Dental Hygiene

Dental Hygiene
Dr. Ranjana Jaiswal
27.8.2020 Dr. Ranjana Jaiswal 1

“Teeth aren't pearly,
until you smile.”
- Anthony Liccione

“Life is short.
Smile while you still have teeth.”
― Mallory hopkins

“The mouth is the gateway to the rest of the
body, a mirror of our overall well-being.”
--Harold C. Slavkin, D.D.S.

Former Director of the National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, and Dean of the
University of Southern California School of Dentistry
Dr. Ranjana Jaiswal

27.8.2020 4
Our teeth help us
chew and digest food,

play an important role in speech,
and
impact our health overall.

The Development of Teeth
Humans have two sets of teeth-------
Primary (or baby) teeth and

Permanent teeth,
Which develop in stages. Although the timing is different, the development of
each of these sets of teeth is similar. Here are some facts about how people
develop teeth:
Teeth tend to erupt in parallel, meaning that the top molar on your left side
should grow in at about the same time as the top molar on the right.
Tooth development begins long before your first tooth becomes visible. For
example, a baby’s first tooth appears at around six months of age, but
development of those teeth actually begins during the early second trimester of
pregnancy.

The crown of a tooth forms first, while the roots continue to develop
even after the tooth has erupted.
The 20 primary teeth are in place by age 3 and remain until around 6
years of age when they begin to fall out to make way for the permanent
set of teeth.
Adult teeth start to grow in between 6 and 12 years of age. Most adults
have 32 permanent teeth.
Permanent teeth are larger and take longer to grow in than primary
teeth.

The Parts of the Tooth
(Tooth Anatomy) Structure

The Parts of the Tooth
A tooth is divided into two basic parts:
1. Crown, which is the visible, white part of the tooth, and
2. Root, which you can’t see.
The root extends below the gum line and anchors the tooth into the bone.
Your teeth contain four kinds of tissue and each does a different job. These
include:
Enamel - Enamel is the visible substance that covers the tooth crown.
Harder than bone, enamel protects the tooth from decay.
Enamel is made up of phosphorous and calcium.
Dentin- Underneath the enamel you find dentin, which is calcified and looks
similar to bone.
Dentin is not quite as hard as enamel, so it is at greater risk for decay should the
enamel wear away.

Cementum- This tissue covers the tooth root and helps anchor it
(cement it) into the bone.
It is softer than enamel and dentin; the best way to protect this
softer tissue from decay is by taking good care of your gums.
Cementum has a light yellow color and is usually covered by the
gums. But with inadequate dental care, the gums may become
diseased and shrink, exposing the cementum to harmful plaque and
bacteria.
Pulp- Pulp is found at the center of your

tooth .
It contains the blood vessels,
Other Soft tissues that deliver nutrients
and signals to your teeth.

Types of Teeth and What They Do

Teeth help you chew your food, making it easier to digest. Each type of
tooth has a slightly different shape and performs a different job.
Types of teeth include:
Incisors. Incisors are the eight teeth in the front and center of your mouth
(four on top and four on bottom). These are the teeth that you use to take bites
of your food. Incisors are usually the first teeth to erupt, at around 6 months of
age for your first set of teeth, and between 6 and 8 years of age for your adult
set.
Canines. Your four canines are the next type of teeth to develop. These are
your sharpest teeth and are used for ripping and tearing food apart. Primary
canines generally appear between 16 and 20 months of age with the upper
canines coming in just ahead of the lower canines. In permanent teeth, the
order is reversed. Lower canines erupt around age 9 with the uppers arriving
between 11 and 12 years of age.

Premolars. Premolars, or bicuspids, are used for chewing and grinding food.
You have four premolars on each side of your mouth, two on the upper and
two on the lower jaw. The first premolars appear around age 10 and the
second premolars arrive about a year later.
Molars. Primary molars are also used for chewing and grinding food. These
appear between 12 and 15 months of age. These molars, also known as
decidious molars, are replaced by the first and second permanent premolars
(four upper and four lower). The permanent molars do not replace, but come
in behind the primary teeth. The first molars erupt around 6 years of age
(before the primary molars fall out) while the second molars come in between
11 and 13 years of age.
Third molars. Third molars are commonly known as wisdom teeth. These
are the last teeth to develop and do not typically erupt until age 18 to 20, and
some people never develop third molars at all. For those who do, these molars
may cause crowding and need to be removed.

Human Dental Formula

Human dental formula
• Deciduous teeth
– DI 2/2 DC 1/1 DM 2/2 = 10
• Permanent teeth
– I 2/2 C 1/1 PM 2/2 M 3/3 = 16
The numbers following the letter refer to the number of

teeth of each type in the upper then the lower dentition
for one side only.

A method of describing the number and arrangement of teeth in man and animals
using letters and figures.
It is written as an expression of the number of each type of tooth in one side of the
upper jaw over the number of teeth in one side of the lower jaw.
The letters correspond to the type of teeth (I = Incisor, C = Canine, P = Premolar, M =

Molar).
Humans have two dental formulae, one for the primary dentition and one
for the permanent dentition.
Because the formula is for one side of the mouth the total number of teeth is the total in
the formula x 2.
Species : Human (primary dentition)
Dental formula : I 2/2 C1/1 M2/2
Total number of teeth : 20
Species : Human (secondary dentition)

Dental formula : I 2/2 C 1/1 P 2/2 M 3/3
Total number of teeth : 32

Gum Diseases

Dental Plaque
Soft deposits that form the biofilm adhering to the tooth

surface or other hard surfaces in the oral cavity, including
removable & fixed restorations” Bowen , 1976 .
 Bacterial aggregations on the teeth or other solid oral

structures Lindhe, 2003

Tips to look after your teeth

10 tips to look after your teeth
Good oral hygiene and regular visits to the dentist will help you maintain healthy
teeth and gums.
Here are some tips to help you look after your teeth.
Brush at least twice a day. The best time to brush teeth is after meals. Choose a
toothbrush with a small head for better access to back teeth. Soft bristles are
kinder on your gums.
Use fluoridated toothpaste. Fluoride helps to harden tooth enamel and reduces
your risk of decay.
Brush thoroughly. Tooth brushing should take between two and three minutes.
Floss your teeth daily. Use a slow and gentle sawing motion.

Limit acidic drinks like soft drinks, cordials and fruit juices. Food acids soften
tooth material and dissolve the minerals in tooth enamel, causing holes (cavities
or caries). In severe cases, teeth may be ‘eaten’ right down to the gum.
Limit sugary foods. Bacteria in dental plaque change sugars into acids.
Protect your teeth from injury. Wear a mouthguard or full-face helmet when
playing sports.
Try to save a knocked out tooth. If possible, hold the tooth back in place while
you seek immediate dental advice. If this is not possible, wrap the tooth in plastic
or place it in milk and seek dental advice immediately.
Avoid using your teeth for anything other than chewing food. If you use them to
crack nuts, remove bottle tops or rip open packaging, you risk chipping or even
breaking your teeth.
See your dentist for regular check-ups. You should also visit your dentist if you
have a dental problem such as a toothache or bleeding gums.


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Dental Hygiene

Dr. Ranjana Jaiswal

27.8.2020 Dr. Ranjana Jaiswal 1

27.8.2020 Dr. Ranjana Jaiswal 2

27.8.2020 Dr. Ranjana Jaiswal 3

--Harold C. Slavkin, D.D.S.

Dr. Ranjana Jaiswal

chew and digest food,

27.8.2020 Dr. Ranjana Jaiswal 5

Humans have two sets of teeth-------

Primary (or baby) teeth and

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Pulp- Pulp is found at the center of your

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Types of teeth include:

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The numbers following the letter refer to the number of

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The letters correspond to the type of teeth (I = Incisor, C = Canine, P = Premolar, M =

Species : Human (secondary dentition)

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Soft deposits that form the biofilm adhering to the tooth

 Bacterial aggregations on the teeth or other solid oral

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