AU-Anna University Result &

Textbook & Reg 17

Nishanth.S Education

PR-OGRESS THROUGH KNOWLEOGE

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 1. Properties of Matter
Elasticity - Stress - strain diagram and its uses - Factors
affecting elastic modulus and tensile strength - Torsional
stress and deformations - 'l"\visting couple - Torsion·
pendulum theory and experiment - Bending of berun.s -
Bending moment - Cantilever theory and experiment -
Uniform an d non-uniform bending theory and experhnent
- I - shaped girders - Stress due to b ending in b�am.s.

Introd uc tion
Every engineering design requires knowledge of the elastic
behaviour of the materials. Whatever may be the product such
as a bridge, a power plant or an automobile, a good knowledge
of the elastic properties of the materials that are used is very
much essential. This will enable one to predict the behaviour
of the n1aterials under the action of deforn1ing forces.

Basic concepts
Load
The external force acting on a body that produces change
in the dimension of the body is called load.
Deformation
It is the change in dimensions or shape of a body when
it is subjected to external forces.
Deforming force
The force vvhich changes or tends to change the shape or size
of a body without moving it as a whole is called deforming force.
Restoring force
When an external force acts on a body to ca use
deformation, forces of reaction comes into play internally
and they to restore the body to its original condition. These
internal forces are called restoring forces.
The magnitude of the restoring force 1s equal to that of
the external force.
Properties of Matter 1.7

7. Breaking point

The point 'D' is known as the breaking point where the

wire breaks down completely. The stress at the point D is called
breaking stress.

Other Elasticity related Material Properties

(i) Ductility
A material is said to be ductile if it can be readily drawn
into wires. In te.rms of stress-strain curve, the materials show
ductility behaviour when they are extended beyond yield limit.

It is the property related to elongation when the material

becomes plastic. Gold, silver, copper, iron etc. are some examples
of ductile materials.

(ii) Malleability
A material is said to be malleable if it can readily be
beaten into thin sheets. Malleable material should be soft. It
should have large elongation for small stress.

In terms of stress-strain graph, the materials show

malleability ·when they are compressed beyond, the yield point
for compression. G·old, silver, aluminium are some examples of
malleable materials.

(iii) Brittleness
Most of the materials first pass through elastic region and
then through plastic region before they break.

However, there is a type of material known as brittle

materials which break even before entering the plastic region.

A brittle material fractures and breaks into pieces under

the influence of large forces but it remains elastic till it breaks.
Glass, ceramics and cast iron are good examples of brittle
materials.
 -- -·--..···--·---·....- .......-- ........ -·----··
..3.18
. _,_, ___ ····-···----· ·- ,.._.,_ ........... ' ·-····--. ··Fnn
, -··" - !�-��Jg�!.QH ... 1_=:.J:1ys ics
---.

(iii) Laner beani build--np due to !.;ti1n1..11ated ernjtJGion is

sho'\vn in. figure 3. lf>. A.s :.;hown 1n figure a. J_!j(a),
initially npont.aneous trau!.ritior:1n occur. Thot.;o photons
-whose directio11 of tra.vel ir; along- th.e ax:h; of the active
u:1ediurn, have the longe!:;t path :length a.n.d they are
:xnore lik.e1y to nthnnlate. further c..nnfr:;:;;ion.
Thi:.: in turn ir-: a1npJ.ified. by. :the 1n.i:crors at either end
of the activo 1nediun1 (figu�·�-� 3.ll,(b) and (c)). 'I'he
photonn traveling "In all other .direction[; a.re lo�;t and
do not cot1tribute to bq.ild up of the laser bea-1n.
(iv) Of t'he two rnirrors of the resonator, one fr; 1nade totally
reflecting (90% rc�flectin;� mirror) and the othffr partially

,.- [-J-;t-;--·
... ·--·---� 1-
re.fleeting, so that a part of the l:n.1ild-up laser bea1T1 is
transrnitted for the external ur�e.
Fully Reflecting(! OO<}'o)
Mirror .
Photons not C.�ontnibutu1g to Pama. J. y

I
I
_J
1 buiJ.d up laser beatn Reflecting Mirror

�........--. >ti
�l �
I -•
-
\.,
�
--·-· ..

(a)

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Energy loss Partial Build-up of the coherent
pbotons (Stimulated entlssion�

(
-----,.<----, ., .
��
-,...
� ��I' -..,....,...-..

(b)
�� ���
� ............... ���
����� Laser Beam
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��....-.v"'--�� Output
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(c)
Intense laser beam obtained after several 1000
passes between the two mirrors of the resonator
through the active medium

Fig. 3.15 J.Jaser beam build-up

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