CEN 202 Mechanics of Materials: Beam Deflections

Download as pdf or txt
Download as pdf or txt
You are on page 1of 13

4/20/17

CEN 202
Mechanics of Materials

Beam Deflections

Civil and Environmental


Engineering Department

The Elastica
We want to learn how to calculate the deflected shape of a beam under applied transverse
loads and bending moments. This shape is called the elastica.

Qualitatively the answer is easy: just look at the


sign of the moment, which is the same as the
sign of the concavity.

1
4/20/17

The Elastica
We now want to derive a mathematical expression for the elastica.

For the sake of simplicity, we will restrict our attention to initially straight beams deformed by loads applied
perpendicular to the x axis and lying in the (x,y) plane of symmetry for the beam’s cross-section area.

Both the bending moment and the shear force will induce deformation. Let’s limit our attention to the
deformation induced by the moment (the deformation due to the shear force is negligible for slender beams).

Let’s use the coordinate v to indicate the


y coordinate of the centroid of each
cross-section as a function of x.

The function v(x) mathematically


describes the elastica.

When we studied pure bending, we derived a


geometric relationship between strain and curvature:
ε = −y / ρ

We also know that: σ =Eε


and: σ = −M y / I
3

The Elastica
1 M
By combining the equations from the previous slide, we find: =
ρ EI

The inverse of the radius of curvature is called curvature.

It can be shown that the curvature of a curve in the (x,v) plane is exactly expressed by:

1 d 2 v / dx 2
=
ρ ⎡1 + ( dv / dx )2 ⎤ 3/2
⎣ ⎦

Hence the elastica is the solution to the non-linear differential equation:

d 2 v / dx 2 M (x)
=
⎡1 + ( dv / dx ) ⎤
3/2
2 EI
⎣ ⎦

This equation is very difficult to solve analytically for all but the easiest geometries.

2
4/20/17

The Elastica

d 2 v / dx 2 M (x)
=
⎡1 + ( dv / dx )2 ⎤
3/2
EI
⎣ ⎦

Most structural members are required to undergo small deformations and rotations. As rotations are
expressed by dv/dx, this suggests: (dv/dx)2 << 1. Hence the equation of the elastica simplifies as:

d 2 v M (x) LINEARIZED
= EQUATION OF
dx 2 EI THE ELASTICA

This linear equation, subject to appropriate boundary conditions, can be easily solved.

Recalling that dM/dx=V(x) and dV/dx=w(x), the elastica equation can be written in two alternative ways:

d ⎛ d 2v ⎞ d 2 ⎛ d 2v ⎞
EI = V (x) EI = w(x)
dx ⎜⎝ dx 2 ⎟⎠ dx 2 ⎜⎝ dx 2 ⎟⎠
5

The Elastica
For most beams of practical interest, E and I are uniform with respect to x. In these cases, the three
equivalent formulations of the elastica are simply:

d 2v
EI = M (x) à 2 integration constants
dx 2
d 3v
EI 3 = V (x) à 3 integration constants Provided by the
dx boundary conditions
d 4v
EI 4 = w(x) à 4 integration constants
dx

Any of the three formulations can be used. In general, the first


(i.e. the moment) formulation is the most convenient.
Important: if loads on a beam are discontinuous, then several functions must be
written for the internal moment, and hence several integrations will be necessary.
The solutions for various portions of the beam will then be ‘stitched’ with
appropriate conditions on the continuity of displacements and slopes. The choices
of coordinate systems are totally arbitrary.

same as:

3
4/20/17

The Elastica
Sign Convention and Coordinates

ds = dx 2 + dv 2 = 1+ ( dv / dx ) dx ~ dx
2
à Points are essentially moving vertically.
Small rotations à
θ ~ tan θ ~ dv / dx
7

The Elastica
Boundary and Continuity Conditions
MOST COMMON BOUNDARY CONDITIONS CONTINUITY CONDITIONS

v1 (a) = v2 (a) θ1 (a) = θ 2 (a)

v1 (a) = v2 (b) θ1 (a) = −θ 2 (b)


8

4
4/20/17

The Elastica
Examples

The Elastica
Examples

10

5
4/20/17

The Elastica
Examples

11

The Elastica
Examples

12

6
4/20/17

The Elastica
Examples

13

The Elastica
Examples

Maximum deflection at x=L/2:

w0 L4
vmax = −
120 EI

14

7
4/20/17

The Elastica
Examples

15

The Elastica
Examples

16

8
4/20/17

The Elastica
Examples

17

The Elastica
Examples

18

9
4/20/17

The Elastica
Examples

19

The Elastica
The method of superposition

vC = ( vC )1 + ( vC )2

θ A = (θ A )1 + (θ A )2

Solutions to the two individual problems are tabulated (See Appendix C) 20

10
4/20/17

The Elastica
The method of superposition

21

Statically Indeterminate Beams

A beam member is classified as statically indeterminate if the number of


unknown reactions exceeds the available number of equilibrium equations.

The additional support reactions that are not needed to keep the beam in
equilibrium are called redundant.

The number of redundant reactions is called degree of indeterminacy

22

11
4/20/17

Quiz #1

What is the degree of redundancy of the beam depicted below?

(A) 1

(B) 2

(C) 3

(D) 4

23

Quiz #2

What is the degree of redundancy of the beam depicted below?

(A) 1

(B) 2

(C) 3

(D) 4

24

12
4/20/17

Statically Indeterminate Beams


Example

25

Statically Indeterminate Beams


Example

26

13

You might also like

pFad - Phonifier reborn

Pfad - The Proxy pFad of © 2024 Garber Painting. All rights reserved.

Note: This service is not intended for secure transactions such as banking, social media, email, or purchasing. Use at your own risk. We assume no liability whatsoever for broken pages.


Alternative Proxies:

Alternative Proxy

pFad Proxy

pFad v3 Proxy

pFad v4 Proxy