The Revised Common Lectionary: Consultation On Common Texts

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The Revised Common Lectionary

Consultation on Common Texts


The Revised Common Lectionary (RCL) was published in 1992 by the Consultation on Common Texts (CCT), a
forum for consultation on worship renewal among many Christian churches in the United States and Canada. This
lectionary for Sundays and festivals is a revision of the CCT’s first lectionary proposal, the Common Lectionary
(1983), based on two three-year cycles of testing and extensive feedback from the churches.

For fuller background and interpretation of the RCL, see the information posted at www.commontexts.org. Consult
Revised Common Lectionary Daily Readings (Augsburg Fortress, 2005) for brief reading descriptors and complete
indexes to both the Sunday/festival and daily reading citations.

Permission is granted to individual congregations and similar non-profit, non-commercial groups to reproduce
excerpts from the table of readings, provided the reproductions are for the group’s own one-time, local worship and
educational activities and are not for sale. Please include this copyright notice on all reproductions:
Revised Common Lectionary copyright © 1992 Consultation on Common Texts. www.commontexts.org

Other requests for permission may be directed to Permissions, Augsburg Fortress, P. O. Box 1209, Minneapolis,
MN 55440-1209, www.augsburgfortress.org/copyrights

This electronic file may not be posted on a Web page without permission. However, a live link to the CCT Web
page www.commontexts.org may be included on another Web page as a non-sale reference item. If any text of this
file is cited on a Web page, the reference to the CCT Web page in the copyright notice should be made a live link.

YEAR A
Begins on the First Sunday of Advent in 2007, 2010, 2013, 2016, 2019, and so on.

SEASON OF ADVENT

First Sunday of Advent


Isaiah 2:1-5
Psalm 122
Romans 13:11-14
Matthew 24:36-44

Second Sunday of Advent


Isaiah 11:1-10
Psalm 72:1-7, 18-19
Romans 15:4-13
Matthew 3:1-12

Third Sunday of Advent


Isaiah35:1-10
Psalm 146:5-10 or Luke 1:46b-55
James 5:7-10
Matthew 11:2-11

Fourth Sunday of Advent


Isaiah 7:10-16
Psalm 80:1-7, 17-19
Romans 1:1-7
Matthew 1:18-25

Revised Common Lectionary copyright © 1992 Consultation on Common Texts, admin. Augsburg Fortress.
SEASON OF CHRISTMAS

Nativity of the Lord


Christmas Day

Any of the following three Propers may be used on Christmas Eve/Day.

The readings from Propers II and III for Christmas may be used as alternatives for Christmas
Day. If Proper III is not used on Christmas Day, it should be used at some service during the
Christmas cycle because of the significance of John’s prologue.

Christmas, Proper I (A, B, C)


Isaiah 9:2-7
Psalm 96
Titus 2:11-14
Luke 2:1-14 [15-20]

Christmas, Proper II (A, B, C)


Isaiah 62:6-12
Psalm 97
Titus 3:4-7
Luke 2:[1-7] 8-20

Christmas, Proper III (A, B, C)


Isaiah 52:7-10
Psalm 98
Hebrews 1:1-4 [5-12]
John 1:1-14

First Sunday after Christmas Day (A)


Isaiah 63:7-9
Psalm 148
Hebrews 2:10-18
Matthew 2:13-23

January 1—Holy Name of Jesus (Mary, Mother of God) (A, B, C)


Numbers 6:22-27
Psalm 8
Galatians 4:4-7 or Philippians 2:5-11
Luke 2:15-21

January 1—When observed as New Year’s Day (A, B, C)


Ecclesiastes 3:1-13
Psalm 8
Revelation 21:1-6a
Matthew 25:31-46

Second Sunday after Christmas Day (A, B, C)


The following readings are provided for use when Epiphany (January 6) is celebrated on a
weekday following the Second Sunday after Christmas Day.
Jeremiah 31:7-14 or Sirach 24:1-12
Psalm 147:12-20 or Wisdom of Solomon 10:15-21
Ephesians 1:3-14
John 1:[1-9] 10-18

Revised Common Lectionary copyright © 1992 Consultation on Common Texts, admin. Augsburg Fortress.
SEASON OF EPIPHANY (ORDINARY TIME)

The Proper for the Sunday after the Epiphany that immediately precedes Ash Wednesday may be
replaced, in those churches using Transfiguration readings on that Sunday, by the readings for
the Last Sunday after the Epiphany.

Epiphany of the Lord (A, B, C)


Isaiah 60:1-6
Psalm 72:1-7, 10-14
Ephesians 3:1-12
Matthew 2:1-12

Baptism of the Lord


First Sunday after the Epiphany [Ordinary/Lectionary 1]
Isaiah 42:1-9
Psalm 29
Acts 10:34-43
Matthew 3:13-17

Second Sunday after the Epiphany [Ordinary/Lectionary 2]


Isaiah 49:1-7
Psalm 40:1-11
1 Corinthians 1:1-9
John 1:29-42

Third Sunday after the Epiphany [Ordinary/Lectionary 3]


Isaiah 9:1-4
Psalm 27:1, 4-9
1 Corinthians 1:10-18
Matthew 4:12-23

Fourth Sunday after the Epiphany [Ordinary/Lectionary 4]


Micah 6:1-8
Psalm 15
1 Corinthians 1:18-31
Matthew 5:1-12

Fifth Sunday after the Epiphany [Ordinary/Lectionary 5]


Isaiah 58:1-9a [9b-12]
Psalm 112:1-9 [10]
1 Corinthians 2:1-12 [13-16]
Matthew 5:13-20

Sixth Sunday after the Epiphany [Proper 1, Ordinary/Lectionary 6]


Deuteronomy 30:15-20 or Sirach 15:15-20
Psalm 119:1-8
1 Corinthians 3:1-9
Matthew 5:21-37

Seventh Sunday after the Epiphany [Proper 2, Ordinary/Lectionary 7]


Leviticus 19:1-2, 9-18
Psalm 119:33-40
1 Corinthians 3:10-11, 16-23
Matthew 5:38-48

Revised Common Lectionary copyright © 1992 Consultation on Common Texts, admin. Augsburg Fortress.
Eighth Sunday after the Epiphany [Proper 3, Ordinary/Lectionary 8]
Isaiah 49:8-16a
Psalm 131
1 Corinthians 4:1-5
Matthew 6:24-34

Ninth Sunday after the Epiphany [Proper 4, Ordinary/Lectionary 9]


The following readings are for churches whose calendar requires this Sunday and who do not observe the
Last Sunday after the Epiphany as Transfiguration.
Deuteronomy 11:18-21, 26-28
Psalm 31:1-5, 19-24
Romans 1:16-17; 3:22b-28 [29-31]
Matthew 7:21-29

Last Sunday after the Epiphany—Transfiguration Sunday


The following readings are used in churches where the Last Sunday after the Epiphany is observed as
Transfiguration Sunday.
Exodus 24:12-18
Psalm 2 or Psalm 99
2 Peter 1:16-21
Matthew 17:1-9

SEASON OF LENT

Ash Wednesday (A, B, C)


Joel 2:1-2, 12-17 or Isaiah 58:1-12
Psalm 51:1-17
2 Corinthians 5:20b—6:10
Matthew 6:1-6, 16-21

First Sunday in Lent


Genesis 2:15-17; 3:1-7
Psalm 32
Romans 5:12-19
Matthew 4:1-11

Second Sunday in Lent


Genesis 12:1-4a
Psalm 121
Romans 4:1-5, 13-17
John 3:1-17 or Matthew 17:1-9

Third Sunday in Lent


Exodus 17:1-7
Psalm 95
Romans 5:1-11
John 4:5-42

Fourth Sunday in Lent


1 Samuel 16:1-13
Psalm 23
Ephesians 5:8-14
John 9:1-41

Revised Common Lectionary copyright © 1992 Consultation on Common Texts, admin. Augsburg Fortress.
Fifth Sunday in Lent
Ezekiel 37:1-14
Psalm 130
Romans 8:6-11
John 11:1-45

Sixth Sunday in Lent


Passion Sunday or Palm Sunday
Those who do not observe the procession with palms and do not wish to use the passion gospel may
substitute the gospel and psalm given for the Liturgy of the Passion with the gospel and psalm indicated
for the Liturgy of the Palms. Whenever possible, the whole passion narrative should be read.

Liturgy of the Palms


Matthew 21:1-11
Psalm 118:1-2, 19-29

Liturgy of the Passion


Isaiah 50:4-9a
Psalm 31:9-16
Philippians 2:5-11
Matthew 26:14—27:66 or Matthew 27:11-54

Monday of Holy Week (A, B, C)


Isaiah 42:1-9
Psalm 36:5-11
Hebrews 9:11-15
John 12:1-11

Tuesday of Holy Week (A, B, C)


Isaiah 49:1-7
Psalm 71:1-14
1 Corinthians 1:18-31
John 12:20-36

Wednesday of Holy Week (A, B, C)


Isaiah 50:4-9a
Psalm 70
Hebrews 12:1-3
John 13:21-32

Holy Thursday (A, B, C)


Exodus 12:1-4 [5-10] 11-14
Psalm 116:1-2, 12-19
1 Corinthians 11:23-26
John 13:1-17, 31b-35

Good Friday (A, B, C)


Isaiah 52:13—53:12
Psalm 22
Hebrews 10:16-25 or Hebrews 4:14-16; 5:7-9
John 18:1—19:42

Holy Saturday (A, B, C) (for use at services other than the Easter Vigil)
Job 14:1-14 or Lamentations 3:1-9, 19-24
Psalm 31:1-4, 15-16
1 Peter 4:1-8
Matthew 27:57-66 or John 19:38-42

Revised Common Lectionary copyright © 1992 Consultation on Common Texts, admin. Augsburg Fortress.
SEASON OF EASTER

Resurrection of the Lord—Easter Vigil


The following readings and responses are provided for use at the Easter Vigil. A minimum of three Old
Testament readings should be chosen. The reading from Exodus 14 should always be used.

Old Testament Readings and Responses (A, B, C)


1
Genesis 1:1—2:4a
Psalm 136:1-9, 23-26

2
Genesis 7:1-5, 11-18; 8:6-18; 9:8-13
Psalm 46

3
Genesis 22:1-18
Psalm 16

4
Exodus 14:10-31; 15:20-21
Exodus 15:1b-13, 17-18

5
Isaiah 55:1-11
Isaiah 12:2-6

6
Baruch 3:9-15, 32—4:4 or Proverbs 8:1-8, 19-21; 9:4b-6
Psalm 19

7
Ezekiel 36:24-28
Psalm 42 and 43

8
Ezekiel 37:1-14
Psalm 143

9
Zephaniah 3:14-20
Psalm 98

New Testament Reading (A, B, C)


Romans 6:3-11
Psalm 114

Gospel (A)
Matthew 28:1-10

Resurrection of the Lord—Easter Day


Acts 10:34-43 or Jeremiah 31:1-6
Psalm 118:1-2, 14-24
Colossians 3:1-4 or Acts 10:34-43
John 20:1-18 or Matthew 28:1-10

Revised Common Lectionary copyright © 1992 Consultation on Common Texts, admin. Augsburg Fortress.
Easter Evening (A, B, C)
The following readings are for occasions when the main (eucharistic) Easter service must be late in the
day. They are not intended for Vespers (Evening Prayer) on Easter Evening.
Isaiah 25:6-9
Psalm 114
1 Corinthians 5:6b-8
Luke 24:13-49

Second Sunday of Easter


Acts 2:14a, 22-32
Psalm 16
1 Peter 1:3-9
John 20:19-31

Third Sunday of Easter


Acts 2:14a, 36-41
Psalm 116:1-4, 12-19
1 Peter 1:17-23
Luke 24:13-35

Fourth Sunday of Easter


Acts 2:42-47
Psalm 23
1 Peter 2:19-25
John 10:1-10

Fifth Sunday of Easter


Acts 7:55-60
Psalm 31:1-5, 15-16
1 Peter 2:2-10
John 14:1-14

Sixth Sunday of Easter


Acts 17:22-31
Psalm 66:8-20
1 Peter 3:13-22
John 14:15-21

Ascension of the Lord (A, B, C)


These readings may also be used on the Seventh Sunday of Easter.
Acts 1:1-11
Psalm 47 or Psalm 93
Ephesians 1:15-23
Luke 24:44-53

Seventh Sunday of Easter


Acts 1:6-14
Psalm 68:1-10, 32-35
1 Peter 4:12-14; 5:6-11
John 17:1-11

Day of Pentecost
If the Numbers passage is chosen for the first reading, the Acts passage is used as the second reading.
Acts 2:1-21 or Numbers 11:24-30
Psalm 104:24-34, 35b
1 Corinthians 12:3b-13 or Acts 2:1-21
John 20:19-23 or John 7:37-39

Revised Common Lectionary copyright © 1992 Consultation on Common Texts, admin. Augsburg Fortress.
SEASON AFTER PENTECOST (ORDINARY TIME)

Trinity Sunday
First Sunday after Pentecost
Genesis 1:1—2:4a
Psalm 8
2 Corinthians 13:11-13
Matthew 28:16-20

Sunday between May 24 and May 28 inclusive (if after Trinity Sunday)
[Proper 3, Ordinary/Lectionary 8]
Isaiah 49:8-16a
Psalm 131
1 Corinthians 4:1-5
Matthew 6:24-34

Sunday between May 29 and June 4 inclusive (if after Trinity Sunday)
[Proper 4, Ordinary/Lectionary 9]
Semicontinuous Complementary
Genesis 6:9-22; 7:24; 8:14-19 Deuteronomy 11:18-21, 26-28
Psalm 46 Psalm 31:1-5, 19-24
Romans 1:16-17; 3:22b-28 [29-31] Romans 1:16-17; 3:22b-28 [29-31]
Matthew 7:21-29 Matthew 7:21-29

Sunday between June 5 and June 11 inclusive (if after Trinity Sunday)
[Proper 5, Ordinary/Lectionary 10]
Semicontinuous Complementary
Genesis 12:1-9 Hosea 5:15—6:6
Psalm 33:1-12 Psalm 50:7-15
Romans 4:13-25 Romans 4:13-25
Matthew 9:9-13, 18-26 Matthew 9:9-13, 18-26

Sunday between June 12 and June 18 inclusive (if after Trinity Sunday)
[Proper 6, Ordinary/Lectionary 11]
Semicontinuous Complementary
Genesis 18:1-15 [21:1-7] Exodus 19:2-8a
Psalm 116:1-2, 12-19 Psalm 100
Romans 5:1-8 Romans 5:1-8
Matthew 9:35—10:8 [9-23] Matthew 9:35—10:8 [9-23]

Sunday between June 19 and June 25 inclusive (if after Trinity Sunday)
[Proper 7, Ordinary/Lectionary 12]
Semicontinuous Complementary
Genesis 21:8-21 Jeremiah 20:7-13
Psalm 86:1-10, 16-17 Psalm 69:7-10 [11-15] 16-18
Romans 6:1b-11 Romans 6:1b-11
Matthew 10:24-39 Matthew 10:24-39

Sunday between June 26 and July 2 inclusive


[Proper 8, Ordinary/Lectionary 13]
Semicontinuous Complementary
Genesis 22:1-14 Jeremiah 28:5-9
Psalm 13 Psalm 89:1-4, 15-18
Romans 6:12-23 Romans 6:12-23
Matthew 10:40-42 Matthew 10:40-42

Revised Common Lectionary copyright © 1992 Consultation on Common Texts, admin. Augsburg Fortress.
Sunday between July 3 and July 9 inclusive
[Proper 9, Ordinary/Lectionary 14]
Semicontinuous Complementary
Genesis 24:34-38, 42-49, 58-67 Zechariah 9:9-12
Psalm 45:10-17 Psalm 145:8-14
or Song of Solomon 2:8-13
Romans 7:15-25a Romans 7:15-25a
Matthew 11:16-19, 25-30 Matthew 11:16-19, 25-30

Sunday between July 10 and July 16 inclusive


[Proper 10, Ordinary/Lectionary 15]
Semicontinuous Complementary
Genesis 25:19-34 Isaiah 55:10-13
Psalm 119:105-112 Psalm 65:[1-8] 9-13
Romans 8:1-11 Romans 8:1-11
Matthew 13:1-9, 18-23 Matthew 13:1-9, 18-23

Sunday between July 17 and July 23 inclusive


[Proper 11, Ordinary/Lectionary 16]
Semicontinuous Complementary
Genesis 28:10-19a Wisdom of Solomon 12:13, 16-19 or Isaiah 44:6-8
Psalm 139:1-12, 23-24 Psalm 86:11-17
Romans 8:12-25 Romans 8:12-25
Matthew 13:24-30, 36-43 Matthew 13:24-30, 36-43

Sunday between July 24 and July 30 inclusive


[Proper 12, Ordinary/Lectionary 17]
Semicontinuous Complementary
Genesis 29:15-28 1 Kings 3:5-12
Psalm 105:1-11, 45b or Psalm 128 Psalm 119:129-136
Romans 8:26-39 Romans 8:26-39
Matthew 13:31-33, 44-52 Matthew 13:31-33, 44-52

Sunday between July 31 and August 6 inclusive


[Proper 13, Ordinary/Lectionary 18]
Semicontinuous Complementary
Genesis 32:22-31 Isaiah 55:1-5
Psalm 17:1-7, 15 Psalm 145:8-9, 14-21
Romans 9:1-5 Romans 9:1-5
Matthew 14:13-21 Matthew 14:13-21

Sunday between August 7 and August 13 inclusive


[Proper 14, Ordinary/Lectionary 19]
Semicontinuous Complementary
Genesis 37:1-4, 12-28 1 Kings 19:9-18
Psalm 105:1-6, 16-22, 45b Psalm 85:8-13
Romans 10:5-15 Romans 10:5-15
Matthew 14:22-33 Matthew 14:22-33

Sunday between August 14 and August 20 inclusive


[Proper 15, Ordinary/Lectionary 20]
Semicontinuous Complementary
Genesis 45:1-15 Isaiah 56:1, 6-8
Psalm 133 Psalm 67
Romans 11:1-2a, 29-32 Romans 11:1-2a, 29-32
Matthew 15:[10-20] 21-28 Matthew 15:[10-20] 21-28

Revised Common Lectionary copyright © 1992 Consultation on Common Texts, admin. Augsburg Fortress.
Sunday between August 21 and August 27 inclusive
[Proper 16, Ordinary/Lectionary 21]
Semicontinuous Complementary
Exodus 1:8—2:10 Isaiah 51:1-6
Psalm 124 Psalm 138
Romans 12:1-8 Romans 12:1-8
Matthew 16:13-20 Matthew 16:13-20

Sunday between August 28 and September 3 inclusive


[Proper 17, Ordinary/Lectionary 22]
Semicontinuous Complementary
Exodus 3:1-15 Jeremiah 15:15-21
Psalm 105:1-6, 23-26, 45b Psalm 26:1-8
Romans 12:9-21 Romans 12:9-21
Matthew 16:21-28 Matthew 16:21-28

Sunday between September 4 and September 10 inclusive


[Proper 18, Ordinary/Lectionary 23]
Semicontinuous Complementary
Exodus 12:1-14 Ezekiel 33:7-11
Psalm 149 Psalm 119:33-40
Romans 13:8-14 Romans 13:8-14
Matthew 18:15-20 Matthew 18:15-20

Sunday between September 11 and September 17 inclusive


[Proper 19, Ordinary/Lectionary 24]
Semicontinuous Complementary
Exodus 14:19-31 Genesis 50:15-21
Psalm 114 or Exodus 15:1b-11, 20-21 Psalm 103:[1-7] 8-13
Romans 14:1-12 Romans 14:1-12
Matthew 18:21-35 Matthew 18:21-35

Sunday between September 18 and September 24 inclusive


[Proper 20, Ordinary/Lectionary 25]
Semicontinuous Complementary
Exodus 16:2-15 Jonah 3:10—4:11
Psalm 105:1-6, 37-45 Psalm 145:1-8
Philippians 1:21-30 Philippians 1:21-30
Matthew 20:1-16 Matthew 20:1-16

Sunday between September 25 and October 1 inclusive


[Proper 21, Ordinary/Lectionary 26]
Semicontinuous Complementary
Exodus 17:1-7 Ezekiel 18:1-4, 25-32
Psalm 78:1-4, 12-16 Psalm 25:1-9
Philippians 2:1-13 Philippians 2:1-13
Matthew 21:23-32 Matthew 21:23-32

Sunday between October 2 and October 8 inclusive


[Proper 22, Ordinary/Lectionary 27]
Semicontinuous Complementary
Exodus 20:1-4, 7-9, 12-20 Isaiah 5:1-7
Psalm 19 Psalm 80:7-15
Philippians 3:4b-14 Philippians 3:4b-14
Matthew 21:33-46 Matthew 21:33-46

Revised Common Lectionary copyright © 1992 Consultation on Common Texts, admin. Augsburg Fortress.
Sunday between October 9 and October 15 inclusive
[Proper 23, Ordinary/Lectionary 28]
Semicontinuous Complementary
Exodus 32:1-14 Isaiah 25:1-9
Psalm 106:1-6, 19-23 Psalm 23
Philippians 4:1-9 Philippians 4:1-9
Matthew 22:1-14 Matthew 22:1-14

Sunday between October 16 and October 22 inclusive


[Proper 24, Ordinary/Lectionary 29]
Semicontinuous Complementary
Exodus 33:12-23 Isaiah 45:1-7
Psalm 99 Psalm 96:1-9 [10-13]
1 Thessalonians 1:1-10 1 Thessalonians 1:1-10
Matthew 22:15-22 Matthew 22:15-22

Sunday between October 23 and October 29 inclusive


[Proper 25, Ordinary/Lectionary 30]
Semicontinuous Complementary
Deuteronomy 34:1-12 Leviticus 19:1-2, 15-18
Psalm 90:1-6, 13-17 Psalm 1
1 Thessalonians 2:1-8 1 Thessalonians 2:1-8
Matthew 22:34-46 Matthew 22:34-46

Sunday between October 30 and November 5 inclusive


[Proper 26, Ordinary/Lectionary 31]
Semicontinuous Complementary
Joshua 3:7-17 Micah 3:5-12
Psalm 107:1-7, 33-37 Psalm 43
1 Thessalonians 2:9-13 1 Thessalonians 2:9-13
Matthew 23:1-12 Matthew 23:1-12

Sunday between November 6 and November 12 inclusive


[Proper 27, Ordinary/Lectionary 32]
Semicontinuous Complementary
Joshua 24:1-3a, 14-25 Wisdom of Solomon 6:12-16 or Amos 5:18-24
Psalm 78:1-7 Wisdom of Solomon 6:17-20 or Psalm 70
1 Thessalonians 4:13-18 1 Thessalonians 4:13-18
Matthew 25:1-13 Matthew 25:1-13

Sunday between November 13 and November 19 inclusive


[Proper 28, Ordinary/Lectionary 33]
Semicontinuous Complementary
Judges 4:1-7 Zephaniah 1:7, 12-18
Psalm 123 Psalm 90:1-8 [9-11] 12
1 Thessalonians 5:1-11 1 Thessalonians 5:1-11
Matthew 25:14-30 Matthew 25:14-30

Reign of Christ or Christ the King


Sunday between November 20 and November 26 inclusive
[Proper 29, Ordinary/Lectionary 34]
Semicontinuous Complementary
Ezekiel 34:11-16, 20-24 Ezekiel 34:11-16, 20-24
Psalm 100 Psalm 95:1-7a
Ephesians 1:15-23 Ephesians 1:15-23
Matthew 25:31-46 Matthew 25:31-46

Revised Common Lectionary copyright © 1992 Consultation on Common Texts, admin. Augsburg Fortress.
SPECIAL DAYS

Presentation of the Lord (A, B, C)


February 2
Malachi 3:1-4
Psalm 84 or Psalm 24:7-10
Hebrews 2:14-18
Luke 2:22-40

Annunciation of the Lord (A, B, C)


March 25
Isaiah 7:10-14
Psalm 45 or Psalm 40:5-10
Hebrews 10:4-10
Luke 1:26-38

Visitation of Mary to Elizabeth (A, B, C)


May 31
1 Samuel 2:1-10
Psalm 113
Romans 12:9-16b
Luke 1:39-57

Holy Cross (A, B, C)


September 14
Numbers 21:4b-9
Psalm 98:1-5 or Psalm 78:1-2, 34-38
1 Corinthians 1:18-24
John 3:13-17

All Saints (A)


November 1 or the First Sunday in November
Revelation 7:9-17
Psalm 34:1-10, 22
1 John 3:1-3
Matthew 5:1-12

Thanksgiving Day (A)


Second Monday in October (Canada)
Fourth Thursday in November (U.S.A.)
Deuteronomy 8:7-18
Psalm 65
2 Corinthians 9:6-15
Luke 17:11-19

Revised Common Lectionary copyright © 1992 Consultation on Common Texts, admin. Augsburg Fortress.

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