gages can be owned by the laboratory
effects is to wring several stacks of the same length made and measured on a routine basis using different opera-
from two or three blocks. For example, the millimeter tors, comparators, and master combinations. The data
stack of (1+9, 2+8, 3+7, 4+6, 5+5) could be made and can be compiled over the long term and the variability
compared to a 10 mm block. In this example, the grade of the process can be derived.
1 gage blocks used resulted in an extra variation of 0.030 From existing reproducibility data available on gage
m for one wring. For two or more wrings the result is block cylinder calibrations, competent labs making two
a standard uncertainty of 0.030 m for each wring. comparisons of a master and unknown artifacts gener-
Our example has only one wring in the combination. ally yield a standard uncertainty (1) of about 0.040
However, in typical ring gage comparisons, two end m. Ring gages tend to yield slightly higher standard
blocks or cover blocks are wrung to the stack, one on uncertainties on comparable equipment; therefore we
each end, to extend the reference length so an internal will use 0.050 m as the standard uncertainty for the
measurement can be made from the stack. These addi- reproducibility of the measurement comparison for class
tional two wrings also add 0.030 m of uncertainty for XX and XXX gages. The uncertainty is the same for
each wring. The parallelism of the combination and/or each case.
the cover blocks can dramatically affect the size of the
resulting internal gap by angling in or flaring out and
B7 THERMAL UNCERTAINTIES
large systematic errors will be made during transfer. If
the cover blocks extend only beyond one side of the There are three components of uncertainty related to
combination and form a U-shaped master, the parallel- temperature; the uncertainty in the thermometer calibra-
ism can not be easily detected. If the cover blocks are tion, the uncertainty in the thermal expansion of the
large enough to extend past both sides of the combina- materials, and the temperature gradients on the appara-
tion and form an H-shaped master, the parallelism error tus and between the master and test artifacts.
can be averaged out of the measurement. Assuming the (a) The uncertainty in the thermometer calibration
cover blocks are of high quality, are flat and parallel, generates an uncertainty in length according to the
and extend beyond the combination on both sides, we formula:
can use the average of the measurements from both sides
as the reference length. The difference between these ⌬L p L␣⌬T
lengths can also be used as a process control parameter
for checking the quality of the combination and the where
associated wrings. L p length
These uncertainties associated with the master gage ⌬T p change in temperature, and
calibration are the same for each case since the same ␣ p CTE
master combination is used in both measurements.
(1) Case 1: We are comparing two gages; one of steel
and one of tungsten carbide, and the correction shall be
B6 LONG TERM REPRODUCIBILITY OF made for both. Therefore the total correction depends on
MECHANICAL COMPARISON the difference in CTE between the gage and the master
Reproducibility is different from repeatability in the generating the following formula.
sense that reproducibility is generally associated with
long term data where most variables in the measurement ⌬L p (␣wc − ␣teel) L⌬T
process are sampled many times and the combined The length is 40 mm, and the thermometer calibration
effects can be quantified without knowledge of the indi- will be assumed to be as good as the least significant
vidual components. These effects are very dependent on digit, 0.1°C. The uncertainty becomes:
the type and mechanical condition of the comparator,
operator skill, and the number of repetitions of the mea- ⌬L p (11.5 ⴛ 10−6 − 4.6 ⴛ 10−6) (0.1°C) 40 mm p 0.024 m
surements during the comparison. In addition, repro-
ducibility can be affected by dissimilar geometry If we assume the uncertainty is from a rectangular
between the reference master, in our case a combination distribution, we can divide by 冪3 and get a standard
and cover block, and the test ring gage. Also critical in uncertainty of u p 0.012 m.
ring gage comparisons are the measurement position on (2) Case 2: Since the gages are both of steel, the
the ring bore and the ability to repeat measurements at uncertainty is negligible.
this same position. The surface finish and taper geome- (b) The second source of thermal error is from the
try are important for minimizing these effects on the uncertainty of the CTE of the artifact material.
22
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NONMANDATORY APPENDIX B ASME B89.1.6-2002
(1) Case 1: The gage block standard gives a tolerance Technical Paper No. 25. If the contact geometry is well
on steel gage blocks as 10% of the nominal value sup- known, the main source of uncertainty is from the elastic
plied by the manufacturer. Experimental measurements modulus of the materials involved in the measurements.
on gage blocks confirm this statement. We will assume We will assume that these values are good to 5%; the
that the distribution of the expansion coefficients are variation we find between a number of standard refer-
rectangular with a width of ± 1 ppm/°C for the steel ences for common material properties.
and ± 0.5 ppm/°C for tungsten carbide. This yields a In our measurements there are two deformation con-
standard uncertainty (1 level) of ± 0.6 ppm/°C for steel ditions. They are:
and ± 0.3 ppm/°C for tungsten carbide. If we take the (a) A sphere in contact with a plane – the comparator
worst case that we are measuring 1°C away from 20°C, contacts to the combination.
we calculate: (b) A sphere in contact with an internal cylinder – the
comparator contacts to the ring gage.
⌬L p L(20 − T) ⌬␣
(1) Case 1: The correction required for the steel com-
for tungsten carbide: bination is 0.53 m. The correction require for the tung-
sten carbide ring gage is 0.32 m. Since the block stack
ua,wc p 40 ⴛ 10−3 m (20 − 21°C) 0.3 ppm/°C p 0.012 m and the ring gage are different materials and the calcu-
lated corrections are not the same, each variable in the
for steel: calculation is now important and shall be verified for
accuracy. Since the elastic constant values are known no
ua,steel p 40 ⴛ 10−3 m (20 − 21°C) 0.6 ppm/°C p 0.024 m
better than 5%, the applied force and the comparator
These calculations are only for the standard uncer- probe radius should also be known to this level to mini-
tainty of the correction back to 20 deg. The magnitude mize the uncertainty of the correction. Of most impor-
of the correction is not calculated here and we assume tance is the comparator probe radius. These probes,
the correction is applied. regardless of their material, are known to wear down
(2) Case 2: Even though both the master and test quickly during routine use resulting in deformation cor-
artifact are steel, the uncertainty of the CTE shall be rections that can be incorrect by more than 50%. Large
calculated for each and applied in the budget. We can systematic errors will result if this condition is not iden-
not assume the CTE for the master and the ring are the tified.
same, resulting in a negligible uncertainty. We shall use For the purposes here, it is assumed the applied force
the value of u p 0.024 m for each artifact. and the probe geometry have been measured and are
(c) The third source of thermal uncertainty is for the known to better than 5%. The resulting standard uncer-
unknown temperature gradients that exist between the tainty would be 0.015 m.
master stack and the test ring. We can not assume that
simply because the master and test artifacts are close (2) Case 2: The correction required for the deforma-
together, that they are the same temperature. Testing tion of the steel combination is 0.53 m. The correction
has shown that even for environmentally well-controlled required for the deformation of the steel ring gage is
laboratories the gradients on comparator anvils can be 0.52 m. Since the block stack and the ring are both
as much as 0.05°C only inches apart. Furthermore, to steel, the calculated corrections are nearly the same.
accurately characterize these gradients, a high-resolu- This also makes the accuracy of the correction almost
tion thermometer is required. If we use a thermometer independent from the other variables in the calculations,
with a least significant digit of 0.1°C, the gradients can namely the probe geometry and the applied force of
not be known better than the resolution. Using this best the contacts. From the elastic constant uncertainty we
case of a span of ± 0.1°C and assuming a rectangular assume the distribution is rectangular with a range of ±
distribution, we get a standard uncertainty in the ther- 5%. The result is a standard uncertainty of u p 0.015 m.
mal gradient of ± 0.057°C. This error applies to the full For our purposes here, we will assume the applied
length of the gage and using steel in the calculation, force and the probe geometry has been measured and
we get: is known to better than 5%. The resulting standard
uncertainty would be the same as in the first case, u p
ugradient p 40 ⴛ 10−3 m (0.057°C) 11.5 ppm/°C p 0.026 m 0.015 m.
This error would be the same for both cases since steel
is present in each comparison. B9 SCALE CALIBRATION
The ring comparator scale should be calibrated using
B8 ELASTIC DEFORMATION
two or more calibrated gage blocks. If the uncertainty
The elastic deformation that occurs during the mea- of each block were 0.1 m, and the comparator scale 2.5
surement is calculated from Puttock and Thwaite CSIRO m, the uncertainty in the slope, at the 1 level, would
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ASME B89.1.6-2002 NONMANDATORY APPENDIX B
be about 4%. The difference between the master combi- Table B1 Summary of Uncertainties
nation and the test ring gage is always less than 1m, Case 1 Case 2
leading to a standard uncertainty of 4% of 1 m, or Source of Uncertainty u [m] (in.) u [m] (in.)
0.040 m. This would be the same for both Case 1 and
Case 2. Master block 1 calibration 0.050 (2.0) 0.050 (2.0)
Master block 2 calibration 0.050 (2.0) 0.050 (2.0)
Wring between master blocks 0.030 (1.3) 0.030 (1.3)
B10 INSTRUMENT GEOMETRY Wring of 1st cover block 0.030 (1.3) 0.030 (1.3)
Wring of 2nd cover block 0.030 (1.3) 0.030 (1.3)
The master stack and the ring gage are manipulated Reproducibility 0.050 (2.0) 0.050 (2.0)
to assure that the alignment errors are not significant. Thermometer calibration 0.012 (0.5) negligible
The ring gage is moved until the maximum diameter CTE of block stack 0.024 (1.0) 0.024 (1.0)
is recorded while the master stack is rotated until the CTE of ring gage 0.012 (0.5) 0.024 (1.0)
Thermal gradients 0.026 (1.0) 0.026 (1.0)
minimum value is observed. Since both errors are cosine
Elastic deformation 0.015 (0.4) 0.015 (0.4)
errors this can be done with little difficulty. Scale calibration 0.040 (1.6) 0.040 (1.6)
One potential source of error is the alignment of the Instrument geometry negligible negligible
contacts. If the relative motion of the two contacts is Artifact geometry 0.025 (1.0) 0.025 (1.0)
parallel but not coincident, the transfer of length from TOTAL (RSS) 0.119 (4.7) 0.120 (4.7)
the combination to the ring gage will result in an error. TOTAL (Kp2) 0.238 (9.4) 0.239 (9.4)
This effect is difficult to identify since most ring compa-
rators have a very small range of motion, less than 5 of 0.025 m for these artifact’s effects.
m. This effect is larger for small diameter rings or for Table B1 is a summary of the calculated uncertainties
rings where the contact probe diameters are close in size with each variable listed, including the totaled result.
to the diameter of the ring being measured. For the 40 The total expanded uncertainty, using a coverage fac-
mm ring in this example, the effect is negligible. tor of k p 2 (95% confidence level) is ±0.24 m (±9.4
in.) in each case. For measurement processes with
B11 ARTIFACT GEOMETRY uncertainties at these levels, the comparison of dissimi-
lar materials does not appreciably increase the uncer-
Artifact geometry effects can be some of the largest tainty if the deformation corrections can be made
sources of uncertainty in the measurement of ring gages. accurately. This was the important assumption made in
These effects can vary depending on a variety of factors this example.
including the squareness and roundness of the ring, the From an analysis of the uncertainty budget, there are
taper and form of the ring bore at or near the measure- several sources of error that have similar magnitudes.
ment positions, and the ability to reposition the ring To lower the uncertainty of this measurement, the largest
consistently during the measurement. It is common to sources of error shall be addressed first. Notice that the
have some artifact geometry effects included in the first five error sources are related to the master combina-
reproducibility term since the ability to re-position the tion. All of these can be reduced to one line if a master
ring during measurement will sample some artifact ring gage would be used in the comparison. Depending
geometry as well as the other unknowns in the process. on the source of the master ring calibration, the uncer-
For XXX or XX gages, the effects of squareness and tainty of this ring could be substantially less than the
roundness are small for the measurement of specific, total of the combination uncertainties. The errors associ-
well-marked diameters. The taper or cylindrical form ated with the CTE of the materials can be reduced to
of the bore can be much more variable. Variations of as negligible levels if the comparison is done very close to
much as 0.05 m are commonly seen within increments 20°C. The uncertainty in the scale calibration can also
of as little as 1 mm throughout the length of the bore. be reduced if the master and test ring can be very close
With positioning accuracy of no better than 0.5 mm, we in size.
will use an estimated value for the standard uncertainty
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ASME B89.1.6-2002
NONMANDATORY APPENDIX C
ISO CYLINDRICAL RING BLANK DESIGN
[Section 5.1, Excerpt from ISO 3670-1979 (E)]
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26
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