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SECTION A

Answer ALL question.

Write your answers in the spaces provided in this booklet.

1. The apparatus in Figure 1 is used to test the hypothesis that both green plants and small animals
produce carbon dioxide during aerobic respiration.

(a) (i) Complete Figure I by identifying the materials that EACH jar should contain.

Jar I __________________________________________________________________________________

Jar II _________________________________________________________________________________

Jar III ________________________________________________________________________________

Jar IV ________________________________________________________________________________
(4 marks)

(ii) What is the expected observation in Jar IV?

_______________________________________________________________________________________
(1 mark)

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(b) In order to test the hypothesis using plants only, a piece of black cloth is used to modify
the apparatus shown in Figure 1.
(i) Describe how the apparatus in Figure 1 is modified to test the hypothesis that plants
produce carbon dioxide during aerobic respiration.

_________________________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________________________
(2 marks)
(ii) Explain the function of the black cloth in the experiment.

_________________________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________________________
(2 marks)
(iii Suggest TWO precautions that should be taken when considering this experiment.
)
_________________________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________________________
(2 marks)
(c) (i) Write a chemical equation to summarize aerobic respiration.

_________________________________________________________________________________________________
(2 marks)
(ii) Explain the importance of aerobic respiration to living organisms.

_________________________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________________________
(2 marks)
(d) In certain microorganisms, respiration occurs anaerobically. State the end products of
anaerobic respiration.

________________________________________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________________________________________
(2 marks)

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(e) Complete Table 1 to distinguish between
photosynthesis and aerobic respiration.

TABLE 1: COMPARISON OF PHOTOSYNTHESIS AND AEROBIC RESPIRATION

Photosynthesis Aerobic Respiration

Organelle

Is energy used or produced?

Write the word ‘used’ OR

‘produced’ in the correct

column

Raw materials used

Final Products
(8 marks)

Total 25 marks

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2. (a) Figure 2 shows a vertical section through mammalian skin.

(i) Name the structures labeled A, B, C and D shown in Figure 2.

A _______________________________________________________________________________________________

B _______________________________________________________________________________________________

C _______________________________________________________________________________________________

D _______________________________________________________________________________________________
(4 marks)

(ii) Melanin is a pigment that protests the skin from damage by UV light. Which structure
in Figure 2 has the LARGEST quantities of this pigment?

__________________________________________________________________________________________________
(1 mark)

(b) Albinism is characterized by a lack of melanin in the skin. A person with an albino
phenotype has genotype, aa.

(i) State what is meant by EACH of the following terms:

a) Allele

_________________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________________

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b) Genotype

_________________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________________

c) Phenotype

_________________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________________
(3 marks)

(ii) Using a genetic diagram, explain how two non-albino parents could produce an
albino offspring.

(6 marks)

(iii Suggest the genotypes of parents who will never have albino children.
)
_________________________________________________________________________________________________
(1 mark)

Total 15 marks

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3. Figure 3 shows two flowers, labeled X and Y, that were taken from two different plants.

(a) (i) Indicate on EACH flower in Figure 3, the parts that give rise to the male gametes.
Use a label line and the letter, M. (2 marks)

(ii) Suggest the agent of pollination for EACH flower.

X _______________________________________________________________________________________________

Y
________________________________________________________________________________________________
(2 marks)

(iii What TWO features of EACH flower make them suited for the types of pollinating
) agent suggested in (ii) above?

X _______________________________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________________________________

Y
________________________________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________________________________
(4 marks)

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(b) Describe the sequence of events which takes place after pollination to give rise to a fruit.

________________________________________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________________________________________
(5 marks)

(c) Figure 4 shows a fruit formed from Flower X.

Suggest TWO methods of dispersal of the seeds found inside this fruit.

________________________________________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________________________________________
(2 marks)

Total 15 marks

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SECTION B

Answer ALL questions

Write your answers on loose sheets of paper.

Answer each question on a separate sheet of paper.

4. (a) (i) Use labeled diagrams to show the structures of a generalized plant cell and a
generalized animal cell. (6 marks)
(ii) Name TWO organelles which are unique to plant cells and suggest the significance of
these organelles to the survival of the plant. (4 marks)
(b) (i) An animal cell and a plant cell are placed in a container of distilled water for 15
minutes. Explain the effect this would most likely have on EACH cell. (3 marks)
(ii) Explain how the process responsible for the results in (c) differs from the process by
which gases move in and out of leaf cells. (2 marks)
Total 15 marks

5. (a) (i) Draw a simplified labeled diagram of the nitrogen cycle to show THREE processes
that involve bacteria and ONE process that does not involve bacteria. (4 marks)
(ii) State TWO consequences of nitrogen deficiency in plants. (2 marks)
(b) In a river near to a farming community, there are numerous dead organisms and an
overgrowth of algae.
(i) Explain how excess nitrate fertilizer may be responsible for the overgrowth of algae
and death of the aquatic organization. (3 marks)
(ii) Discuss THREE ways in which this problem could be remedied. (3 marks)
Total 15 marks

6. (a) With the aid of an annotated diagram, describe the functions of the enamel, dentine and
pulp of a named tooth. (6 marks)
(b) The mouth of a mammal usually contains several types of teeth, which allow it to consume
a varied diet from both plant and animal sources.
Suggest THREE ways having a varied diet is beneficial to a mammal. (3 marks)
(c) An eighty-year-old man has lost all his teeth.
Explain how this might affect his ability to digest food and suggest how he could obtain the
essential nutrients that his body requires. (6 marks)

Total 15 marks

END OF EXAM
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