CEN 202 Mechanics of Materials: Beam Deflections
CEN 202 Mechanics of Materials: Beam Deflections
CEN 202 Mechanics of Materials: Beam Deflections
CEN 202
Mechanics of Materials
Beam Deflections
The Elastica
We want to learn how to calculate the deflected shape of a beam under applied transverse
loads and bending moments. This shape is called the elastica.
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The Elastica
We now want to derive a mathematical expression for the elastica.
For the sake of simplicity, we will restrict our attention to initially straight beams deformed by loads applied
perpendicular to the x axis and lying in the (x,y) plane of symmetry for the beam’s cross-section area.
Both the bending moment and the shear force will induce deformation. Let’s limit our attention to the
deformation induced by the moment (the deformation due to the shear force is negligible for slender beams).
The Elastica
1 M
By combining the equations from the previous slide, we find: =
ρ EI
It can be shown that the curvature of a curve in the (x,v) plane is exactly expressed by:
1 d 2 v / dx 2
=
ρ ⎡1 + ( dv / dx )2 ⎤ 3/2
⎣ ⎦
d 2 v / dx 2 M (x)
=
⎡1 + ( dv / dx ) ⎤
3/2
2 EI
⎣ ⎦
This equation is very difficult to solve analytically for all but the easiest geometries.
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The Elastica
d 2 v / dx 2 M (x)
=
⎡1 + ( dv / dx )2 ⎤
3/2
EI
⎣ ⎦
Most structural members are required to undergo small deformations and rotations. As rotations are
expressed by dv/dx, this suggests: (dv/dx)2 << 1. Hence the equation of the elastica simplifies as:
d 2 v M (x) LINEARIZED
= EQUATION OF
dx 2 EI THE ELASTICA
This linear equation, subject to appropriate boundary conditions, can be easily solved.
Recalling that dM/dx=V(x) and dV/dx=w(x), the elastica equation can be written in two alternative ways:
d ⎛ d 2v ⎞ d 2 ⎛ d 2v ⎞
EI = V (x) EI = w(x)
dx ⎜⎝ dx 2 ⎟⎠ dx 2 ⎜⎝ dx 2 ⎟⎠
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The Elastica
For most beams of practical interest, E and I are uniform with respect to x. In these cases, the three
equivalent formulations of the elastica are simply:
d 2v
EI = M (x) à 2 integration constants
dx 2
d 3v
EI 3 = V (x) à 3 integration constants Provided by the
dx boundary conditions
d 4v
EI 4 = w(x) à 4 integration constants
dx
same as:
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The Elastica
Sign Convention and Coordinates
ds = dx 2 + dv 2 = 1+ ( dv / dx ) dx ~ dx
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à Points are essentially moving vertically.
Small rotations à
θ ~ tan θ ~ dv / dx
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The Elastica
Boundary and Continuity Conditions
MOST COMMON BOUNDARY CONDITIONS CONTINUITY CONDITIONS
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The Elastica
Examples
The Elastica
Examples
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The Elastica
Examples
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The Elastica
Examples
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The Elastica
Examples
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The Elastica
Examples
w0 L4
vmax = −
120 EI
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The Elastica
Examples
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The Elastica
Examples
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The Elastica
Examples
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The Elastica
Examples
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The Elastica
Examples
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The Elastica
The method of superposition
vC = ( vC )1 + ( vC )2
θ A = (θ A )1 + (θ A )2
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The Elastica
The method of superposition
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The additional support reactions that are not needed to keep the beam in
equilibrium are called redundant.
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Quiz #1
(A) 1
(B) 2
(C) 3
(D) 4
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Quiz #2
(A) 1
(B) 2
(C) 3
(D) 4
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