S.

No Research work done Result of the study

1 3 weeks after intravenous administration analysed for Greater fraction of the injected iron localized in the liver and
following tests Serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT), spleen than in the brain, heart, kidney, and lung.
aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alkaline phosphatase
(AKP) levels, and total iron-binding capacity (TIBC) Serum showed a transient increase in ALT, AST, AKP levels, and
TIBC over a period of 6−24 h following MNP injection
Selected tissues were also analyzed for oxidative stress
and studied histologically to determine biocompatibility Histological analyses of liver, spleen, and kidney samples
of MNPs. collected at 1 and 7 days showed no apparent abnormal changes.
2 To assess the biocompatibility of SPION, their interaction SPION can cause significant changes in the cell medium, such as
with two cell lines (adhesive and suspended) was denaturation of proteins, which in turn can cause toxicity.
investigated using an MTT assay. Primary mouse
fibroblasts (L929, adhesive) and human leukemia cells The toxicity of uncoated SPION is found to decrease significantly
(K562, suspended) were used for this study
Coated nanoparticles induce lower toxicity not only due to the
Since published reports confirm that use of the MTT presence of the biocompatible coating, but also due to the lower
assay for measuring the toxicity of magnetite adsorption sites for proteins, ions and other components in
nanoparticles has high variability and non-specificity, the medium.
outlier detection method was applied to minimize
variability Acceptable levels of cell viability were maintained after exposure
to PVA-coated SPION for up to 72 h at 80 mM, whereas the cells
hypothesis of this study is to make a direct correlation exhibited toxic effects after exposure to bare SPION
between in vitro and in vivo studies by understanding the
effect of nanoparticles on the cell medium, in particular The morphology of the treated cells differed in comparison with
the interaction of nanoparticles with biomolecules the controls, particularly in the case of bare SPION

Cell clustering was observed at high SPION concentrations likely

due to the magnetostatic effect. Significant apoptosis was not
observed in cells treated with PVA-coated SPION, although
considerable levels of apoptosis were detected in cells exposed to
the bare nanoparticles.
 Since no significant traces of cell death were observed with coated
SPION at low concentration,
3 Synthesized a series of SPIOs. In this report, single- and The SPIO nanoparticle exhibited a low toxicity profile, with no
repeat-dose toxicity were performed with SPIO to treatment-related deaths and few transient clinical signs.
preliminary evaluate the toxicity of SPIO. SPIO that we
manufactured has a mean particle diameter of 30 nm. SPIO was taken up and distributed in heart, spleen, liver, lung,
Male KM mice were used for this study. kidney, brain decreasingly within 24 hours after injection.

Analyses of all samples were carried out by flame atomic After repeated injections for 10days, the
absorptionspectrometry accumulation of iron on organs studied is slight, indicating that
iron is eliminated fast at 100mg/kg given subcutaneously in mice.
In the single-dose toxicity study, the mice were were
given a single subcutaneous (SC) injection of SPIO at At histopathology, no iron-positive pigment was observed in
100mg/kg. All animals were examined for mortality and macrophages of multiple organs (mainly heart, liver, spleen, lung,
clinical signs once per 2 hours.All of the animals were kidney, brain).
sacrificed 24 hours after injection and received a
complete necropsy. The iron contained in heart, spleen,
liver, lung, kidney, brain was evaluated with AAS after
Pretreatment

In the repeated dose studyt, the mice in SPIO group

received 100 mg/kg by SC injection of SPIO once a day
for 10 days.All animals were examined for mortality
and clinical signs daily. The mice were sacrificed 24
hours after last injection and received a complete
necropsy. A small part of organ tissues (heart, spleen,
liver, lung, kidney, brain) were prepared for
pathology, the rest were prepared for AAS.

4 In the present study the effect of iron oxide magnetic In animals given Fe3O4-PVP-POES-Doxo and treated with
nanoparticles (Fe3O4 nanoparticles with PVP coating) magnet, there was a visible reduction of tumor growth, during the
 complexed with Doxorubicin (Doxo) in DLA cells and treatment period and there was no reappearance of tumour in this
murine solid tumour was evaluated. The antitumour effect group after the treatment duration, whereas animals treated with
of the complex with an externally applied magnetic field Doxo, Fe3O4-PVP-POES, Fe3O4-PVP-POES-Doxo without
to target the complex to the tumour site after oral magnet exposure showed a comparable reduction in tumour
administration was also studied. growth during the treatment period but later the tumor showed a
logarithmic growth.
Fe3O4-PVP nanoparticles were coated with poly oxy
ethylene 25 propylene glycol stearate (POES) and then Fe3 O4 - PVP POES- Doxorubicin complex showed more
complexed with doxorubicin to obtain Fe3O4-PVP-POES- cytotoxicity on DLA cells compared to Fe3 O4 - PVP or
Doxo nanoparticles. Doxorubicin alone. Treatment of DLA cells with the nanoparticle-
doxorubicin complex resulted in higher apoptotic index than that
Male Swiss albino mice bearing transplanted DLA solid of treatment with doxorubicin or nanoparticles alone.
tumor on hind legs were administered with the drug and
nanoparticle complex, orally and treated with a magnet on In the heart tissue of tumour bearing mice treated with Fe3 O4 -
the tumour for 15 min for 7 days. The hind leg PVP-POES- Doxorubicin without magnetic field application there
thicknesses were measured using a vernier caliper once in was decrease in levels of GSH and increase in the levels peroxides
three days and the tumor volume was calculated. of lipids ( monitored as TBARS) due to the oxidative stress
induced by the drug in heart tissue while in the animals subjected
to the applicatiotion of magnetic field following Fe3 O4 - PVP-
POES-Doxorubicin treatment the levels were similar to the control
animals suggesting alleviation of cardiotoxicity due to magnetic
targeting.
5 Two types of Iron Oxide, Fe3O4 and γ-Fe2O3, The internalization and uptake of IO nanoparticle more in the cell
were encapsulated with Chitosan by polymerizing IO incubated with magnetic field.
associated methacrylic acid monomer (MAA) in
the presence of CS at [NH2]/[COOH] molar ratios of 0.2. Viability of the cells more in the cells incubated with the Magnetic
field which doesn’t cause any morphological changes in the cells.
The internalization, iron uptake, and cytotoxicity were
investigated systematically in order to explore their The chitosan-coated magnetic nanoparticles can facilitate adhesion
potential bioapplications. Kusa O cells, mesenchymal to the membrane of Kusa O stem cells and the cellular uptake of
stem cell lines, was used for this study. IO-entrapped CS nanoparticles was enhanced under magnetization
 Prior to the internalization experiment, the with no morphology change and no toxic effect.
nanoparticles were labeled with fluorescein
isothiocyanate (FITC). Then the cells were cultured and
treated with the nanoparticle(0.005mg) and cells then
incubated at 37 oC for 3 h in the presence and absence of
a magnetic field.The cellular entry of FITC-labeled
particles was monitored by confocal laser scanning
microscopy.

Prior to the iron uptake assay, the actual amount of IO in

IO-entrapped CS nanoparticles needed to be determined.
The actual concentration of loaded IO was quantified by
dissolving the nanoparticles in 7 ml 10% HNO3 and
analyzing using AAS.After cuture of cells the
nanoparticle (0.005mg) were added to the cells and
incubated for 3 hrs with and without magnetic field after
incubation the uptake of IO were analyzed by AAS.

Cytotoxicity of nanoparticles was evaluated by MTT

assay.

6 The aim of this study was to investigate and compare The results showed that there was a high variation among different
 different nanoparticles and nanotubes regarding nanoparticles concerning their ability to cause toxic effects. CuO
cytotoxicity and ability to cause DNA damage and nanoparticles were most potent regarding cytotoxicity and DNA
oxidative stress. The study was focused on different metal damage. The toxicity was likely not explained by Cu ions released
oxide particles (CuO, TiO2, ZnO, CuZnFe2O4, Fe3O4, to the cell medium. These particles also caused oxidative lesions
Fe2O3), and the toxicity was compared to that of carbon and were the only particles that induced an almost significant
nanoparticles and multiwalled carbon nanotubes increase (p = 0.058) in intracellular ROS.
(MWCNT). The human lung epithelial cell line A549 was
exposed to the particles, and cytotoxicity was analyzed For iron oxide particles (Fe3O4, Fe2O3), no or low toxicity was
using trypan blue staining. DNA damage and oxidative observed,
lesions were determined using the comet assay, and
intracellular production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) ZnO showed effects on cell viability as well as DNA damage,
was measured using the oxidation-sensitive fluoroprobe whereas the TiO2 particles only caused DNA damage.
2′,7′-dichlorofluorescin diacetate (DCFH-DA).
The carbon nanotubes showed cytotoxic effects and caused DNA
damage in the lowest dose tested.
7
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