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Damped Simple Harmonic Motion - Critical Damping

- Critical damping occurs in a damped harmonic oscillator when the damping force is just enough to prevent oscillations from growing or decaying over time. - For critical damping, the damping term (b) in the differential equation of motion equals the natural frequency term (ω0) squared. - Critical damping allows a pointer in instruments like galvanometers to move quickly to the correct position without overshooting through oscillations. It provides a stable reading.

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102 views

Damped Simple Harmonic Motion - Critical Damping

- Critical damping occurs in a damped harmonic oscillator when the damping force is just enough to prevent oscillations from growing or decaying over time. - For critical damping, the damping term (b) in the differential equation of motion equals the natural frequency term (ω0) squared. - Critical damping allows a pointer in instruments like galvanometers to move quickly to the correct position without overshooting through oscillations. It provides a stable reading.

Uploaded by

Rohan Mohata
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Damped Simple

Harmonic ​Motion –
Critical Damping
DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS AND
NANOTECHNOLOGY SRM INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE
AND TECHNOLOGY

18PYB201T - Waves and Optics ​Module-I, Lecture-6


1
18PYB201T Module-I Lecture-6 ​

Damped Oscillations
Critical Damping :
2​
x(t) = a​0 /2
​ exp(-bt)[ ​
+ (1 - b/√b​ ( 1 ​ + ​–

b/√b​ω​0​2​) 2​ ​exp{-(b​– ω​0​2​) exp 2​ ​– ω​{(b​02​​ )​2 ​1/2​–

}t]...................1

ω​02​​ )​1/2​}t
In such case = 0. Therefore, each term on
R.H.S of Eqn. (1) becomes infinite. ​small
quantity ​Still we ​but c​ an ​not ​assume ​zero
obviously).
that, ( b​2 ​– ω​0 2​ ​)​1/2 ​= h (where h is a very
Consider the solution of Damped Simple
Harmonic Oscillator,
2​
x(t) = exp (-bt) [a​1 exp
​ {(b​ – ω​0​2​)​1/2​}t + a​2

exp{-(b​2 ​– ω​0​2​)​1/2​}t]..... 2 Therefore


​ Equation
(2) gives
t​ t​
x = A​1​e −b+h
​ + A​2​e −b−h
​ (3) x = e​−bt​(A​1​e​ht ​+
A​2​e​−ht​) (4)
18PYB201T Module-I Lecture-6
2

Damped Oscillations
+ h​
3! 3​​ t​3
h​ + ⋯) + A​ (1 − ht + h​
x = e​−bt ​A​1​(1 + ht + ​ 2! 2​ 2!
2​ 2
t​ 2​ 2
t​
+ ⋯) + A​ (1 − ht + h​ + ⋯) 5
2​ 2!
2​ 2 + ⋯) 5
t​
− h​
3! 3​​ t​3 + ⋯) 5
− h​
3! 3​​ t​3 + ⋯) 5
− h​
3! 3​​ t​3

Neglecting the terms containing higher


powers of h, we obtain

x = e​−bt ​A​1​(1 + ht) + A​2​(1 − ht) 6 x = e​−bt ​(A​1


−bt ​
+ A​2​) + A​1 −A​
​ 2​ ht 7 x = e​ M + Nt (8)

Here (​A​1 +
​ A​2​) = M and (​A​1 −
​ A​2​)h ​= N

x = e​−bt ​M + Nt (9)

Further at t = 0, x= x​max​= a​0 And


​ dx/dt = 0
Therefore, the above equation becomes a​0
=M

18PYB201T Module-I Lecture-6


3

Damped Oscillations

d(Me​−bt​
Differentiating Eq. (9), ​dxdt =
​ dt​ )+
d(Nte​−bt​ d​(e​−bt​ (te​−bt​
dt​ ) 10 ​dx​dt =
​ M ​
d t​ ) + N ​dt​d​ )
11 0 = −bMe​−bt ​+ Ne​−bt ​− bNte​−bt ​12

0 = −bM + N 13

N = ba​0 14
​ ​Putting these values of M and N
in Eqn. (8) above
x = e​−bt ​a​0 +
​ ba​ 0​ t (15) x = a​ 0​ e​ −bt ​
1 + bt (16)

18PYB201T Module-I Lecture-6


4

Damped Oscillations
t(17) ​
x = a​0​e​− ​2τ t​​ 1 + 2τ ​ An important feature
of the above expression is that its second
term decays less rapidly as compared to its
first term.

In such cases, the displacement of the


oscillator first increases, then quickly return
back to its equilibrium position.

This kind of oscillatory motion is known as


just ​aperiodic (​ it just ceases to oscillate), or
non oscillatory.​ This case is known as the
Critical damping​.

Critical damping finds many applications in


many pointer type instruments like,
galvanometers, where the pointer moves to
and stays at, the correct position, without
any further oscillations.
18PYB201T Module-I Lecture-6
5

Application

Application of critical damping to a


Ballistic Galvanometer:

Ballistic galvanometers are the measuring


instruments which are used ​for measuring the
quantity of electric charges obtained from
magnetic ​flux. It consists of extremely small
electromagnetic damping.

The working principle of ballistic


galvanometer is that the charge m ​ easured
by the ballistic galvanometer must be
passed through the ​coil. So, the coil starts
moving.
When the charge flows through the coil, it
gives rise to a current due ​to the torque
produced in the coil. This torque acts for a
short time. The product of the torque and
the time period provides a force to the coil
and the coil starts rotating.

18PYB201T Module-I Lecture-6


6

Application

When the initial kinetic energy of the coil is


completely used in doing work, the coil
starts moving back to its original position.
Thus, the coil oscillates in the magnetic
field and the deflection is ​noted from which
charge can be calculated.
A ballistic galvanometer consists of a
current carrying coil suspended in a
magnetic field. The field is produced by a
horse-shoe magnet. The magnet is shaped
so that the coil is aligned always along the
magnetic lines of force.

To ensure uniform strength, an iron cylinder


is suspended between ​the poles of the
magnet, as shown in Fig.1. When we pass
charge through the galvanometer coil, it
rotates through some angle θ.

18PYB201T Module-I Lecture-6


7
Fig. 1. A schematic representation of a Ballistic
galvanometer

Since the coil is mechanically a torsional


pendulum, it experiences a de restoring
​ nd a damping couple –γ​dθ/dt.​
couple –​kθ a
Damping arises due to origin in air friction
and electromagnetic induction.
Application
18PYB201T Module-I Lecture-6
8

Application
Initially ​damping arises from t​ he viscous ​drag
of air a​ nd its magnitude is small. As the
galvanometer coil rotates in the magnetic
field, an induced e.m.f, is produced, which
opposes its motion in accordance ​with Lenz's
law. This so-called ​electromagnetic damping
controls the ​motion of the coil when
galvanometer is in use. ​Hence, equation for
the motion of the coil
d​
I ​ dt​2​θ
2 ​= −kθ − γdθ​ (18) ​
dt ​ where I is moment of
inertia of the coil about the axis of
suspension. Dividing the Eqn. 18
throughout by I and defining 2b=γ/I and
ω​0​2​=k/I then
ddt​2​θ
2+
​ 2bdθ​ + ω​ 2​
dt ​ 0​ θ = 0 (19)
18PYB201T Module-I Lecture-6
9

Application
Equation is of the same form as damping
equation of spring mass system.
For low damping, the solution of Eqn. 19 is

θ = θ​0​exp −bt cos


​ ω​d​t + δ (20) ​where θ​0​exp (-
bt) is the amplitude of oscillation. Eqn. 20
describes oscillatory motion with the period of
oscillation T given by
2π​ 2π​ 2π
T = ω​ d 18PYB201T
​ Module-I Lecture-6 ​= ω​ d=
​ ​
γ​2 2
K​I −
​ 4I​
(21)
This explains why a weakly damped suspension
type galvanometer is called a ​ballistic
galvanometer. It is noted that for ​damping to be
small,​ ​decrease γ​ ​and ​increase I​. To ​reduce
damping (​ γ​ ​i.e., EM damping)​, induced ​emf
must be minimized​.
10

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