Distribusi Probabilitas Kontinyu: Statistik Ekonomi Dan Keuangan Islam

STATISTIK EKONOMI DAN KEUANGAN ISLAM
Distribusi
Probabilitas
Kontinyu
TM 06
McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2012 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Learning Objectives
LO1 List the characteristics of the uniform distribution.
LO2 Compute probabilities by using the uniform distribution.
LO3 List the characteristics of the normal probability distribution.
LO4 Convert a normal distribution to the standard normal distribution.
LO5 Find the probability that an observation on a normally distributed
random variable is between two values.
LO6 Find probabilities using the Empirical Rule.
LO7 Approximate the binomial distribution using the normal
distribution.
LO8 Describe the characteristics and compute probabilities using the
exponential distribution.
7-2
LO1 List the characteristics of
the uniform distribution.
The Uniform Distribution

The uniform probability distribution is
perhaps the simplest distribution for a
continuous random variable.
This distribution is rectangular in shape

and is defined by minimum and
maximum values.
7-3
LO1
The Uniform Distribution - Example

EXAMPLE
Southwest Arizona State

University provides bus service to
students while they are on
campus. A bus arrives at the North
Main Street and College Drive
stop every 30 minutes between 6
A.M. and 11 P.M. during
weekdays. Students arrive at the
bus stop at random times. The
time that a student waits is
uniformly distributed from 0 to 30
minutes.
1. Draw a graph of this distribution.
2. Show that the area of this uniform

distribution is 1.00.
3. How long will a student “typically”

have to wait for a bus? In other
words what is the mean waiting
time? What is the standard P(25  Wait Time  30)  (height)(b ase)
deviation of the waiting times? 1
 (10)
4. What is the probability a student (30  0)
will wait between 10 and 20  0.3333
minutes?
7-4
LO3 List the characteristics of the
normal probability distribution.
Normal Probability Distribution

1. It is bell-shaped and has a single peak at the
center of the distribution.
2. It is symmetrical about the mean Family of Distributions
3. It is asymptotic: The curve gets closer and
closer to the X-axis but never actually touches it.
4. The location of a normal distribution is
determined by the mean,, the dispersion or
spread of the distribution is determined by the
standard deviation,σ .
5. The arithmetic mean, median, and mode are
equal Different Means and Equal Means and
6. The total area under the curve is 1.00; half the Standard Deviations Different Standard
area under the normal curve is to the right of this Deviations
center point and the other half to the left of it
Different Means and Equal Standard Deviations
7-5
LO4 Convert a normal distribution to
the standard normal distribution
The Standard Normal Probability Distribution
 The standard normal distribution is a

normal distribution with a mean of 0 and
a standard deviation of 1.
 It is also called the z distribution.
 A z-value is the signed distance
between a selected value, designated X,
and the population mean , divided by
the population standard deviation, σ.
 The formula is:
7-6
LO5 Find the probability that an observation on a normally
distributed random variable is between two values.
The Normal Distribution – Example

The weekly incomes of
shift foremen in the
glass industry follow the
normal probability
distribution with a mean
of $1,000 and a
standard deviation of
$100.
What is the z value for
the income, let’s call it X,
of a foreman who earns
$1,100 per week? For a
foreman who earns
$900 per week?
7-7
LO5
Normal Distribution – Finding Probabilities
EXAMPLE
The mean weekly income of a shift
foreman in the glass industry is
normally distributed with a mean of
$1,000 and a standard deviation of
$100.
What is the likelihood of selecting a

foreman whose weekly income is
between $1,000 and $1,100?
7-8
LO5
Normal Distribution – Finding Probabilities
(Example 2)
Refer to the information regarding the weekly

income of shift foremen in the glass industry.
The distribution of weekly incomes follows the
normal probability distribution with a mean of
$1,000 and a standard deviation of $100.
What is the probability of selecting a shift What is the probability of selecting a shift foreman in the
foreman in the glass industry whose income is: glass industry whose income is:
Between $790 and $1,000? Between $840 and $1,200
7-9
LO5
Using Z in Finding X Given Area - Example
Layton Tire and Rubber Company wishes to set Solve X using the formula :
a minimum mileage guarantee on its new x- x  67,900
MX100 tire. Tests reveal the mean mileage is z 
67,900 with a standard deviation of 2,050 miles  2,050
and that the distribution of miles follows the
normal probability distribution. Layton wants to The value of z is found using the 4% informatio n
set the minimum guaranteed mileage so that no
more than 4 percent of the tires will have to be The area between 67,900 and x is 0.4600, found by 0.5000 - 0.0400
replaced. Using Appendix B.1, the area closest to 0.4600 is 0.4599, which
What minimum guaranteed mileage should gives a z alue of - 1.75. Then substituti ng into the equation :
Layton announce?
x - 67,900
- 1.75  , then solving for x
2,050
- 1.75(2,050 )  x - 67,900
x  67,900 - 1.75(2,050 )
x  64,312
7-10
LO6 Find probabilities using the
Empirical Rule.
The Empirical Rule - Example

As part of its quality
assurance program, the
Autolite Battery Company
conducts tests on battery
life. For a particular D-cell
alkaline battery, the mean
life is 19 hours. The useful
life of the battery follows a
normal distribution with a
standard deviation of 1.2
hours.
Answer the following questions.

1. About 68 percent of the
batteries failed between
what two values?
2. About 95 percent of the
batteries failed between
what two values?
3. Virtually all of the batteries
failed between what two
values?
7-11
LO7 Approximate the binomial distribution
using the normal distribution.
Normal Approximation to the Binomial

 The normal distribution (a continuous distribution) yields a good approximation of the binomial
distribution (a discrete distribution) for large values of n.
 The normal probability distribution is generally a good approximation to the binomial probability
distribution when n and n(1- ) are both greater than 5. This is because as n increases, a
binomial distribution gets closer and closer to a normal distribution.
7-12
LO7
Continuity Correction Factor

The value .5 subtracted or added, depending
on the problem, to a selected value when a
binomial probability distribution (a discrete
probability distribution) is being approximated
by a continuous probability distribution (the
normal distribution).
Only one of four cases may arise:
1. For the probability at least X occurs, use the

area above (X -.5).
2. For the probability that more than X occurs,

use the area above (X+.5).
3. For the probability that X or fewer occurs, use

the area below (X -.5).
4. For the probability that fewer than X occurs,

use the area below (X+.5).
7-13
LO7
Normal Approximation to the Binomial - Example
Suppose the management of the Santoni Pizza Restaurant found that 70 percent of its
new customers return for another meal. For a week in which 80 new (first-time) customers
dined at Santoni’s, what is the probability that 60 or more will return for another meal?
P(X ≥ 60) = 0.063+0.048+ … + 0.001 = 0.197 7-14

LO7
Normal Approximation to the Binomial - Example
Suppose the management of the Santoni

Pizza Restaurant found that 70 percent of
its new customers return for another meal.
For a week in which 80 new (first-time)
customers dined at Santoni’s, what is the
probability that 60 or more will return for
another meal?
Step 1. Find the mean and the variance of a

binomial distribution and find the z
corresponding to an X of 59.5 (x-.5, the
correction factor)
Step 2: Determine the area from 59.5 and

beyond
7-15

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STATISTIK EKONOMI DAN KEUANGAN ISLAM

The Uniform Distribution

This distribution is rectangular in shape

The Uniform Distribution - Example

Southwest Arizona State

1. Draw a graph of this distribution.

2. Show that the area of this uniform

3. How long will a student “typically”

Normal Probability Distribution

Different Means and Equal Standard Deviations

 The standard normal distribution is a

The Normal Distribution – Example

What is the likelihood of selecting a

Refer to the information regarding the weekly

Using Z in Finding X Given Area - Example

The Empirical Rule - Example

Answer the following questions.

Normal Approximation to the Binomial

Continuity Correction Factor

Only one of four cases may arise:

1. For the probability at least X occurs, use the

2. For the probability that more than X occurs,

3. For the probability that X or fewer occurs, use

4. For the probability that fewer than X occurs,

Normal Approximation to the Binomial - Example

P(X ≥ 60) = 0.063+0.048+ … + 0.001 = 0.197 7-14

Normal Approximation to the Binomial - Example

Suppose the management of the Santoni

Step 1. Find the mean and the variance of a

Step 2: Determine the area from 59.5 and

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