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The Kidney Function PDF

The kidneys are bean-shaped organs located below the rib cage that filter blood and remove wastes to produce urine. Each kidney contains around a million nephrons, which are the filtering units of the kidney. In each nephron, blood flows from the afferent arteriole into the glomerulus for filtration, then into the efferent arteriole on its way to being filtered further and eventually exiting the kidney as urine through the ureters and bladder. The kidneys are vital for regulating fluid balance and removing toxins from the blood.

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Jeeson Michael
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90 views3 pages

The Kidney Function PDF

The kidneys are bean-shaped organs located below the rib cage that filter blood and remove wastes to produce urine. Each kidney contains around a million nephrons, which are the filtering units of the kidney. In each nephron, blood flows from the afferent arteriole into the glomerulus for filtration, then into the efferent arteriole on its way to being filtered further and eventually exiting the kidney as urine through the ureters and bladder. The kidneys are vital for regulating fluid balance and removing toxins from the blood.

Uploaded by

Jeeson Michael
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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THE KIDNEY FUNCTION & IT’s BLOOD FLOW.

LEARNING OBJECTIVES
1) THE KIDNEY
2) WHY ARE THE KIDNEYS IMPORTANT?
3) HOW DO KIDNEYS WORK?
4) HOW DOES BLOOD FLOW THROUGH KIDNEYS?

1) THE KIDNEY
The kidneys are two bean-shaped organs, each about the size of a fist. They are located just below the rib cage, one on each side
of our spine. The kidney also known as RENAL.
Healthy kidneys filter about a half cup of blood every minute, removing wastes and extra water to make URINE. The urine flows from the
kidneys to the bladder through two thin tubes of muscle called ureters, one on each side of our bladder. our bladder stores urine. Our
kidneys, ureters, and bladder are part of your URINARY TRACT.

2) WHY ARE THE KIDNEYS IMPORTANT?


Our kidneys remove wastes and extra fluid from body. Our kidneys also remove acid that is produced by the cells of our body and
maintain a healthy balance of water, salts, and minerals—such as sodium, calcium, phosphorus, and potassium in our blood.
Without this balance, nerves, muscles, and other tissues in our body may not work normally.

Jeeson Michael 2006190414


June 2019 to 2021 Batch 20-Nov-20
kidneys also make hormones that help
• Renin (Control blood pressure)
• Erythropoietin EPO (Helps to Formation of red blood cells)
• Calcitriol (is the active form of Vitamin D)

3) HOW DO KIDNEYS WORK?


Each of our kidneys is made up of about a million filtering units called NEPHRONS. Each nephron includes a filter, called
the GLOMERULUS, and a TUBULE. The nephrons work through a two-step process: the glomerulus filters our blood, and the tubule
returns needed substances to our blood and removes wastes.

4) HOW DOES BLOOD FLOW THROUGH KIDNEYS?


Renal Blood Flow originates at the hilum of the kidney through the renal artery. From the segmental artery to the interlobar artery,
blood arrives parallel to the corticomedullary junction in the arcuate artery. This gives rise to the interlobular arteries that radiate toward the
surface. Afferent arterioles branch off which ultimately leads into the glomerulus of Bowman’s capsule. From here, efferent arterioles begin
to form the venous system and subdivide into another set of capillaries known as the peritubular capillaries. Blood then leaves the kidney
and enters the venous circulation. However, efferent arterioles that are located above the corticomedullary border travel downward into the
medulla. They further divide into vasa recta which surround the Loop of Henle. The purpose of these vessels is to supply capillaries located
in the medulla. Differences between blood flow of the renal cortex and medulla play a significant role in the regulation of tubular osmolality.
High blood flow and the peritubular capillaries in the cortex maintain a similar interstitial environment of the renal cortical tubules with that of
blood plasma. However, in the medulla, the interstitial environment is different than that of blood plasma. This crucial difference plays a
significant role in the medullary osmotic gradient and regulation of water excretion.
The glomerular filtration rate (GFR) is the amount of fluid filtered from the glomerulus into Bowman’s capsule per unit time. It
indicates the condition of the kidney and can be used to help guide management in cases such as chronic kidney disease.
Filtration fraction (FF) is the fraction of renal plasma flow (RPF) filtered across the glomerulus. The equation is GFR divided by
RPF. FF is about 20% which indicates the remaining 80% continues its pathway through the renal circulation. When the filtration fraction
increases, the protein concentration of the peritubular capillaries increases. This leads to additional absorption in the proximal tubule.
Instead, when the filtration fraction decreases, the amount of fluid being filtered across the glomerular filtration barrier per unit time
decreases as well. The protein concentration downstream in the peritubular vessels decreases and the absorptive capacity of the proximal
tubules lessens as well.
The kidneys have mechanisms designed to preserve GFR within a certain range. If GFR is too low, metabolic wastes will not get
filtered from the blood into the renal tubules. If GFR is too high, the absorptive capacity of salt and water by the renal tubules becomes
overwhelmed. Autoregulation manages these changes in GFR and RBF. There are two mechanisms by which this occurs. The first is called
the MYOGENIC MECHANISM. During the increased stretch, the renal afferent arterioles contract to decrease GFR. The second
mechanism is called the TUBULE GLOMERULAR FEEDBACK. These mechanisms have an important interplay as they each create
individual oscillations, causing a synchronized propagating electrical signal among nephrons.

Jeeson Michael 2006190414


June 2019 to 2021 Batch 20-Nov-20
Flow Chart of blood flow inside the kidney and Nephron

CHAPTER SUMMARY

• Renal Blood Flows begun from renal artery and exits through the renal vein.
• Nephron is the functional unit of kidney.
• Glomerulus is the filter of kidney.
• Blood enter into Glomerulus via afferent artery
• After the filtration, filtered blood exit from Glomerulus via efferent artery and waste product will pass out from the body as urine form.
• Ureter carries urine from the kidney to our bladder after the Urethra will excrete urine from body.

Jeeson Michael 2006190414


June 2019 to 2021 Batch 20-Nov-20

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