GoFLUENT – priprema

Instructions:
Be ready to teach any one of the following topics. Your learner will choose one pair/set for
you to teach.
PRESENT: Provide definitions and examples.
PRACTICE: Ask specific questions to provide the learner with opportunities to create
sentences with the new verbs. When you feel the learner has understood the teaching points
as demonstrated by the accuracy of his/her use of the new verbs in sentences, move on to the
next phase.
PRODUCE: Follow-up questions based on the learner’s responses should be asked in order
to simulate conversation. Several (not all) of those questions should allow the learner to use
the new verbs correctly.

Bring vs. Take

In situation when they have a synonymous meaning (to carry something) they are differentiated by
context, specifically, the implied direction of movement
BRING (to carry along with you) movement towards someone or something / you ask people to
bring things to the place you are
I’ll bring some tea.
Pam brought a friend to the party.
We should bring a camera to the picnic.
TAKE (to carry away with you) movement away from someone or something / you take things or
living creatures to the place you are going
Take the empty cups back to the kitchen.
Take the rubbish to the bin.
I’ll take the dog out for a walk.

Look - See - Watch

All denoting ability of an eye to observe – perceive, synonymous but different in duration
(finished/unfinished) and if done with or without intention
LOOK (intentional direction of our eyes)
Come and look at this photo Carina sent me.
Look at the rabbit!
Please, look up the new word in your vocabulary!
Warning: When look has an object, it is followed by at:
Look at the rain. It’s so heavy.
SEE (noticing something, usually non-intentional, using our eyes)
I saw Trevor at the shopping centre yesterday.
Has anyone seen my glasses?
It is rare today to see such a beautiful and intelligent person.
WATCH – (look at something for a period of time, especially something that is changing or moving)
We watch television every evening.
 I like to sit at the window to watch what’s happening in the garden.
People today just watch and do not help when it comes to a public conflict.
Warning:
We use see, not watch, when we talk about being at sports matches or public performances, such as films, theatre and

dramas. However, we watch the television:

We saw a wonderful new film last night. You’ll have to go and see it while it’s in the cinema.

Not: We watched… You’ll have to go and watch …

Compare

I  watched  ‘Phantom of the Opera’ last night

I was at home.
on DVD.

I was at a theatre or
I  saw  ‘Phantom of the Opera’ last night.
cinema.

When we look at something for a long time, we use watch, not see.

Compare

We watched whales Watch focuses on the process of seeing:

jumping out of the water. we spent time looking at the whales.

See focuses more on the finished event. It

We saw whales jumping
doesn’t suggest that we spent much time
out of the water.
looking at the whales.

Look at, see or watch: typical errors

 When there is an object, we use at after look:
If you go for a walk by the river, you can look at the beautiful scenery.
Not: … you can look the beautiful scenery.
 We don’t use watch to talk about things that we see without trying:
If you go to the forest, you might see  some deer.
Not: … you might watch some deer.
 We don’t use watch when referring to a film in the cinema:
A: We’re going to the cinema tonight.
B: What are you going to see? (Not: What are you going to watch?)
A: I’m not sure. I really want to see the new Rocky movie but Nancy said she’s not interested
in that.
Not: I really want to watch the new Rocky movie …
 We use watch, not see, when we refer to something on the television:
At night, I like to  watch  the television.
Not: …I like to see the television.
Sit - Seat - Seated
SIT – sat – sat, sitting, irregular verb, to be in a position in which the upper body is upright
and the legs (especially the upper legs) are supported by some object.
After a long day of walking, it was good just to sit and relax.
1. (of a person) To move oneself into such a position.
I asked him to sit .
2. (of an object) To occupy a given position permanently.
The temple has sat atop that hill for centuries.

Most prefer to sit when they eat.

SEAT – seated – seated, regular verb (To put an object into a place where it will rest; to fix; to set firm ) or a
noun
Please, wait to be seated. – verb
The table could seat ten people.- verb
Jennifer climbed into the driver's seat of the car and ignited the engine. - noun
I cannot find my seat. – noun

End vs. Finish

They mean the same, but ‘finish’ refers to extend where it limits and gets completed, while
the word ‘end’ refers to termination or stop of something.
FINISH (complete something)
I have finished my project – I have completed my project and handed it in.
After Tom (had) finished his dinner, he went to sleep.
Children usually finish their homework at school so their teacher can check up on
them.
END (terminate or stop something)
I have ended my project – I terminated and gave up my project due to technical
issues.
Tom had to end his dinner when police came to pick him up.
Children had to end writing their homework because the power went out and the light
was off.

Come vs. Go actually show different directions

COME – Come is used to show movement toward or in the direction of the speaker or the
person being spoken to:
My cousin is coming to see me next week.
Are you coming to my party?
May I come to your party, too?
That man's coming toward us. Who is he?
I need to make an appointment with Dr. Jones.
Can I come to see him at 11:00 tomorrow?
Dr. Jones is in a meeting at 11:00. Can you
come for your appointment at 11:30?
.
GO – Go is used to show movement away from the speaker or the person being spoken to:
I'm going to see my cousin next week.
 Are you going to Bill's party?
That man's going toward your car. Who is he?
I need to go to the bank this afternoon.
Ginny wants to go to Bora Bora on her vacation.
Special Notes
 
1.   The idiom come from (present tense) is
used to talk about one's home town, home
state, home country, etc.:
Irina comes from Moscow.
Joe comes from California.
Uyanga comes from Mongolia.
     
2.   Go is often used with the preposition to:
go to bed / go to school /
go to the movies / go to class /
go to church / go to work
go to the grocery store /
go to sleep / go to a party /
go to a concert (etc.)
In a few fixed expressions, however,
go is used without a preposition:
go home / go downtown /
go uptown
Go is also commonly used with adverbs
of place, direction, and accompaniment:
go inside / go outside / go away
go up / go down / go over /
go under / go around /
go with (etc.)
     
3.   Go is also used with many -ing verbs.
These "go verbing" expressions usually
describe leisure-time activities:
go biking / go bowling /
go camping / go dancing /
go drinking / go fishing /
go hiking / go horseback riding /
go ice skating / go jogging /
go rollerblading / go sailing /
go shopping / go skating /
go window-shopping (etc.)

Raise vs. Rise

RAISE – raised – raised, (podići, povisiti) regular verb, must have an object, transitive verb:
Raise your hand if you know the answer.
Our favourite restaurant has raised its prices again. It’s getting very expensive.
RISE – rose – risen (dići se, porasti), irregular verb, does not take an object, intransitive verb:
The sun rose at 5.30 this morning.
Rents have risen  sharply in this part of town.

Say vs. Tell

SAY – said – said and TELL – told – told, irregular verbs.:
They asked if I was looking for work and I said yes.
Then he told me how he had got the job by lying about his age.
We use say and tell in different ways in reported speech. Say focuses on the words someone
said and tell focuses more on the content or message of what someone said:
‘Hello,’ she said.
Not: ‘Hello,’ she told.
She told him they were going on holiday. (The focus is on the information.)
We use say with direct speech. We don’t normally use tell in this way:
He  said, ‘I’m not paying £50 for that.’
 
Say and tell with objects
Both say and tell take a direct object. The object is most commonly the reported clause (the
report of what someone said).
reporting clause reported clause (direct object)

She said ‘I don’t know what you mean.’

I  told  her why it had happened.

Tell normally takes an indirect object (one or more people = io) and a direct object (the
reported clause = do):
The boy told  [IO]us [DO]he didn’t want any money.
However, we use tell without an indirect object with words such as the truth, a lie, a joke, a
story:
You should never tell a lie.
Not: … say a lie.
Come on Kevin. You’re good at telling jokes.
Say does not take an indirect object. Instead, we use a phrase with to:
And then she  said to me, ‘I’m your cousin. We’ve never met before.’
Not: And then she said me …
 
 Tell + indirect object + to-infinitive
We use tell with an indirect object and a to-infinitive to report a command or an instruction.
We don’t normally use say in this way:
They told us to come back the next day.
Not: They said us to come …
They told her to wait till the doctor arrived.
Spoken English:
But in informal speaking, we sometimes use say + to-infinitive to report a command or an
instruction:
I asked him if he wanted it today but he said to leave it till tomorrow.
Typical errors
 We don’t use an indirect object with say:
‘I’m in a hurry,’ he  said to me.
Not: … he said me.
 We don’t use tell without an indirect object when we report someone’s words:
Then a loud voice said, ‘Hello.’
Not: … a loud voice told, ‘Hello.’
She said  she would wait for us outside.
Not: She told she would wait …

Borrow vs. Lend

LEND – lent – lent, irregular verb, means ‘give something to someone for a short time,
expecting that you will get it back’:
I never lend my CDs to anyone.
I  lent Gary £30. (I expect that Gary will return this to me)
BORROW, regular verb meaning ‘get something from someone, intending to give it back
after a short time’:
Could I borrow your pen for a minute, please?
Laura used to borrow money from me all the time.
 
Typical error
 When you give something, you lend it; when you get or receive something,
you borrow it:
Can I  borrow  your dictionary?
Not: Can I lend your dictionary?

Do vs. Make
When we use do and make with noun phrases do focuses on the process of acting or
performing something, make emphasises more the product of an action:
 When I was  [action] doing the calculations, I [outcome] made two mistakes.
I  [action] did some work for her last summer; I [outcome] made a pond in her
garden.

Nouns with do

activity damage favour job task

business drawing gardening laundry test

cleaning duty harm one’s best washing (up)

cooking exam(ination) homework painting work

course exercise ironing shopping

I  do the shopping on Fridays usually.

Could you do a job for me next week?
Who  does the cooking in your house?
Nouns with make

apology coffee excuse love offer remark

assumption comment friends lunch phone call sound

bed complaint guess mess plan soup

breakfast dinner law mistake profit speech

cake effort list money progress statement

change error loss noise promise tea

They made me an interesting offer of a job in Warsaw.

Not many building firms will  make a profit this year.
I have to  make a phone call.

Compliment - Complement
COMPLIMENT as a verb. If you 'compliment' someone you express admiration, or say
something nice about them.
He  complimented her on her appearance.
"We complimented the chef on the delicious dessert."
The noun 'compliment' is an expression of praise or admiration. 
"I took it as a compliment when she said my accent was unusual."
 You might hear the phrase 'to pay someone a compliment'. This means to 'give' someone a
compliment.
"He complained that his boss never paid him any compliments."

COMPLEMENT – to accompany, to complete. We can say two things 'complement' one

another when they 'go well' together. The two items make one another even better once
combined. 

"The sauce complemented the dish."

A classic blazer complements a look that’s smart or casual.

Lay vs. Lie

LAY – laid – laid (postaviti) means ‘to put something down carefully in a flat position’. It must have an
object, regular verb but spelling a bit different:
Shall I lay the tray on the bed?
A wonderful wooden floor has been laid in the dining room.
Not: … floor has been layed …
LIE - (ležati) is a verb which means ‘to be in or put yourself into a flat position’, irregular verb and it
doesn’t take an object. The -ing form is lying and the past simple is lay. The -ed form, lain,
is very formal and is rarely used:
I love to lie on a beach and read.
She lay on the bed and gazed at the ceiling, daydreaming.
The dog was lying by the gate waiting for me to come home.
LIE – lied – lied, as a regular verb, means ‘say something which is not true’.
I  lied to my teacher about my homework.
Compare
lay (put lie (say
lie (be
Infinitive something something that is
horizontal)
down) not true)

Past simple laid lay lied

Past participle laid lain lied

 
Typical errors
 We don’t use lay to talk about being in a flat position. Lay must have an object:
My mother hates when the cat lies  on our beds.
Not: … when the cat lays on our beds …
 The past form of lie is lay:
I  lay on the grass and watched a plane fly overhead.
Not: I lied on the grass …
Ensure vs. Assure
ENSURE – verb, regular, to make certain that (something) will occur or be the case.
‘the client must ensure that accurate records are kept’
This guarantee ensures the full value is repayable should any structural issues arise.’
They must also take action to ensure the system is not used for money laundering.’
He must ensure their safety and welfare and will act as a contact in forced marriage
cases.’

ASSURE - verb, regular

1. Convince, make believe, to tell someone something positively or confidently to dispel
any doubts they may have.
Tony assured me that there was a supermarket in the village
2. Make (something) certain to happen.
Victory was now assured.

Listen vs. Hear

‘Hearing’ is an event; it is something which happens to us as a natural process. ‘Listening’
is an action; it is something we do consciously.
Compare

hearing is an event. listening is an action.

I listened very
Suddenly I heard  a noise. Someone
carefully to what she said and
was in the garden.
wrote it all down.
Did you hear the thunder last night?
Do you listen to the radio in
[on the phone]
bed?
The line is very bad. I
George! Listen to me! I have
can’t hear you.
something important to tell you.

Sometimes we can use either hear or listen to, depending on whether we want to emphasise

the event or the action:
Did you hear that interview with David Beckham on the radio yesterday? (emphasis
on the event)
Did you listen to  that interview with David Beckham on the radio yesterday? action
I love  hearing/listening to the sound of falling rain.

We don’t normally use hear in the continuous form. We often use hear with can:

I  can hear you really clearly.

Not: I’m hearing you really clearly.

Warning: We use to after listen before an object:
Every morning I listen to  my Mozart CD while I’m having breakfast.
It prepares me mentally for the day.
Not: Every morning I listen my Mozart CD …
We use listen without to if we do not mention the object, or if it is a discourse marker:
Darling,  listen! I don’t want you staying out late!
Listen, I was wondering if you could help me. (discourse marker
beginning a new topic or phase of a conversation)
The music was beautiful. We just sat there and listened.

Earn vs. Win

WIN – won – won, irregular verb,
1. To be number 1 in a competition, to receive an award, or gain by luck
My soccer team won the game 3-1.
I want to win the lottery!
John won a prize in the science competition.
You can win a game, a race, a match, a competition, or the lottery. You can
also win a medal (like in the Olympics), a prize, or an award.
2. To gain, acquire something through an effort
He won my heart when we were young.
They won respect and admiration playing correctly and honestly.
EARN – earned – earned, to get something in exchange for your work, salary, wage...
Sarah is a famous lawyer; she earns a lot of money.
I’m not rich, but I earn a decent salary.
My bank account earns 2% interest per month.