DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC WORKS AND HIGHWAYS

JAPAN INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION AGENCY

TECHNICAL STANDARDS AND

GUIDELINES
FOR
PLANNING AND DESIGN OF
SABO STRUCTURES

JUNE 2010

Project for the

Strengthening of Flood Management Function
of the DPWH
 Table of Contents

CHAPTER 1 GENERAL PROVISIONS __________________________________________ 1

1.1 EROSION AND SEDIMENT MANAGEMENT __________________________________ 1

1.2 SEDIMENT RELATED DISASTERS AND COUNTERMEASURES ____________________ 1
1.2.1 SCOPE AND APPLICATION ________________________________________ 4
1.3 SABO WORKS IN SABO MASTER PLAN _____________________________________ 4
1.4 SABO MASTER PLAN AND IMPLEMENTION PLAN ____________________________ 5
1.5 PROCEDURE OF SABO WORKS ___________________________________________ 5
1.6 BASICS OF SABO DAM _________________________________________________ 10
1.6.1 SABO DAM FUNCTION ____________________________________________ 10
1.6.2 MECHANISM OF SEDIMENT CONTROL __________________________________ 12
1.6.3 TYPES OF SABO DAM _____________________________________________ 13

CHAPTER 2 FIELD INVESTIGATION AND SURVEY FOR SABO WORKS _______________ 16

2.1 GENERAL PROVISIONS ________________________________________________ 16

2.2 PRELIMINARY FIELD INVESTIGATION (INCLUDE DISASTER INVESTIGATION) ___________ 16
2.3 DETAILED FIELD INVESTIGATION ________________________________________ 17
2.3.1 DETAILS OF INVESTIGATION _________________________________________ 18
2.4 METHOD OF SEDIMENT SURVEY _________________________________________ 21
2.4.1 GENERAL _____________________________________________________ 22
2.4.2 BASIC SURVEY __________________________________________________ 23
2.4.3 HEAD WATERS COLLAPSE SURVEY ____________________________________ 24
2.4.4 STREAM SURVEY ________________________________________________ 27
2.4.5 FLUCTUATION SURVEY ____________________________________________ 31

CHAPTER 3 RIVER SYSTEM EROSION AND SEDIMENT MANAGEMENT PLAN ________ 32

3.1 GENERAL PROVISION _________________________________________________ 32

3.2 PROCEDURE IN RIVER SYSTEM EROSION AND SEDIMENT MANAGEMENT PLAN ___ 34
3.3 DESIGN SCALE _______________________________________________________ 35
3.4 DESIGN CONTROL POINS AT THE TARGET DESIGN AREA ______________________ 35
3.5 SEDIMENT DISCHARGE VOLUME ________________________________________ 35
3.5.1 DESIGN SEDIMENT YIELD (VY) _______________________________________ 35
3.5.2 DESIGN SEDIMENT VOLUME (VD)_____________________________________ 36
3.5.3 DESIGN ALLOWABLE SEDIMENT VOLUME (VA) ____________________________ 37
3.5.4 DESIGN EXCESS SEDIMENT (VE) ______________________________________ 38
3.6 SEDIMENT MANAGEABLE VOLUME ______________________________________ 38
3.6.1 SEDIMENT YIELD REDUCTION PLANNING ________________________________ 39
3.6.2 SEDIMENT VOLUME REDUCTION PLANNING ______________________________ 39
3.6.3 SEDIMENT VOLUME CONTROL PLANNING _______________________________ 39
3.7 DETERMINATION OF THE HEIGHT OF SABO DAM____________________________ 40
3.8 ECONOMIC EVALUATION, ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT AND
RESETTLEMENT ACTION PLAN __________________________________________ 43

i
CHAPTER 4 DEBRIS FLOW CONTROL PLAN ___________________________________ 44

4.1 GENERAL PROVISIONS ________________________________________________ 44

4.2 PROCEDURE IN DEBRIS FLOW CONTROL PLAN ______________________________ 45
4.3 DESIGN SCALE _______________________________________________________ 45
4.4 DESIGN CONTROL POINT_______________________________________________ 45
4.5 DESIGN SEDIMENT VOLUME ____________________________________________ 45
4.5.1 SEDIMENT DISCHARGE CALCULATION METHOD ____________________________ 45
4.5.2 MOVABLE SEDIMENT IN THE RIVER BASIN ( Vdy1 ) ___________________________ 45
V
4.5.3 TRANSPORTABLE SEDIMENT（ dy 2 ） _________________________________ 48
4.6 COUNTERMEASURE OF DEBRIS FLOW ____________________________________ 49
4.7 SAMPLE EXERCISE ____________________________________________________ 50
4.7.1 DESIGN DISCHARGE CALCULATION FOR DEBRIS FLOW _______________________ 50

CHAPTER 5 DESIGN OF SABO DAM _________________________________________ 52

5.1 GENERAL PROVISIONS ________________________________________________ 52

5.2 DESIGN OF SABO DAM FOR RIVER SYSTEM EROSION AND SEDIMENT MANAGEMENT
__________________________________________________________________ 52
5.2.1 DESIGN DISCHARGE ______________________________________________ 54
5.2.2 SABO DAM OPENING _____________________________________________ 55
5.2.3 THICKNESS OF CREST _____________________________________________ 57
5.2.4 FRONT FACE SLOPE (DOWNSTREAM SLOPE)______________________________ 57
5.2.5 THE STABILITY ANALYSIS ___________________________________________ 58
5.2.6 FOUNDATION __________________________________________________ 63
5.2.7 WING _______________________________________________________ 63
5.2.8 DRAINS ______________________________________________________ 68
5.2.9 EXPANSION AND CONTRACTION JOINTS _________________________________ 69
5.2.10 EARTHWORK ___________________________________________________ 71
5.2.11 FILLING WORKS _________________________________________________ 72
5.3 FRONT PROTECTION WORKS ___________________________________________ 73
5.3.1 SUB-SABO DAM ________________________________________________ 73
5.3.2 VERTICAL WALL_________________________________________________ 74
5.3.3 APRON_______________________________________________________ 75
5.3.4 RIVERBED PROTECTION WORKS ______________________________________ 78
5.3.5 SIDEWALL REVETMENT ____________________________________________ 79
5.4 SABO DAM FOR DEBRIS FLOW __________________________________________ 80
5.4.1 DESIGN OF SABO DAM FOR DEBRIS FLOW _______________________________ 81
5.4.2 DESIGN PARAMETERS OF DEBRIS FLOW _________________________________ 81
5.4.3 SABO DAM OPENING FOR DEBRIS_____________________________________ 84
5.4.4 STABILITY ANALYSIS OF MAIN BODY ___________________________________ 86
5.4.5 WIDTH OF CREST ________________________________________________ 92
5.4.6 FRONT FACE SLOPE ______________________________________________ 92
5.4.7 FOUNDATION __________________________________________________ 93
5.4.8 WING _______________________________________________________ 93
5.4.9 FRONT PROTECTION WORK _________________________________________ 95
5.5 SAMPLE COMPUTATIONS ______________________________________________ 96
ii
5.5.1 STABILITY ANALYSIS OF SABO DAM ____________________________________ 96
5.5.2 DESIGN DISCHARGE ______________________________________________ 99
5.5.3 DESIGN OF OPENING ____________________________________________ 101
5.5.4 STABILITY OF SABO DAM FOR DEBRIS FLOW _____________________________ 102

CHAPTER 6 INSTALLATION PLAN FOR SABO STRUCTURES ______________________ 106

6.1 GENERAL PROVISION ________________________________________________ 106

6.2 INSTALLATION PLAN FOR SEDIMENT YIELD MANAGEMENT FACILITIES _________ 106
6.2.1 HILLSIDE PRESERVATION WORKS _____________________________________ 106
6.2.2 SABO DAM ___________________________________________________ 109
6.2.3 GROUNDSILL __________________________________________________ 110
6.2.4 RIVERBED GIRDLE ______________________________________________ 110
6.2.5 REVETMENT __________________________________________________ 111
6.3 INSTALLATION PLAN FOR SEDIMENT TRANSPORT MANAGEMENT FACILITIES ___ 111
6.3.1 SABO DAM ___________________________________________________ 111
6.3.2 SAND-RETARDING BASIN _________________________________________ 111
6.3.3 TRAINING DIKES _______________________________________________ 112

GLOSSARY OF TERMS ____________________________________________________ 113

iii
Chapter 1 GENERAL PROVISIONS

1.1 EROSION AND SEDIMENT MANAGEMENT

Sabo is a Japanese term which means erosion and sediment management. Sabo
structures aim to protect lives, infrastructures, and properties from sediment related
disasters in hilly and mountainous terrain.

Erosion and sediment management consist of sabo master plan, land slide
prevention plan, steep slope failure preventive plan, avalanche control and impact
mitigation plan, and comprehensive sediment disaster and impact mitigation plan for
debris flow, landslide, and steep slope failures or combination of these phenomena.
Sabo Master Plan can be categorized into river system erosion and sediment
management plan, debris flow control plan, large woody debris prevention plan, and
volcanic sediment and erosion control plan.

Chapters 1 to 6 discuss guidelines for the river system erosion and sediment
management plans and debris flow control plans.

Figure 1.1 Scheme of Sabo Plan

1.2 SEDIMENT RELATED DISASTERS AND COUNTERMEASURES

Debris flow and slope failure, landslide, and volcanic mudflow or lahar are shown on
the following picture.

1
Volcanic Activity

Trees or the like fall

down

Debris Flow Sediment flows out from Landslide

the surface of a mountain

Slope Failure

Riverbed or river bank is eroded

Figure 1.2a Sample of Sediment Related Disasters

2
 Countermeasures against
Landslide
Countermeasures against To stop the landslide, a
volcanic disaster horizontal boring which
Comprehensive excludes the groundwater
leading to a landslide is Hillside Works
countermeasures such as
carried out, and facilities The hillside works revive
construction of erosion control
such as piles and anchors verdure by planting trees in
facilities, and maintenance of
are provided devastated land. prevents
the system for precaution
sediment discharge, and
evacuation, etc are carried out
induces the infiltration of
to prevent volcanic activity
rainwater
related disasters

Sabo Dam
The sabo dam st0ps
controls sediment
discharge such as debris
flow to protect from the
disaster

Groundsill
The groundsill prevents
the river bed from being
eroded

Revetment Works
The revetment works
prevent the river banks
from being eroded by a
strong current

Figure 1.2b Sample Countermeasures of Sediment Related Disasters

3
 1.2.1 SCOPE AND APPLICATION

These guidelines are intended to establish uniform procedures on the

following:

1) Field Investigation and survey for Sabo works

2) River system Erosion and sediment management plan
3) Debris flow control plan
4) Design of Sabo Dam
5) Installation plan for sabo structures

1.3 SABO WORKS IN SABO MASTER PLAN

Sabo works in sabo master plan is illustrated below

Sediment
A series Yield of
Reduction Works for
Debris-flow
Sabo dam sabo Flow
Debris dam
capturing
(permeable
works
type)

Sabo dam
(impermeable
Debris-flow
type)capturing Debris flow
works Debris-flow dispersing
capturing forest zone Debris flow
Debris-flow
works
Highway direction
direction
controlling
control
works
Bridge works

Debris-flow
Debris-flow Sediment
depositing
training works
dike
depositing
Debris-flow
dispersing works
Bridge
forest zone
Debris-flow
Debris-flow
training
training
dike
dike

Figure 1.4 A TYPICAL EXAMPLE OF SABO WORKS

4
1.4 SABO MASTER PLAN AND IMPLEMENTION PLAN

Sabo master plan discusses the policy and strategy of sediment management
and debris flow control, etc. as long-term plan of about 30years. The
comprehensive countermeasure to prevent sediment related disaster and the
benefit cost in river basin should be taken into consideration.

In implementation plan a more specific plan is considered with a short term of

5-10 years in general.

1.5 PROCEDURE OF SABO WORKS

Procedure on actual Sabo works is shown in Flowchart 1.6 with the

explanation on next pages.

5
Figure 1.6 Procedure of Sabo Works

6
Procedure of Actual Sabo Works

1) Disaster and Potential Disaster due to Sediments

When sediment related disaster occurs or when there are possibilities of

the disaster, the proper countermeasure shall be formulated which is
mandated to DPWH.

2) Preliminary Field Investigation (include disaster investigation)

The objectives of investigation are to determine the disaster mechanism

and the necessities to prepare a sabo master plan. The activities confirm
the present condition, the exact damage area and the causes of
damages. (See section 2.2).

3) Identification of Different Alternative Solutions

Possible countermeasures to address related disaster problems shall be

formulated based on the preliminary field investigation.

4) Sabo Project

If a Sabo project will be considered, a detailed field investigation for the

Sabo master plan shall be conducted. If not, then other alternative plans
shall be considered.

5) Examination of Other Plans

Alternative countermeasures aside from Sabo structures shall be

considered such as tunnel, bridge, viaduct, bypass or rock shed based
on the economic evaluation, effectiveness and convenience of
construction. Non-structural countermeasures such as warning system,
evacuation and resettlement shall be also considered.

6) Detailed Field Investigation for the Sabo master Plan

The objectives of this field investigation are to collect the available data
and to estimate the design sediment discharge for the Sabo master plan.

7) River System Erosion and Sediment Management Plan/Debris Flow

Control Plan

There are two concept and approach in planning and design of sediment
management in Sabo: river system erosion and sediment management
plan and debris flow control plan. Countermeasures mitigate gradual
riverbed aggradations and direct attack to structures; respectively.

8) Selection of Design Control Points

The Sabo control point shall be selected considering the regional

characteristic and the relationship with the river plan and other plans.
(See Sections 3.4, 4.4).

9) Calculation of the Design Excess Sediment volume

7
 The design excess sediment to be managed in the Sabo master plan
shall be calculated (See Items 3.5.4).

10) Calculation of the Total Volume of Manageable Sediment volume

Using the Sabo works to manage the design excess sediment (harmful
sediments), the total volume of manageable sediments shall be
calculated. (See Section 3.6).

11) Planning the Sabo Facilities and Estimating the Cost

The number of Sabo dam(s) or other sabo structures shall be

determined to identify the extent of total sabo works. The location of
sabo structures shall be determined based on the number of sabo dams
or other structures. The approximate cost shall be estimated based on
the number and length of sabo structures.

12) Economic Evaluation and Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA)

The economic evaluation consists of cost-benefit analysis based on the

criteria of the Planning Service, DPWH (See Technical Standards and
Guidelines for Planning of Flood Control Projects). The EIA shall be
based on the criteria of Department Administrative Order (DAO) 03-30
by the Department of Environment and Natural Resources, DENR.

13) Feasibility

The project is feasible if the Benefit Cost (BC) Ratio is not less than 1,
the Internal Rate of Return (IRR) is not less than 15% and the Net
Present Value (NPV) is equal to or greater than 0. Only feasible projects
will be implemented; otherwise, non-Sabo work shall be adopted.

14) Prioritization

All projects considered in sabo master plan shall be prioritized based on

the, economic feasibility, social acceptability, developmental policy, and
environmental aspects, among others.

15) Short Term Program

All projects identified as priority or needing urgent implementation shall

be included as short term program within 5 to 10 years.

16) Detailed Survey

The objective of this survey is to prepare the detailed design of Sabo

structures.
Detailed survey shall be conducted as follows: Topographic survey (S =
1:500 ~ 1:1,000), Cross-sectional survey (S = 1:100 ~ 1: 200),
Longitudinal profile survey (Vertical S = 1:100 ~ 1: 200, Horizontal S =
1:500 ~ 1:1,000)

17) Detail design of Sabo structure

8
 The Total Volume of Manageable Sediment is calculated again after
detail survey.

All sabo structures in the implementation plan are designed to control

the excess sediment volume using the data of detailed survey

18) Annual Implementation Program

Before the construction, the annual implementation program for

construction works should be included in the implementation plan and
be made based on the annual budget. Particularly in sabo dam, if the
construction of sabo dam was suspended by the lack of budget or for
some reason, the additional countermeasure and more budgets would
be required to complete.

19) Maintenance

After construction, the periodical investigation should be conducted to

check the damage of sabo facility and the sediment accumulation.

The sabo dam that aims to prevent sediment discharge can accomplish
its purpose effectively by storing sediment discharge equivalent to its
capacity. However if the capacity is anticipated to be lost by advanced
sedimentation in the planning stage, it is necessary to include debris and
sediment exclusion works in advance.

20) Update

After all the projects under the implementation plan that have been
implemented, the remaining works under the sabo master plan are
updated due to changes in the condition of the project and prioritized
again to determine the next projects to be implemented.

9
1.6 BASICS OF SABO DAM

1.6.1 Sabo Dam Function

The functions of Sabo Dam are as follows :

1) To store flowing sediment. The river bed is rising as the flowing sediment
is stored.

2) To secure the ridges of mountain and prevent the hillside from collapse
due to the rising river bed.
3) To lessen the slope of the river bed and prevent erosion of river beds and
banks..
4) To prevent the movement of unstable sediment accumulated on the river
bed.
5) After the sabo dam is filled up, it functions as a sediment runoff control
facility.

Figure 1.7.1a FUNCTION OF SABO DAM

10
Figure 1.7.1b Sediment Yield Control, FUNCTION OF SABO DAM

Figure 1.7.1c FUNCTION OF SABO DAM

11
1.6.2 Mechanism of Sediment Control

Sediment control function temporarily stores the excess sediment in the

upstream pocket of sabo dam and later discharge safely. The capacity of
sabo dam to control sediment is determined by sediment storage capacity
between the stable slope and the temporary slope of accumulated sediments.

Figure 1.7.2 FUNCTION OF SABO DAM

i. After sabo dam is built, sediment starts accumulating and the natural
river bed slop becomes milder. And the sabo dam is filled up to a
stable state.

ii. After the sabo dam is filled up, sediment comes down during the flood.

iii. Due to the lessening of gradient, a part of flowing sediment is

accumulated on the stable slope.

iv. This amount of sediment will be made to stay here up the temporary
slope when a large amount of sediment flows after a great flood.

v. After a moderate and small flood, the accumulated sediment is

remobilized, and once again the sediment control space is able to
catch sediment. (The space between the stable slope and temporary
slope is the sediment control volume).

vi. The available space will catch the sediment

12
1.6.3 Types of Sabo Dam

Sabo dams can be classified according to structures, permeability and

materials. For structural type, it is categorized into gravity type and arch type.
For material, it is categorized as concrete, soil cement and steel. In view of
function during ordinary time, there are two types: permeable and
impermeable. The first allow river water to flow through the open crest and
the latter allow river water and sediment discharge through the slit or drainage
pipe.

Description of Structural Type :

1) Gravity Type Sabo Dam (Photograph 1.7.3a)

Most sabo dams were built by gravity type because of there are few
geographic restrictions for this type. When sabo dam is built on sand or
gravel, the gravity type is preferred.

Photograph 1.7.3a GRAVITY TYPE SABO DAM

2) Arch Type Sabo Dam (Photograph 1.7.3b)

When the following conditions are attained, the arch type sabo dam is
planned to be built.

Valley width is narrow

Both sides of the river can stand the stress
High sabo dam is required

If the possibility of debris flow occurrence is high, even if there is no

geographic and geological problem, the arch type sabo dam should not
be chosen.

13
 Photograph 1.7.3b ARCH TYPE SABO DAM

3) Permeable Type Sabo Dam

The permeable type sabo dam is classified into two. The first one
(Photograph 1.7.3c) is aimed to capture debris flow and the second one
(Photograph 1.7.3b) is to control the sediment discharge utilizing the
backwater effect.

Photograph 1.7.3c SLIT SABO DAM Photograph 1.7.3d PERMEABLE

SABO DAM

4) New type of Sabo Dams

Debris Flow Breaker - The debris flow breaker is a simple engineering

structure which filters fine sediment together with water and traps the
course debris on a horizontal screen. The horizontal screen structure is
designed in such a way that slit apertures filter the desired debris size;
thus, effectively trapping the expected volume of the debris flow.

14
 Photograph 1.7.3e DEBRIS FLOW BREAKER

Sabo Dam Made of Wire Net – The wire net method has been developed
and implemented in 1973 in Japan. The method has advantage in work
period and site condition. The method is featured by simplicity in terms of
structural design, material, construction process and safety management
during construction.

Photograph 1.7.3f : WIRE NET SABO DAM

15
Chapter 2 FIELD INVESTIGATION AND SURVEY FOR SABO
WORKS

2.1 GENERAL PROVISIONS

This chapter describes the standard methods of field investigation and survey
for the planning and design of Sabo works (See Flowchart 1.6).

The purpose of field investigation and survey is to check the site condition
which could not be assessed/evaluated through deskwork. In preparation for
the field survey, the engineer shall thoroughly review and evaluate the
available documents and information in advance. Without this preparatory
activity, it would be difficult to grasp the condition of the site.

Primary data can be obtained and the site condition can be verified through
field investigation and survey. However, in many instances, secondary
information can be derived through available studies and other relevant
documents,

2.2 PRELIMINARY FIELD INVESTIGATION (include disaster

investigation)

Field investigation aims to identify the present condition, the exact location,
the drainage area and the causes of damages.

1) Advance Preparation

Any available data and information shall be collected, such as

previous studies or topographic map with a scale of 1:50,000 or better
(e.g. 1:10,000).

2) Field Investigation

Investigate the damage(s) and identify the sediment which caused or

may cause potential disasters. In the investigation, measurement on
the site to calculate the sediment volume shall be undertaken. Then
reflect the damaged area in the map.

3) Assumption of Disaster Mechanism and Countermeasures

The disaster mechanism shall be assumed by data collection from

desk work and shall be confirmed by field investigation. Based on the
disaster mechanism, some countermeasures shall be proposed as
Sabo works.

4) Specific Activities and Procedure of Field Investigation

The activities are as follow:

a) Collect available data and information from satellite images,

NAMRIA topographic maps, photographs, existing figures and
graphs.

16
 b) Consult concerned government offices regarding the problem
(flood area, causalities, rainfall intensity, inundation depth, riverbed
aggradation/degradation).

c) Analyze mechanism of flood or sediment-related disaster (such as

cause and effect)

d) Draw preliminary countermeasure

e) Prepare plan/ itinerary for field investigation (survey instruments/

equipment required, places to be visited, checklist of items to be
survey, etc.)

At the site, the following activities shall be done,

a) Interview stakeholders, affected residents and government/no-

government agencies to identify the damaged condition(casualties,
number of damaged houses, damaged facilities) and the area to
be protected (such as infrastructures, houses, farmland and other
properties)

b) Take photograph,

c) Sketch plans and cross-sections to identify the following items;

i. the unstable remaining sediment volume in the devastated

stream

ii. the sediment volume of slope failure and land slide which were
presumed or identified cause of sediment related disaster.

iii. the biggest and average size of runoff deposited sediments

and debris

1. Evaluate the effectiveness of any existing countermeasure.

2. Evaluate applicability of preliminary countermeasure during

the preliminary study.

2.3 DETAILED FIELD INVESTIGATION

The objective of this investigation is to prepare the materials needed to

formulate the detailed design of Sabo structures.

Detailed investigation shall be conducted as follows:

Topographic survey (S = 1:500 ~ 1:1,000)

Longitudinal profile survey
(Vertical S = 1:100 ~1:200, Horizontal S = 1:500 ~ 1:1,000)
Cross-sectional survey (S = 1:100 ~1: 200)
Boring test for sabo dam

17
2.3.1 Details of Investigation

1) Topographic survey (S = 1:500 ~ 1:1,000)

Topographic map is necessary to decide the exact location, alignment

or orientation of sabo structures. In case of Sabo dams, the limits shall
be at least 100m downstream from the Sabo dam and 50m upstream
from the intersecting point of the design flood slope and the original
riverbed slope. Contour line of 1m shall be included. The width shall
be 20m from both riverbanks (See Figures 2.3.1a ~ 2.3.1d).

m
m

20

m
20

20
m
20
m

Design Flood Area

20

Design Sedimentation
m
20

Sabo Dam

Figure 2.3.1a LIMITS OF TOPOGRAPHIC SURVEY FOR SABO DAM

Design Flood Slope

Design Sedimentation Slope

(2/3) x i
(1/2) x i

50 m

H
Slope of Original Riverbed (i)

Sabo Dam

100 m

Figure 2.3.1b LIMITS OF TOPOGRAPHIC AND LONGITUDINAL

PROFILE SURVEY FOR SABO DAM

2) Longitudinal profile survey, vertical scale (S = 1:100 ~1:200), horizontal

scale (S = 1:500 ~ 1:1000)

Longitudinal survey is necessary to decide the location; identify the scope

of the design sedimentation area and the temporary sedimentation area;
examine the cut-off, and decide the depth of embedment.

Longitudinal profile is the lowest riverbed of each cross section. Tributary

streams shall be included in this profile (See Figure 2.3.1c).
18
 Sabo dam
300

200
100 Interval Cross-section
shall be 100m or 200m
40
20
No. 0
20
40
60
80
100

Figure 2.3.1c LIMITS AND INTERVALS OF LONGITUDINAL

PROFILE AND CROSS-SECTIONAL SURVEY FOR SABO DAM

3) Cross-sectional survey (S = 1:100 ~1:200)

Cross-sectional survey of the depth of riverbed erosion and the width of

bank erosion is necessary to calculate the design sediment yield Vy (See
Section.3.5.1); and calculate the volume of movable sediment Vmo (See
Section 4.5.2).

Depth of deposit can be estimated based on the observation of bed

excavation section for dam or scour section in surrounding areas, and the
depth of bed rocks in stream bed can be judged based on borings.

The width of cross-sectional survey shall be extended 20m from the

intersection of the design flood line. (See Figure 2.3.1d).

The interval of cross sectioning is usually 20 m. For Sabo dam, survey in

the upstream starts from 20 m, then 40 m and 100 m, after which the
interval shall be 100 m or 200 m. While in the downstream, the interval is
20 m until 100m is reached. The base rock line shall be included in this
section (See Figures 2.3.1c, 2.3.1d).

20 m 20 m

Design Flood line

Base rock line

Figure 2.3.1d LIMITS OF CROSS-SECTIONAL SURVEY

19
4) Boring test for sabo dam

The objective of boring test is to identify the bearing capacity of the

ground, the slip surface and the hydraulic characteristics of ground.
The stability analysis of sabo dam should be done based on the result
of boring test.

Method of boring

The boring for soil investigation should be by the Lotaly method to get
the core sample using 66 mm core bit in general. Particularly to raise
core recovery, the double core tube method with the diamond bit
should be used. Basically all core sampling and test of N value should
be conducted.

``

Figure 2.3.1e: LOCATION OF BORING POINTS

a) Location

The boring should be at the center and on both edges of the main
sabo dam and the center of vertical wall/sub-sabo dam in general.
(Refer to Figure 2.3.1e)

b) Depth

In general the depth of boring should be conducted down to the

bed rock but in the case of sabo dam with unattached bed rock,
the depth of boring should be at least half the height of sabo dam.

c) Consolidation

The boring log/drilling log and geologic cross-section should be

made by the result of boring test.

20
2.4 METHOD OF SEDIMENT SURVEY

Figure 2.4 SEDIMENT YI ELD SURVEY SYSTEM DIAGRAM

21
2.4.1 General

This chapter explains the standard survey of the sediment yielded and
transported in devastated stream. The data required for determining the
volume of sediment as the basis of sabo master plan must be obtained.

Sediment transport is the sediment moving as carried by run off in a bedload

transport zone in river courses. Sediment yield are the sediment run off into
streams produced in mountainous areas, and sediment discharge is the
sediment run off into the control points of erosion and sediment control plan in
the form of debris flow, bedload transport, etc.

In the sabo master plan, the design scale is determined on the basis of the
survey in devastated areas taking into account the degree of importance of
the area to be protected and the design sediment yield. The design sediment
discharge is determined by estimating the sediment discharge expected at
the control point of the plan through various surveys.

Design excess sediment volume is harmful and excessive sediment which

can be determined by considering the design allowable sediment volume at
the control point. It is used as object for the volume of manageable sediment
plan.

This chapter discusses the sediment yield and sediment discharge as basic
data for determining the volume of manageable sediment by checking the real
situations of yielding at sediment yield sources and the real situations of
sediment transport in streams.

Type of survey is categorized in Figure 2.4

Sediment yield can be expressed as follows depending upon the length of

unit time:

1) Sediment discharge (m3 /s)

2) 1-flood sediment discharge (m3 /1 flood)
3) 1-year sediment discharge (m3 /year)

Above sediment discharge is averaged as follows:

4) 1-flood specific sediment discharge (m3/1 flood/km²)

5)- year specific sediment discharge (m3/year/km²)

Sediment discharge is similar to water discharge. However, there is no way of

actually measuring it in streams at present and there is no practical formula
for its estimation. Therefore, this is not currently being employed in the sabo
master plan.

1-flood sediment discharge means the sediment discharge brought by a flood.

1-year sediment discharge means sediment discharge in a certain year.

22
2.4.2 Basic Survey

1) Watershed Classification

The watershed upstream of the control point of sabo master plan

should be classified into watersheds of each stream on a topographic
map with a scale of 1/50,000 and the catchment area of each stream
should be determined.

2) River System Diagram

In the basic survey, a river system diagram should be prepared using

a topographic map of 1/50,000 in accordance with item 1) of this
chapter, and the valleys should be classified by the degree (Horton's
number). (See Figure 2.4.2a).

Figure 2.4.2a: DEGREE OF VALLEY

For the degree of valleys, it is difficult to determine whether the most

upstream portion is to be considered as a valley or hillside because
the first degree valley is not easily determined also. Hence, it is
proposed to examine the concave contour line on the topographic
map of 1/50,000 scale as shown in Figure 2.4.2b If the depth of the
first concave is greater than the span of grouped contour lines, then
this concaved portion should be considered as the first degree valley,
and hillside or vice versa.

23
 Figure 2.4.2b: JUDGEMENT ON FIRST DEGREE VALLEY

2.4.3 Head Waters Collapse Survey

1) Sediment Volume in Collapsed Area

In the headwaters, it is required to survey the collapse on the hillside, the

stream bank, the watershed and the stream (steep stream) beds of first
degree valleys.

For all of the collapsed area in the basin, it is required to survey the
situations and the figures related to the sediment yield by means of
reconnaissance and measurement with or without aerial photographs.
Estimate the remaining volume of collapsed soil and the expected volume
of sediment yield due to collapse in the future.

Sediment supply point from collapsed land to river course should be

expressed by the river course distance. However, if the sediment supply
point is located in the first degree valley, then the downstream end of the
first degree valley should be used as the sediment supply point.

To perform reconnaissance survey and measurement on steep slopes,

use simple devices such as pocket compasses, hand levels, ropes,
clinometers, etc. Use of aerial photographs must be checked with actual
measurement at least one place in a branch of streams. Survey items
should be as those listed and the results should be compiled as shown in
Table 2.4.3.

a) Sediment supply point

An example is shown in Figure 2.4.3a, in which the river course

distance is 16.0 km for the collapsed land A and B, 15.5 km for C
and 15.25 km for D.

24
 C
B
D
(2nd degree valley)

(2nd degree valley)

15.25km 15.5km 15.75km 16.0km
15.0km
A

Figure 2.4.3a: INDICATION OF SEDIMENT SUPPLY POINTS

Table 2.4.3 SURVEY FORM OF PRESENT SITUATIONS OF COLLAPSES

b) Measurement

i Establishing original slope

Initially, the original slope prior to collapse should be presumed

and established (see to Figure 2.4.3b). It is advisable to have
many longitudinal and transverse lines on the collapsed
surface of drawing to have more accurate work. Then connect
the shape of slope to the collapsed land.

25
 Head portion
Original slope

Collapsed surface

Collapsed earth

Remainder of collapsed soil

Figure 2.4.3b: ESTABLISHING ORIGINAL SLOPE

ii. Mean width, mean length, area and mean depth.

Mean width and mean length should be expressed by the

mean length between intersections between original slope and
collapsed surface. Area is a portion formed by lines connected
between these intersections, and the mean depth is the mean
of depth from the original slope to collapsed surface. These
should be separately calculated for both the collapsed soil and
the remaining soil.

c) Collapsed soil volume, remaining soil volume and sediment

discharge

(A) - (B) = Sediment discharge

d) Expected sediment yield due to collapse future expansion

By referring to Table 2.4.3 and examining the actual site, assume

the expansion of the collapse in the future and estimate the
sediment volume to be produced due to expansion of collapse.

e) Others

Table 2.4.3 is useful for qualitatively estimating sediment volume in

collapsed area.

26
 i Geology

The stratum which caused the collapse should be surveyed

and classified into (i) colluvial deposit, (ii) surface soils, (iii)
weathered remaining soil, and (iv) rock. The remaining soil was
weathered from bedrock, and the kind of the bedrock should
be also indicated for (iii) and (iv).

ii Shapes

Shape should be simply expressed as semi-circle shape, tree

leaf shape, spoon shape, etc.

semi-circle
tree leaf shape spoon shape crescent shape

Figure 2.4.3 d SH APE OF COLL APSE

2) Volume of Sediment Deposited on Stream Bed in First Degree Valley

The volume of sediment deposited on stream bed in the first degree

valley from confluence to the point of spring water during ordinary time
should be determined.

The volume of sediment deposited on stream bed in the first degree

valley should be calculated at the end of the first degree valley, and its
location is expressed by the river course distance.

Method of survey should follow the volume of sediment deposited on

the stream bed (see Section 2.4.4.3).

2.4.4 Stream Survey

1) Range and Survey Points

Range of surveys should be from the control point to the upstream

end of second degree valley in the main stream and branch of stream.
Fixed survey points should be provided within the survey range in
order to clearly indicate the survey points expressing the shape and
characteristics of river courses.

Interval of the fixed survey points should be in multiples of 50 m and

approximately 2 times the width of valley but never greater than 4
times the width of valley. The survey point should be cumulative
distance along the longitudinal line of river course. Base point for the
cumulative distance can be the control point of the erosion and

27
 sediment control plan but, if there is river distance mark nearby, it is
desired to make a connection to the mark. For the branch of stream, it
should be indicated as a branch.

The fixed survey point is not only the coordinates along the
longitudinal line of river course but also expresses the location of
cross-sectional survey, so that a pair of survey points should be
established using concrete piles or steel stakes on both the banks
which are sufficiently strong. The positional relation between the
survey points should be clarified by triangulation or the like.

2) Width of Valley and Gradient of Stream Bed

Width of valley and gradient of stream bed should be measured at the

fixed survey points, and the results should be plotted in connection to
the cumulative distance (hereinafter called the river course distance)
along the longitudinal line of river course in the form of graph showing
the changes in width of valley and stream bed gradient.

Width of valley should be the distance between natural ground at the

present height of stream bed as a rule. However, if a terrace is
formed, the volume of runoff from a 100-year probability rainfall should
be estimated at that cross section, and any terrace higher than the
water level determined on the basis of uniform flow calculations
should be considered as natural ground. Stream bed gradient should
be calculated from mean river bed height.

An example of the graph showing changes in valley width and stream

bed gradient is shown in Figure 2.4.4a .

Figure 2.4.4a: GRAPH SHOWING CHANGES IN WIDTH OF VALLEY AND

STREAM BED GRADIENT

28
3) Volume of Sediment Deposited on Stream Bed

The following steps are required

a) find the depth of sediment deposited on stream beds at each

survey point,

b) calculate the volume of sediment deposited on stream bed

between the survey points and

c) plot the results related to river course distance in the form of graph
showing the volume of sediment deposited on stream bed. (See
Figure 2.4.4b).

Graphs showing the volume of sediment deposited on stream bed can

provide information on the quantity and location of the deposition of
sediment on stream bed.

Depth of deposit can be estimated based on the observation of bed

excavation section for dam or scour section in surrounding areas, and
the depth of bed rocks in stream bed. It can be judged based on
borings.

Figure 2.4.4b: GRAPH SHOWING THE VOLUME OF

SEDIMENT DEPOSITED ON STREAM BED.

From the above graph and the results of field reconnaissance, the
deposition zone and flowing-through zone can be classified. The
classification should be made with reference to the valley width and
stream bed gradient graph of in Section 2.4.4.2)

4) Judging the Forms of Discharge

It is required to observe and measure the shape and section of

sediment deposition areas on the stream bed in order to determine
whether the deposition is formed by bedload transport or debris flow.
Then, the results should be plotted related to river course distance,
and the areas should be classified into the bedload transport zones

29
 where the sediment is transported mainly in the state of bedload
transport and debris flow zones, where the accumulated sediment is
transported mainly by debris flow.

There are several shapes such as transversal shape and longitudinal

shape of sediment deposition areas on stream bed as shown in Figure
2.4.4c.

Figure 2.4.4c: CLASSIFICATION BY SHAPE OF SEDIMENT IN

DEPOSITION AREA

Also, if the sections of deposition areas are observed in view of the

arrangement of size of deposited sediment, the areas can be
classified into bedload transport zone where the layer structure is
recognized and into debris flow zone where the sediment is deposited
at random (refer to Figure 2.4.4d).

Figure 2.4.4d: CLASSFICATION BY SECTION OF ARRANGEMENT OF

SIZE OF MATERIAL SZE IN DEPOSITION AREA

30
2.4.5 Fluctuation Survey

Estimate of Sediment Discharge Based on Actual Measurement

Dams are located at that point where the expected sediment volume and
sediment discharge are estimated and determined. Ideally, in a dam not yet
filled up by the sediment, both the 1-flood sediment discharge and the mean
sediment can be determined. This condition is the most desirable for
estimating the sediment discharge.

Fluctuations（ Sediment Volume Flowed into Dams）

The deposited sediment should be measured in two occasions (before and

after the sediment flow) at a dam located at the highest portion in the
watershed where the sediment volume is to be determined. The difference in
the measured results should be used as the sediment volume that flowed into
the dam, which is the sediment discharge volume within the period between
two seasons.

The range of the measurement include the dam reservoir and the river course
connected to the reservoir.

In case of dam not filled up with sediment, 1-flood sediment discharge can be
determined as long as the surveys are conducted before and after a flood.
The mean sediment discharge can be determined by several annual surveys
and averaged results. However, it may be very difficult to find a dam reservoir
which can meet the requirements.

31
Chapter 3 RIVER SYSTEM EROSION AND SEDIMENT
MANAGEMENT PLAN

3.1 GENERAL PROVISION

A river system erosion and sediment management plan should be established

for the purpose of securing the flood control and water utilization functions of
the river. It also aims the conservation of the environment through prevention
and mitigation of sediment disasters by controlling the hazardous sediment
into the river system from the mountainside, where sediments are produced,
then to streams and eventually to the river.

In the river system erosion and sediment management plan, a sediment

management plan for rational and effective management of hazardous
sediment should be designed based on the design sediment discharge, etc.

In river systems where problems related to sediment movement are evident,

the plan should be established by taking into consideration the promotion of
comprehensive sediment management.

In designing a river system erosion and sediment management plan, three

elements are needed: 1) sediment discharge, 2) sediment quality (grain size),
and 3) the time scale of sediment movement.

A conceptual diagram of sediment movement in a river system erosion and

sediment management plan formed around these elements is shown in
Figure 3.1. Since a river system erosion and sediment management plan
must be based on an understanding of the processes occurring within the
system. For data gathering and accumulation, it is necessary to conduct
sediment monitoring.

The time scales for sediment movement should be categorized into short-
term, medium-term, and long-term. Sediment movement phenomena should
be determined for each of these periods.

As a guide, the short-term period should be determined from the duration of a

series of rainfall events that cause the design-scale phenomenon. The
medium-term period should be between few years and several decades,
considered to be the period for the sediment produced by short-term rainfall
events, the start of the movement and its affect to the surrounding
environment. The long-term period should be set between a few and several
decades or longer covering the short-term and the medium-term periods.

32
 One to A few years to several
severaldays decades Extent of centenarian
(Design duration of (Period that the sediment
Time scale rainfall) discharge and the fluctuation (Return period of the design rainfall)
of the riverbed at the
reference point for the sabo
plan turn to steady state with
in the tolerance range)

Short term Medium term

Time span
Long term

Limit rainfall of collapse

Rainfall

Unstable
Sediment yield of sediment is
unstable sediment not yielded
newly
significantly
Sediment Sediment discharge to
discharge be controlled Sediments to be delayed and leveled
to be Sediment discharge to be olelayed and leveled
Sediment
controlled
Discharge
Sediment
amount
by the
classes of Riverbed fluctuation of
Fluctuation natural river channel
grain size to be Fluctuation to be regulated and leveled
Riverbed controlled
fluctuation

Sediment yield and

Sediment
Sediment discharge
Yield
yieldfrom
frow
Conutermeasures Sediment yield and discharge to be
Large Scale for sediment yield regulated to the ordinary scale
large scale field
Collapse
collapse

Figure 3.1 Conceptual Diagram of Sabo Plan for the Whole River System

33
3.2 PROCEDURE IN RIVER SYSTEM EROSION AND SEDIMENT
MANAGEMENT PLAN

The procedure in river system erosion and sediment management plan shall
be as follows:

1 Design scale (See Section 3.3)

2 Control point (See Section 3.4)

3 Calculation of design sediment discharge volume

(See Section 3.5)
1 Design sediment yield
2 Design sediment volume
3 Design allowable sediment volume
4 Design excess sediment

4 Calculation of manageable sediment volume

(See Section 3.6)
1 Sediment yield reduction
2 Sediment volume reduction
3 Sediment volume control

5 Determination of Sabo facilities (ex:Sabo dam) to manage

the design excess sediment.

6 Determination of the height of Sabo ( See Section 3.7)

7 Econom ic evaluations (Ref er to

Manual on Planning of Flood Control
Structures)

8 Environment impact assessments ( Ref er to Manual on

Planning of Flood Control Structures)

Figure 3.2 PROCEDURE OF THE RIVER SYSTEM AND SEDIMENT

MANAGEMENT PLAN

34
3.3 DESIGN SCALE

Design scale of a river system erosion and sediment management plan shall
generally be determined from evaluation of the probability of the design
rainfall exceeding the annual precipitation. Take into consideration various
factors such as the occurrences of sediment movement phenomena, past
disasters in each river system, the importance of the planning area, and
project benefits, etc.

The design rainfall is determined by three elements: rainfall amount, temporal

distribution, and spatial distribution. The design scale of sediment discharge
by bed load transport should be determined in accordance with the design
scale of the downstream flood control plan. The scale of the plan shall be
determined on the 10 – 30 year return period in the Philippines in
consideration of various factors in the downstream.

3.4 DESIGN CONTROL POINS AT THE TARGET DESIGN AREA

Design control points are points where targets for sediment volume are set.
The points are set in the lowest reach of the target design area, at locations
associated with river planning, in upper reaches of the areas to be protected,
and in the lowest reach of areas where sediment is likely to be yielded,
among others. Design control points are located where regional
characteristics are well reflected, to clarify the purpose of the river system
erosion and sediment management plan, and ensure the consistency of the
erosion and sediment management within the entire planning area of the river
system.

Secondary reference points are to be set if necessary where there is a

change in sediment movement pattern, or at a confluence of the main stream
and a tributary. Secondary reference points should be set at more than one
location if necessary.

Large-scale collapse

Erosion of Proposed Control Point II-I

Stream bed
and Bank Proposed Control Point II
Proposed Control Point I Remaining Drainage Area

Proposed Control Point II-2

Hillside Collapse

Figure 3.4 Design Control Points

3.5 SEDIMENT DISCHARGE VOLUME

3.5.1 Design Sediment Yield (Vy)

The design sediment yield includes newly eroded sediment from

mountainside or riverside collapse, sediment from the expected expansion of

35
old collapses and residual sediment from old collapses likely to be discharged
at the time of collapse occurrence. The design sediment yield shall be
determined based on the survey of the present condition of the study area,
the data of past disasters and of similar area.

The design sediment yield shall be calculated from the upper reaches of each
proposed control point according to the mode of sediment yield by
investigating the condition of the area where sediments originated, and with
basic considerations on the following:

A situation where no structures for reduction of sediment production

exist in the area; and

If any great changes occur in the condition of the basin, revision of the
design sediment yield shall be made.

3.5.2 Design Sediment Volume (Vd)

The design sediment volume is the basic sediment discharge volume to make
a river system erosion and sediment management plan. It is the part of the
design sediment yield transported by tractive force of debris flow or runoff
from design rainfall which reaches the design control points. It is determined
in consideration of past sediment discharges, the topography of the basin, the
storage capacity of the river channel, etc.

When computing the tractive force, it is desirable to use the runoff discharge
calculated in consideration of the characteristics of mountain streams.

When calculating design sediment volume, the sediment transport formula

should be used.

1) Sediment Transport Formula: The sediment is generally transported

as bed load, suspended load and washed load. Formulas were
developed for each sediment transport type. The formulas commonly
used in Japan listed below may be applied to Philippines since the
topographic and geological conditions are relatively similar.

a) Bed load formula:

Sato-Kikkawa-Ashida‘s formula
Einstein‘s Formula
Ashida-Michiue‘s formula
Kalinske-Brown‘s formula
Meyer-Peter and Müller's formula

b) Suspended load formula:

Lane-Kalinske‘s formula
Einstein‘s Formula

c) Total sediment load formula:

Laursen‘s Formula

36
 2) Estimation by Bed Load Formula: For the estimation of design
sediment volume, the bed load formula is applied in steep slope
channel. Considering the selection of formula, simple and theoretically
concise formula with little adjustment terms and diagrams is
convenient to apply. Meyer-Peter and Müller‗s formula (1948) which
was proposed on basis of flume tests is one of the oldest and is still
now utilized. Therefore, Meyer-Peter and Müller‘s formula is
recommended.

Where:

qb : non-dimensional bed load transport rate

: non-dimensional bed shear stress.

2
u b /
( )
( / 1) gd ( / 1) gd equation 3.5.2a

u b / ( gh sin )
equation 3.5.2b

u : shear velocity

σ/ρ: Ratio of densities of bed material and water (=2.65)

g: Acceleration of gravity (= 9.80 m/s2)

d: Grain diameter of bed material (m)

3.5.3 Design Allowable Sediment Volume (Va)

The design allowable sediment volume means the harmless sediments

transported from the proposed control point to the river downstream and shall
be determined based on the present condition of the waterway and the
channel plan, the tractive force of the river flow and the grain size of the
sediment.

In a bed load area, which has multiple proposed control points, the design
allowable sediment volume shall conform with the upper and lower reaches.

Va = Vd equation 3.5.3

W here:

Va= Design allowable sediment volume (m3)

Vd= Design sediment volume (m3)

β= Ratio of the design allowable sediment volume to the design

sediment volume about 5% ~ 10%; ordinarily 10% is used.

However, the value to be used depends on the present condition in the area
and future plans of the waterway downstream.

37
3.5.4 Design Excess Sediment (Ve)

Design excess sediment refers to the volume of sediment, which constitutes

the object of the plan for sediment management, and shall be determined for
each control point by deducting the design allowable sediment volume from
the design sediment volume.

Ve= Vd – Va =(1-β) Vd equation 3.5.4

Where:

Ve = Design excess sediment (m3)

Vd = Design sediment volume (m3)

Va = Allowable sediment volume (m3)

β = Ratio of the design allowable sediment volume to the design

sediment volume, about between 5% ~ 10%; ordinarily 10% is
used.

3.6 SEDIMENT MANAGEABLE VOLUME

The river system erosion and sediment management plan is formulated

practically and effectively to manage the design excess sediment (Ve), which
is the object of sediment management planning.

The sediment management planning shall consider the volume of

manageable sediments which include the following:

Design sediment yield reduction (Vyr)

Design sediment reduction volume (Vr)
Design sediment control volume (Vc)

Vm = Vyr (1 – ) + Vr + Vc equation 3.6

W here:

Vm = Volume of manageable sediments (m3)

Vyr = Design sediment yield reduction volume (m3)
= Ratio of volume of sediments that remains on the riverbed to the
volume of sediment yield
Vr= Design sediment reduction volume (m3)
Vc= Design sediment control volume (m3)

The design sediment yield reduction volume and the design sediment
reduction volume will banish after the sediment fill-up to the design sediment
line. Therefore, if maintenance work for sediment removal is not planned, the
manageable sediment volume shall be equal to the design sediment control
volume.

38
3.6.1 Sediment Yield Reduction Planning

The sediment yield reduction planning is undertaken to reduce the collapse of

slope, landslide and erosion of the riverbed and bank due to rainfall, etc., in
order to:

Restrain the sediment source from devastation

Prevent the occurrence of new devastation and

Reduce the production of harmful sediment.

In formulating this plan, the design sediment-yield reduction volume shall be

effectively allocated to the Sabo dam and the hillside works, taking into
consideration the condition of the modes of sediment production, the runoff of
sediment and the area to be protected.

The plan of structures based on the sediment-yield reduction planning shall

be formulated at the mountainous area, which is the primary production
source of sediment; and the stream, which is the secondary production
source.

The amount of the sediment to be reduced by Sabo structures shall be

determined from the scale of the structures, topography, geology, condition of
vegetation, and stability of ground.

3.6.2 Sediment Volume Reduction Planning

Sediment volume reduction (Vr) planning is undertaken to reduce sediment

runoff by storing sediments by means of Sabo structures. In formulating this
plan, the design sediment reduction volume shall be effectively allocated to
the design sediment storage capacities of the Sabo dam and sand catching
works, taking into consideration the following:

The runoff mode of sediment

Area to be protected

Topography

Slope of the riverbed

Design excess sediment and its grain sizes

Degree of devastation of the stream

Capacity of Sabo structures to trap sediments

3.6.3 Sediment Volume Control Planning

Sediment volume control (Vc) planning is undertaken to temporarily store the

excess sediment volume in the upstream pocket of the Sabo structures and
later discharge safely and control the grain size of sediment discharged.

39
In formulating the sediment volume control plan, the mode, the volume and
the grain size of runoff sediment, the present condition of the stream, and the
area to be protected shall be considered.

The capacity of the Sabo dam to control sediments shall be determined by

the sediment storage capacity between the stable slopes and the temporary
slope of accumulated sediments. Many attempts have been made to improve
the functions of the Sabo dam by providing opening with slits or appropriate
sizes and positions of drainage pipes.

〔In case of impermeable type SABO Dam〕

Temporary Sedimentation Line

Stable Sedimentation Line

Stable Sedimentation Line

Design Design Design

sediment yield sediment sediment
reduction reduction control volume
volume
Figure 3.6.3 SEDIMENTATION STO R AG E C AP ACI TY

3.7 DETERMINATION OF THE HEIGHT OF SABO DAM

The procedure to determine the height of Sabo dam through calculation of the
total volume of manageable sediments is as follows :

1) Assume the height of Sabo dam in order to calculate the manageable

sediments for the design excess sediments Ve.

2) Draw the stable slope (the slope of ½ of the mean slope of existing
riverbed) bed from the crest opening of Sabo dam for the assumed
height of Sabo dam in the longitudinal profile. This is the
sedimentation line. Measure the length between the site of Sabo dam
and the intersection of the sedimentation line and the original riverbed.

40
 Sta. 0 Sta.
Temporary sedimentation line
(2/3) x I
Sta. 20 Sta. 100 Sta.
I Vc
(2/3) x
Sabo dam
(1/2) x I
Vr Sedimentation line (1/2) x I
I Vyr
H
H = 14.0m
Original riverbed
Riverbed I = Slope of original riverbed

Sta. 20 Sta. 100 Sta.

Sta. 0 Sta.

Figure 3.7a THE SEDIMENTATION LINE B ASED ON THE

LONGITUDI N AL PROFILE

3) Draw the sedimentation line on the longitudinal profile of the cross

sections.

Sta. 0 Level of sedimentation line

Vr

Vyr

Figure 3.7b CALCULATION of Vr and Vyr

4) Measure the area Vyr and Vr of each cross section using a planimeter.

Identify Vyr of each cross section based on Vr. Vyr is the area of the
hillside and riverbed that is protected from erosion of debris flow by Vr
of each cross section. Then measure the area of Vyr and Vr of each
cross section using a planimeter.

5) Calculate the volume of Vyr and Vr using each cross- sectional area
and the intervals between each section.

6) Calculate Vc, which is the amount of sediments between the stable

slope and temporary slope (the line of 2/3 of the mean slope of
existing riverbed).

41
 Calculate F (F=Vm/Ve). If F is not larger than 1.0, assume another
height of Sabo dam; calculate Vr, Vyr and Vc again until F approaches
1.0.

7) Decide the effective height of Sabo dam for the design excess
sediments at the proposed control points

The effective height of Sabo dam is the height determined by trial and error.

Sample Exercise

Basic Assumptions:

1) The bed slope of sediment when the Sabo dam fully stores the
sediment is assumed to be 1/2 of the original riverbed slope.

2) Temporary bed slope of sediment is assumed to be 2/3 of the original

riverbed slope.

Based on the basic assumptions, geometric relations of height and

sedimentation yard of the Sabo dam are shown in Figure 3.7c. According to
the geometric relations, major dimensions of sediment yard are expressed as
follows in relation with the original river bed slope (I=1/n) and proposed dam
height above the riverbed (Hd):

1) For sediment storage:

Length of sediment storage yard (Ls): Ls = 2･n･Hd
Volume of sediment storage (Vs): Vs = n･Hd2･B
2) For sediment control:
Length of sediment storage yard(Lc): Lc = 3･n･Hd
Volume of sediment control(Vc): Vc = 0.5･n･Hd2･B

Upper end of I = 1/n

sediment E
Upper end of
Sediment Storage Ic =(2/3)I
Is = (1/2)I
Sabo Dam D 3Hd
A
2Hd
I = 1/n Hd

B L=nHd
Ls=2n Distance

Lc = 3nHd

Figure 3.7c Geometric Relations of Sedimentation of

Sabo Dam
Notes:
H: Height of Sabo dam above original riverbed

42
 I : Slope of original riverbed (I = 1/n)
Is: Slope of sediment storage by Sabo dam (Stable Slope)
Ic: Slope of sediment control by Sabo dam (temporary temporary
slope)

Fundament al Assumpt ions:

1) Slope of sediment storage due to dam (Is) is 1/2 of the original slope,
i.e., Is = (1/2) x I = 1/2n
2) Slope of sediment control by dam (Ic: temporary sedimentation line) is
2/3 of the original slope, i.e., Ic = (2/3) x I = 2/3n

Unit width Sedimentation Volume:

1) Sediment storage volume (As: ABD):As = n･Hd2 or Hd = (As / n)0.5

= (Vs/B/n)0.5, where B: Channel width
2) Sediment control volume (Ac: ADE): Ac = 0.5 n･Hd2 or Hd =
(Ac /0.5 n)0.5 = (Vc/B/0.5n)0.5

3.8 ECONOMIC EVALUATION, ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT

ASSESSMENT AND RESETTLEMENT ACTION PLAN

Economic Evaluation, Environmental Impact Assessment, and Resettlement

Action Plan are discussed in Chapter 9, 10 of the Technical Standards and
Guidelines for Planning of Flood Control Structures, respectively.

43
Chapter 4 DEBRIS FLOW CONTROL PLAN

4.1 GENERAL PROVISIONS

The purpose of a debris flow control plan is to protect people‘s lives, property,
and public facilities from debris flows

Debris flow is a natural phenomenon involving fluidized flow of soil, rocks,

vegetation, etc. produced from hillside failure, usually along the sides of
mountain streams, with the flow tending to be concentrated within the stream
course where additional material may be recruited to the flowing mass from
the stream bed or sides.

Disasters caused by debris flows are divided into two categories: 1) disasters
caused by a direct hit from a debris flow; and 2) disasters caused by flooding
following the debris flow, etc.

Disasters associated with direct hit from debris flows are caused by boulders,
which travel at the tip of the flow, directly colliding with man-made structures,
including houses. Disasters caused by flooding from the flows succeeding
debris flows occur from the accumulation of floodwaters behind the tip of the
debris flow.

An example of a typical discharge pattern of a large-scale debris flow is

shown in Fig 4.1.

Figure 4.1 Conceptual Diagram of Debris Flow Flooding

44
4.2 PROCEDURE IN DEBRIS FLOW CONTROL PLAN

The procedure in debris flow control plan shall follow the one in the river
system erosion and sediment management plan.(see Section 3.2)

4.3 DESIGN SCALE

The design scale of a debris flow control plan should be determined by taking
into account various factors, such as the characteristics of the basin, the
benefits of the project, etc. It is generally determined by evaluating the
probable sediment discharge volume calculated by the return period of the
design rainfall.

It is necessary to determine the scale of sediment movement that could be

anticipated from a debris flow caused by that rainfall.

In mountain streams where debris flows occur frequently, the design scale
may be determined from data on previous debris flows.

Since the behavior of debris flows caused by large-scale failure and

landslides are not necessarily correlated with rainfall, it is necessary to set the
design scale with reference to actual values associated with past debris flows
in similar geography and geology in neighboring areas and other data.

4.4 DESIGN CONTROL POINT

The design control point is the point at which the sediment volume for the
debris flow control plan is determined. Generally the design control points
should be established upstream of area to be protected. When it is necessary
to grasp the state of sediment movement at points where the sediment
movement pattern changes, auxiliary reference points should be established.

When a facility is installed in the debris flow accumulation area, the design
control point should be set at the downstream of the facility.

4.5 DESIGN SEDIMENT VOLUME

4.5.1 Sediment discharge calculation method

The sediment discharge shall be comprehensively determined based on

topographical maps and records of past debris flows. In principle, the
sediment discharge shall be the smaller of two values: the movable sediment
discharge Vdy1 in the river basin and the sediment transportable Vdy2 by ―the
design debris flow scale‖.

Planned sediment runoff is calculated based on the results of surveys of

collapsed ground in the water resource regions and surveys of streams. But,
in a case where there are measured values of sediment discharge, it shall be
considered in the calculation.

4.5.2 Movable sediment in the river basin ( Vdy1 )

Vdy1 Vdy11 Vdy12 equation 4.5.2a

Vdy11 Ady11 Ldy11 equation 4.5.2b

45
Ady11 Bd De equation 4.5.2c
Where,

Vdy1 : movable sediment in the river basin (m3),

Vdy11 : movable stream bed deposited sediment in the section from the
point where the sediment discharge is to be calculated, (the design
reference point or a supplementary point) to the furthest upstream
point of the primary valley (m3),
Vdy12 : collapsible soil (m3),
Ady11 : average section area of the movable stream bed deposited
sediment (m2),
Ldy11 : distance measured along the stream from the point where the
sediment discharge is to be calculated, (the design reference point
or a supplementary point) to the furthest upstream point of the
primary valley (m),
Bd : average stream bed width where erosion will occur during sediment
discharge (m),
De : average depth of the stream bed deposited sediment where erosion
will occur during sediment discharge (m).

Bd and De are estimated with reference to the field survey and the state
(change of time) of scouring by a debris flow in nearby streams (steep
streams). In the case where Bd and De are estimated based on a field
survey, this is done by, as shown in Figure 4.5.2b, categorizing it as
mountainside and as stream bed sediment with reference to the change
of the angle of the stream bed slope in the stream section and the
difference between the precursor species growing on top of the debris
flow deposits and the types of trees grown on mountain slopes in
mountainous land.

De is estimated not only considering the section shape in Figure 4.5.2b,

but also by surveying exposed rock on the upstream and downstream
stream bed to consider the longitudinal continuity of the foundation rock.
Figure 4.5.2c shows an example of a past debris flow disaster as a
reference for De .

46
 y) de
lle si
va tain
(0 oun
-

M
Mountainside
(0 valley)
Ldy11

e
- sid
Ldy11 t ain )
un ley
Mo val
- (0
side
Ldy11 Mountain
(0 valle y)

Farthest Upstream Point of

the Primary Valley

Reference Point
Ldy11
Primary Valley

Ldy11 Steep Stream Length

0 valley, mountainside

Figure 4.5.2a Image of Steep Stream Ldy11

Mountainside
Trees grown in
mountain land
Frequency

Precursor Frequency
species Cumulative %

Stream bed Exposedshrubs,

deposited rock grasses
sediment
Exposed
rock

Section where sediment is deposited

on the stream bed Average depth (m)
Figure 4.5.2b Erosion width/depth
measurement methods Figure 4.5.2c Average Erosion Depth
Distribution

The collapsible sediment ( Vdy12 ) is calculated using an equation that includes

the collapse of the 0th valley

Vdy12 ＝ Ady12 Ldy12 equation 4.5.2d

47
 Ady12 Bd De equation 4.5.2e

Where,

Ady12 : average section area of the movable stream bed

deposited sediment in the 0th valley (m2),

Ldy12 : distance measured along the flow route from the

point where the discharge sediment is calculated to
the highest end of the 0th valley (m).

Ldy12

Ldy12

Ldy12

Ldy12

Upstream end of primary valley

Reference Point

0 valley
more than 1st degree valley
Ldy12 Steep Stream Length at 0 valley

Figure 4.5.2d Image of Ldy12

Vdy 2
4.5.3 Transportable Sediment（ ）

The sediment that can be transported by the design annual rainfall is

calculated by obtaining the total water quantity as the product of the rainfall
with the design annual exceedance probability (Pp(mm)) and the river basin
area (A(km2)), then dividing this product by the debris flow density (Cd). The
runoff correction factor ( K f 2 ) is considered at this time.

103 Pp A Cd
Vdy 2 Kf2 equation 4.5.3
1 Kv 1 Cd

Where

Cd is calculated with reference to the Standard

48
 Pp is determined by studying the region‘s rainfall characteristics
and disaster characteristics. And generally, 24-hour
rainfall is used.

Kv is the void ratio that is about 0.4.

Kf2 is the runoff correction factor and it is applied to the river

basin area based on Figure 4.5.3 And

Kf2 has 0.5 as its upper limit and 0.1 as its lower limit.

0.6
Runoff correction factor Kf 2

0.5
2
Kf2 0.05 log A 2.0 0.05

流 0.4
出
補 0.3
正
率 0.2
K f 20.1

0.0
0.01 0.1 1 2
10
Drainage basin area A (km )
2
流域面積　
Figure 4.5.3 A　(km ) Factor
Runoff Correction

If there are remarkable changes in the basin due to natural factors such as
new slope failure, debris flow occurrence, destabilization of slopes as a result
of earthquake, etc., or due to human factors such as land development, then
the design sediment volume are necessary to be reviewed. The design
discharge shall be determined by comparing movable sediment and
transportable sediment.

4.6 COUNTERMEASURE OF DEBRIS FLOW

A debris flow control plan aims to prevent or mitigate disasters caused by

debris flows. It consists of integrated comprehensive measures incorporating
structural measures for suppressing debris flow occurrence and controlling
discharge (such as construction and improvement of erosion and sediment
management facilities, etc.) and non-structural measures (such as
establishment of a warning and evacuation system, land use control, etc.).

The same structural measures such as construction and improvement of

erosion and sediment management facilities are planned. They should be
designed to effectively prevent debris flow occurrence and control discharge.

49
On the other hand, it is necessary to have non-structural measures to prevent
loss of lives and damages by establishing information, warning and
evacuation system, control of land use, etc.

In the course of developing a debris flow control measure, the design

sediment volume should be determined in accordance with Section 3.5, and a
sediment management plan should be designed in accordance with Section
3.6.

4.7 SAMPLE EXERCISE

4.7.1 Design Discharge Calculation for Debris Flow

Given data and formula

A(km2) Kv Pp(mm/24h)
0.12 0.4 406.6
σ ρ Φ θ
2600 1200 35 12.8

1) Movable Sediment

0 valley
L = 180 m, W = 3.0
m, D = 0.5 m
Control Point 2

1st valley
L = 450 m, W = 5.0
m, D =1.0 m

0 valley

L = 260 m, W = 3.0
m, D = 0.5 m Control Point 3

Control Point 1

Figure 4.7.1 Given Data and Location

50
 Vdy1=Vdy11+Vdy12
Vdy11= Ady11 x Ldy11, Ady11=Bd*De, Vdy12=Σ（Ady12 x Ldy12）
Vdy2=(1000*Pp*A)/(1-Kv)*(Cd/(1-Cd))*Kf2

Point Degree Length Width Depth Ady11 Vdy11

of valley
Design control 1 450 5.0 1.0 5 2,250
point 1
Point Degree Length Width Depth Ady12 Vdy12
of valley
Design control 0 180 3.0 0.5 1.5 270
point 2
Design control 0 180 3.0 0.5 1.5 390
point 3
Sub-Total 660
Vdy1 (Total) 2,290

2) Transportable Sediment

p A Kv Cd Kf2 Vdy2
mm/24h km2
406.6 0.12 0.4 0.41 0.48 27,125
Cd σ ρ Φ θ
0.41 2600 1200 35 12.8
Kf2 A
0.48 0.12

Vdy1 Vdy2 Vd
2,910 27,125 2,910
(Smaller value)

51
Chapter 5 DESIGN OF SABO DAM

5.1 GENERAL PROVISIONS

Sabo dam shall be designed with the necessary function and stability based
on the Sabo master plan.

The design of Sabo Dam shall be categorized into 2 types. One is the river
system erosion and sediment management plan and another is the debris
flow control plan.

Since there are some differences between the two, such as the design
external forces, design discharge, and design sediment size, sabo dam shall
be designed according to its purpose.

5.2 DESIGN OF SABO DAM FOR RIVER SYSTEM EROSION AND

SEDIMENT MANAGEMENT

This design of sabo dam is particularly in river system erosion and sediment
management plan, as a countermeasure against gradual sediment
aggradations. Gravity Type Sabo Dam is discussed in this chapter in
particular.

Concrete, rubble concrete or stone masonry are commonly used as materials

for the construction of sabo dams. Appropriate strengthening works based on
actual research shall be provided when Sabo dams of gabion type are
designed.

52
1) Design procedure

The design procedure shall be as follows:

Detailed Survey for Design

Topographic survey (S = 1:500 1:1,000)
(with contour interval of 1m)
Cross-section survey (S = 1:100 1:200)
Longitudinal profile survey (Vertical S = 1:100
1:200, Horizontal S = 1:500 1:1,000)

1. Calculation of Design discharge

scharge
2. Design of crest opening

3. Stability analysis of main body body

4. Design of foundation

5. Design of wing

6. Design of appurtenances

7. Design of front protection works

Flowchart 5.2 DESIGN PROCEDURE OF SABO DAM

53
2) Components of Sabo Dam

Sabo Dam mainly consists of main dam, sub-sabo dam (or vertical wall), side
wall, and apron.

Front face slope Main dam

Width
Wing of Sab Shoulder of Opening Back face slope
o dam
Crest
openin
g Crest wing Sub-Sabo dam
Drainage pipe

Apron
Toe Backfill
Side wall
Apron Heel
Revetment
Wing Wing
rk

Height of dam
wo
on
cti
ote Revetment protection
Vertical wall
t pr
Sub-Sabo dam on
Fr

Dam body

Figure 5.2 COMPONENTS OF SABO DAM

5.2.1 Design Discharge

Design discharge should be determined from the rainfall of 100 years return
period or the maximum rainfall in past records, whichever is larger.

The design discharge of Sabo dam is the necessary discharge for the design
of Sabo dam opening.

The design discharge of Sabo dam shall be decided by considering the ratio
of sediment concentration α.

Q = Q‘ ( 1 + α )……………………...equation 5.2.1a

1
Q‘ = c i A. ……..……....… equation 5.2.1b
3 .6
Where:

Q = Design flood discharge including sediment (m3 / s)

Q‘= Peak flood discharge calculated by Rational formula (m3/s)

α = The ratio of sediment concentration (ordinarily used is 10%)

c = Runoff coefficient

i = Mean rainfall intensity during the flood concentration (mm/h)

A = Basin area (km2)

54
 Table 5.2.1 Runoff Coefficient Used in the Philippines

SURFACE CHARACTERISTICS RUNOFF

COEFFICIENT
Lawn, gardens meadows and cultivated lands 0.05-0.25
Parks, open spaces including unpaved surfaces
and vacant lots 0.20-0.30
Suburban districts with few building 0.25-0.35
Residential districts not densely built 0.30-0.55
Residential districts densely built 0.50-0.75
For watershed having steep gullies and not heavily
timbered 0.55-0.70
For watershed having moderate slope, cultivated and
heavily timbered 0.45-0.55
For suburban areas 0.34-0.45
For agricultural areas 0.15-0.25
Source: Design Guidelines Criteria and Standards, Volume I, MPWH, 1987

5.2.2 Sabo Dam Opening

As a rule, the opening of the sabo dam is designed to be situated at the

center of the present river course. The topography of the upstream and
downstream of the Sabo dam, and its geological features are considered in
the design. The axis of Sabo dam shall be placed at right angles with the
downstream direction of the river.

(Front View)

Main Sabo Dam

Revetment
Sub-Sabo dam

(Plan)

Center

Figure 5.2.2a SELECTION OF AXIS OF SABO DAM

The opening of Sabo dam is trapezoidal in shape following the principles

below:

1) The width of the crest opening (B1) is widened as much as possible in

order to prevent scouring of the dam at the downstream part. The
width of opening (B1) should be at least 3m to allow the flow drift
woods and/or debris.

55
2) The height of the crest opening (Hc) is equal to the sum of the depth of
flood discharge (h1) and the freeboard (h2). (See table 5.2.2)

The height of crest opening is calculated by the following equation.

Hc = h1 + h2……………………...equation 5.2.2a

3) The depth of design of flood discharge (h1) should be less than 3.0 m.

4) The side slope of opening (m2) is usually 0.5.

Table 5.2.2 PROPOSED FREEBOARD OF OPENING

Proposed Discharge Freeboard (m)

Below 200 m3/sec 0.6

200 – 500 m3/sec 0.8

500 m3/sec or above 1.0

B2

h2
:1

h1 Hc
m2

2
m
:1

B1

Figure 5.2.2b CROSS-SECTION OF OPENING

The depth of flood discharge is calculated by the following Trapezoidal

Weir Formula.

2 3/ 2
Q= C 2 g (3B1 2B2 ) h1 ………... equation 5.2.2b
15
Where:

Q = Design flood discharge (m3/s)

C = Coefficient of opening discharge (0.6~0.66). Usually 0.6 is used

56
 g = Acceleration of gravity (9.8 m/s2)
B1= Base width of opening (m) at least 3 m.
B2 = Flow width of water surface (m)
m2 = Side slope of opening
Adopting m2=0.5 and C=0.6, substituting to the above formula,
resulting formula will be;

Q = (0.71h1+1.77B1) h1 3 / 2 …………... equation 5.2.2c

5.2.3 Thickness of Crest

The thickness of the crest opening is determined based on the materials of

riverbed, and the condition of sediment flow.

It is necessary that the thickness of the crest opening is determined in such a

way that it will not be damaged by the impact of sediment discharge and the
abrasion caused by sand and gravel.

The thickness of the crest in the Sabo dam is determined as follows.

Table 5.2.3 THICKNESS OF CREST IN THE SABO DAM

Condition of Sediment Debris flow

Sediment Flow (Sand Gravel) (Cobble,
(River Bed Boulder)
Materials)
Thickness of Crest 1.5~2.5 3.0 ~ 4.0

Front face slope Back face slope

W
1

m:
n:

Figure 5.2.3 THICKNESS OF CREST IN THE SABO DAM

5.2.4 Front Face Slope (Downstream Slope)

Front face slope (downstream slope) of dam is 0.2:1 as a standard, taking

into consideration the impact and the abrasion damage caused by debris
materials.

In case sediment discharge and grain size of debris are small (fine sediment),
the front face slope could be gentle.

57
The back face slope (upstream slope) should be decided through the
following stability analysis.

5.2.5 The Stability Analysis

The stability analysis shall be needed to design the dam body. The procedure
of stability analysis shall be as follows:

Identification of the necessary external forces

Calculation of each external force

Calculation of the moments at the upstream end

Stability Analysis
1. Against overturning and tensile stress.
2. Against sliding.
3. Stability of the dam foundation.

Flowchart 5.2.5 STABILITY ANALYSIS (CONCRETE GRAVITY-

TYPE)

3) External forces

In addition to the dead weight of dam, forces mentioned below should

be considered for stability analysis.

a). Dam height < 15.0 m

Concrete gravity dams: Hydrostatic pressure (P).

b). Dam height 15.0 m

In the extreme cases where sabo dam height of 15 m and more is

needed, the following external forces shall be considered for two
conditions as listed in Table 5.2.5a.

58
 Table 5.2.5a EXTERNAL FORCES IN CASE DAM HEIGHT
IS MORE THAN 15.0 m
Normal Condition Flood Condition
Hydrostatic pressure (P) Hydrostatic pressure
(P)
Earth pressure (Pe) Earth pressure (Pe)
Uplift pressure (U) Uplift pressure (U)
Seismic body pressure (I)
Hydrodynamic pressure (Pd)

2) Calculation of External forces

b1
DURING FLOOD TIME
DFL HWL
PV3 PV2
h3

W2
m:1

hw PH2
1

H Pv1
n:

W3 W1 PH1

Hydrostatic Pressure
nH b1 mH Base Point

Figure 5.2.5a EXTERNAL FORCES FOR SABO DAM

a). Weight of Dam

W = Wc V……………………...equation 5.2.5a

Where:

W = Weight of dam of unit width

Wc = Unit weight of concrete (kN/m3)

V = Volume of typical cross section of unit width (m)

The unit weight of concrete shall be 23.0 (kN/m3) and the unit
weight of rubble concrete or stone masonry shall be also 23.0
(kN/m3) considering the void ratio and the safety of the structure.
However, if actual test for the materials and mix proportion is
conducted, the value obtained from the test shall be used.

b) Hydrostatic pressure

P = W0 hw……………………... equation 5.2.5b

59
 Where:

P = Hydrostatic pressure (kN/m2)

W0 = Unit weight of water (kN/m3)
hw = Water depth (m)

Hydrostatic pressure during flood is measured from the surface of

the crest plus overflow depth. In principle, hydrostatic pressure is
calculated based on W 0 = 9.8 kN/m3 against dam height of more
than 15m, and based on W o = 11.8 kN/m3 against dam height of
less than 15m because earth and uplift pressure are not
considered.

c) Moments at the upstream end (the base point of calculation)

Each moment of design load is as follows:

Table 5.2.5b EXTERNAL FORCES ACTING ON THE SABO DAM

(DURING FLOOD TIME)
Vertical Horizontal Lever Arm (L)
Design Force Calculation Moment
force force (m)
load (kN/m) (1) (t-m)/m
(kN/m) (kN/m) (2)
1 2
W1 Wc m H2 (+) mH (+)
2 3
1
Dead W2 Wc b1 H (+) (m H) + ( b1) (+)
weight 2
(m H) + b1+
1
W3 W c n H2 (+) 1 (+)
2 ( n H)
3
1 1
PV1 W 0 m H2 (+) mH (+)
2 3
1
PV2 W0 m h3 H (+) mH (+)
2
Hydrostatic 1
PV3 W0 b1 h3 (+) (m H) + ( b1) (+)
pressure 2
1 1
PH1 W0 H2 (+) H (+)
2 3
1
PH2 W0 h3 H (+) H (+)
2
Total V H M

d) Stability analysis

i. Stability calculation against overturning and tensile stress.

Normal stress is calculated as follows:

60
 M
= .............................…. equation 5.2.5c
V
V 6e
= (1 ) ……………equation 5.2.5d
b2 b2
Where:

= Length between the point of working resultant force at

dam bottom and upstream end (m)
M = Sum of the overturning moments at the upstream end
(kN-m)
V = Sum of normal force per unit width (kN/m)
H = Sum of shearing force per unit width (kN/m)
b2 = Width of dam body bottom (m)
= Normal stress at the upstream end and downstream
end (kN/m2)
b2
e = Eccentricity (e = )
2

(Downstream side) V (Upstream side)

H Base point of calculation

2 e _
1
2 b2 1

b2

Figure 5.2.5b WORKING FORCE ON TYPICAL CROSS SECTION

For the stability against overturning, the value shall be satisfied

b2 2
b2 ……………. equation 5.2.5e
3 3
ii. Stability Checking Against Bearing Capacity of Ground.

Each normal stress shall be smaller than the allowable bearing

capacity according to the type of material of the ground.

61
 Table 5.2.5c ALLOWABLE BEARING CAPACITY OF FOUNDATION

Rock Sand and Gravel

Classification Allowable bearing Classification Allowable bearing

capacity (kN/m2) capacity (kN/m2)
[t/m2] [t/m2]
Hard Rock 5,880 [600] Conglomerate 588 [60]
Soft Rock 1,176 [120] Gravel 392 [40]
Sandy soil 245 [25
Clay 98 [10]

iii. Stability calculation against sliding

The stability against the contact plane between the dam body
and the foundation shall be examined by the safety factor ,
which should be more than 4.0. The shear friction resistance
and the safety factor are as follows:

fV 
Fs = ……………………... equation 5.2.5f
H
Where:

Fs = Safety factor against sliding (Fs > 4.0)

V = sum of normal force per unit width (kN/m)
H = sum of shearing force per unit width (kN/m)
= Coefficient of internal friction at the contact plane
= Unit shear strength which is the smaller value of
either the foundation or its contact plane with
concrete (kN/m2)
 = Length of shear resistance in embedment (m)
In case the dam height is less than 15m, the safety
value of Fs shall be 4.0 for bedrock, and 1.2 for
sand and gravel. The value of F (1.2) for sand and
gravel foundation shall be calculated to neglect the
shear strength (  ).

62
 Table 5.2.5d SHEAR STRENGTH AND COEFFICIENT OF
INTERNAL FRICTION OF FOUNDATION
Rock Sand and Gravel
Shear Coefficient Shear Coefficient of
Strength of internal Strength internal
Classification Classification
( ) friction ( ) friction
(kN/m2) ( ) (kN/m2) ( )
Hard rock 2.940 1.2 Conglomerat 294 0.7
e
Gravel 10 0.6
Soft rock 588 0.7
Sandy soil 0 0.55
Clay 0 0.45

To explain clearly the above principle, an example of stability analysis of

Sabo dam is shown Section 5.5.

5.2.6 Foundation

In principle, the dam should be located on rock foundation.

1) The depth of embedment (D) should follow the standard values below.

D
D

Bottom of Sabo Dam

Figure 5.2.6a DEPTH OF EMBEDMENT OF FOUNDATION

Table 5.2.6a Depth of Embedment

Ground Materials Minimum Depth of Embedment

Sand and Gravel At least 2 m

Soft rock 2m
Rock
Hard rock 1m

5.2.7 Wing

In principle, the sediment overflow shall be limited to the crest opening. Crest
wing should be safe against the applied external forces.

63
 In case of Bed Load In case of Debris Flow

L = 10 m L=im

Horizontal (1/2)I I Horizontal

Stable Slope of design

sedimentation, (1/2) I

Slope of existing
Streambed, I, = 1/i

Figure 5.2.7a SLOPE OF CREST WING

1) Slope And Length of the Crest Wing

The slope of the crest wing shall be equal to the slope of the existing
streambed (I) in case of debris flow area and it shall be at least equal
to that of the expected streambed design sedimentation line in case of
bed load.

If the crest wing is too long, the length described below shall be used
as slope for crest wing and the rest will be horizontal.

Bed Load Area 10 m

Debris Flow Area Inverse number of slope of crest wing

2). Thickness of the crest wing

The thickness of the crest wing shall be at least or equal to 2m.

The thickness of the crest wing shall be less than the width of open
crest. It shall be decided by taking into consideration the structural
safety.

64
 In special area where it is assumed that the impact of discharge
sediment will occur or the water overflow will be high, the safety
against the shear failure shall be considered. As a countermeasure,
the expansion of thickness or embankment or revetment upstream
shall be included. (See Section 5.2.7c)..

_ 2.0 m
B>
2.0 m

= 5.0 m
H <
:1

m:
m
:1

0.2
:1

1
0.2

2.0 m 3.0 m

Ordinary Sabo Sabo dam w/ heavy

dam sediment discharge

Figure 5.2.7b THICKNESS OF THE CREST WING

Expansion

Revetment
Embankment
Crest
Opening

Crest Wing Crest Wing

Figure 5.2.7c SAMPLE OF COUNTERMEASURES

2) Embedment of the Crest Wing

The crest wing shall be embedded in the bedrock, as safety factor to

the foundation of the dam.

Both wings are expected to be subjected to the impact of forces, such

as overtopping due to excessive flood flow and debris flow that will
eventually cause damage to the crest wing and the dam body due to
scouring.

65
 Provide retaining wall on the upstream and downstream portion of
sabo dam for sand and gravel with steep slope. However, in the case
of rock, concrete shall be provided as filling materials.

a) In case of sand and gravel

For steep ground slope (steeper than 1:1.0) the standard

method of excavation of the crest wing is by benching. The
depth of embedment of the crest wing for sand and gravel is
2.0 to 3.0 meters.

LEVEL
n:1
D.F.L. l1 m:1

m:1
I1

l1 m :
1 h1

l1 m:1

b2
m:1

b1

Figure 5.2.7d EMBEDMENT OF WING (IN CASE OF SAND AND

GRAVEL WITH A SLOPE STEEPER THAN 1:1.0)

Table 5.2.7a : DEPTH AND WIDTH OF EMBANKMENT OF WING

l1 Depth of embedment of wing 2.0 – 3.0 m

b1 Length from the heel of sidewall More than 1.0 m

b2 Length of level portion of bench cut More than 1.0 m

h1 Height of bench cut Maximum 5.0 m

m Gradient of bench cut Maximum 0.6 m

66
 For gentle slope

LEVEL
n :1
D.F.L. l1
m:1

b2
m1:1

b1

Figure 5.2.7e EMBEDMENT OF WING (IN CASE OF SAND AND

GRAVEL WITH A GENTLE MILDER THAN 1:1.0)

Table 5.2.7b DEPTH AND WING

l1 2.0 m – 3.0 m
b1 More than 1.0 m
b2 More than 1.0 m

m1 Parallel to the slope

m Minimum 0.6

b) In case of rock

The method of the excavation of the wing shall be made parallel to

the rock bed-line. The depth of embankment for rock is 1.0 to 2.0
meters.

67
 n:1 LEVEL
D.F.L.
l1

l1

1 m2 : 1

b1

Figure 5.2.7f EMBEDMENT OF WING (IN CASE OF ROCK)

Table 5.2.7c: DEPTH AND WIDTH

Soft rock Hard rock

l1 1.5 ~ 2.0 m 1.0 m

b1 More than 0.5 m

m2 Parallel to the rock bed-line

5.2.8 Drains

1) The location of drains shall be near the existing riverbed in order to

convey floodwaters.

2) The vertical distance of the drains from the centerline of the drain to
the bottom of the crest opening shall be equivalent to the crest bottom
width.

3) The horizontal and vertical center-to-center distance between two

drains shall be 2.0 m.

4) Drains shall be symmetrical to the vertical line from the center of the
crest opening.

5) The drains shall be located within the width of the crest opening.

6) The minimum size of circular and square drains is 0.60 m and 0.50 m,
respectively.

68
 1)(In
In case
caseofofFive Drains
Five Drains)
Drainage inside
the opening

Width

B B B At least equivalent or more

than the width of the opening

At least 2.0 m

1) In case of Five Drains

at least at least
Drainage inside
2.0 m 2.0 mthe opening

1) In case of Four Drains

Figure 5.2.8 LOCATION
Width OF DRAINS
Drainage inside
the opening
5.2.9 Expansion and Contraction Joints
B B B At least equivalent or more
The expansion and contraction joints
Width
shall be placed at the right angle than
to the width of the opening
dam axis in order to prevent crack which may occur due to contraction when
At least 2.0 m
the temperature of the concrete cools down.
B B At least equivalent or more
The interval of joints shall be set from
B 10 to 15 meters and the location
than the shall
width of the opening
be at least 2 m from the shoulder of the crest opening in general, and the
following items shall be taken into consideration.
at least at least
2.0 m 2.0 m At least 2.0 m
1) Height, width and cross section shape of sabo dam
1) In case of Four Drains
2) Concrete quality and pouring ability at the site.
Drainage inside
the opening
The water stop shall be regularly at least to
placed
prevent seepage at the expansion
2.0 m
and contraction joints at a depth of 0.5 m on the upstream face of sabo dam.
Width
1) In case of Three Drains

Drainage
At leastinside At least
the2.0m
opening
B B At least equivalent or more
Expansion joint 10~15m 2.0m 10~15m Expansion joint
than the width of the opening
B
:1
:1
0.5
0.5

Width At least 2.0 m

:1
0.5:

0.5
1

:1
0.5

B B At least equivalent or more

b2 B
than the width of the opening
:1

at least
0.5

2.0 m

1) In case of Three Drains At least 2.0 m

b1 b1
L1 L2 LDrainage inside
3 opening L4 L5
the

at least at least
Figure 5.2.9a
2.0 m EXPANSION
2.0 m Width JOINTS

B B At least equivalent or more

B
69 than the width of the opening

At least 2.0 m
See Photograph 5.2.9a and Photograph 5.2.9b for the details of water stop at
expansion and contraction..

Water stop

Water stop

Photograph 5.2.9a LOCATION OF WATER STOP

Expansion
and
Contraction
Joint

Drains

Water stop

Photograph 5.2.9b LOCATION OF WATER STOP

70
`

water stop (7mm) thickness

0.5 m D.F.L width 300 mm

upstream side
Water stop 0.5m
m
0.5 Upstream
downstream side

Downstream

Figure 5.2.9b LOCATION OF WATER STOP

5.2.10 Earthwork

The gradient of the cut slope shall be in accordance with the standard value
as shown in Table 5.2.10

1
m:

Figure 5.2.10 GRADIENT OF DAM EXCAVATION WORKS

71
 Table 5.2.10 STANDARD SLOPE OF CUTTING

Type of Material Gradient of the Cut

(m)
Sand and gravel 0.5:1 ~ 1.0:1
Soft rock about 0.4
Hard rock about 0.2

S : Area of Excavation

S = (B + mh + 0.3 x 2) x h

Where: h = Depth of embedment m = Bottom slope of the cut

A = Width of excavation B = Width of Dam

= B + (mh + 0.3 ) x 2

1) The allowance of base excavation shall be about 0.3 m.

2) For rock foundation, the remaining 0.3 m shall be excavated

manually to prevent over excavation.

5.2.11 Filling Works

To stabilize the dam body and to protect the ground near the dam site, the
proper filling material shall depend on the characteristics of foundation soils.
Concrete filling shall be made on rock foundations, sand and gravel filling for
standard gravel foundations.

Filling works shall be designed as ladder type retaining wall for steep slopes
(steeper than 1:1.5) and vegetation for gentle slopes (milder than 1:1.5).

Ladder Type Retaining Wall

Gentle Slope Steep Slope

In case of rock,
steep Slope
Vegetation works

Filling Soil

In case of gravel,
Filling concrete
gentle slope
Side Wall Revetment

Figure 5.2.11 FILLING WORKS

72
5.3 FRONT PROTECTION WORKS

Front protection works of dam shall be provided to prevent scouring at the toe
of the dam. Front protection works consist of sub-sabo dam, apron, sidewall
revetment and other riverbed protection. See figure 5.2.

Table 5.3 CRITERIA FOR THE SELECTION OF FRONT

PROTECTION WORKS
Geology Countermeasure Remarks

Sand and Apron with vertical wall

gravel and side wall.

Sub-sabo dam + apron In case the thickness of apron is more

than 2 m.

Rock None When the riverbed is hard rock.

Sub-sabo dam or apron When there are many cracks in the

riverbed.

Sub-sabo dam + apron In case the height of dam is more than 15

m.

5.3.1 Sub-sabo Dam

Sub-sabo dam consists of body (crest opening, foundation) and wing. They
shall be designed similar to the main sabo dam. In principle, the crest wing
shall be leveled.

The distance (L) between the sub-sabo dam and the main dam, and the
height of sub-sabo dam shall be calculated by the following equations:

L = 1.5 (H1+h1).......................................equation 5.3.1a

H2 = 1/3 ~ 1/4 (H) ...............................….. equation 5.3.1b

Where:

H = Height of the main Sabo dam

H1 = Difference in elevation between the elevation crest opening and

the intersection of the bedrock line and the upstream slope of sub-
sabo dam.

H2 = Difference in elevation between the crest opening of sub sabo

dam and the base of the main sabo dam. If H is small, H2 should
be 1/3.

h1 = Overflow depth.

73
 L

h1

Bed Rock
Rock line :Line
H1 H

H2

At least 1.5 m Toe Heel

Toe Heel

Figure 5.3.1 DISTANCE BETWEEN MAIN AND SUB-SABO DAM IN

CASE OF SUB-SABO DAM

5.3.2 Vertical Wall

Vertical wall shall be designed with wings in principle. The shape and
embedment of the wing shall be designed in accordance with the sub-sabo
dam wing design.

Opening section of the vertical wall shall be the same as the crest opening
section of sabo dam.

The thickness of crest opening shall be at least equal to the same thickness
of the apron

The downstream slope of embedded portion of vertical wall shall be 0.2:1

The level of crest opening of vertical wall shall not exceed the present river
bed level to prevent scouring of riverbed at the downstream.

The vertical wall shall be oriented at right angle to the resulting

downstream flow.

1) The depth of foundation

The depth of foundation shall be based on the type of ground materials

as indicated in Table 5.3.2.

74
 Table 5.3.2 THE DEPTH ( l ) OF EMBEDMENT ON FOUNDATION

Ground Material Depth of Embedment ( l )

Sand and gravel 1.5 m

Soft rock 1.0 m

Hard rock
0.2:1 0.5 m

Apron

Vertical wall

Figure 5.3.2 LONGITUDINAL SECTION OF VERTICAL WALL

5.3.3 Apron

Apron shall be designed for the prevention of scouring downstream of the

main sabo dam and to prevent the collapse of both banks and apron should
resist the uplift pressure. If there is no sub-sabo dam, vertical wall must be
provided at the edge of apron

The slope of apron shall be generally flat. However, if the slope of riverbed is
steep, the slope of apron shall be gentler than 1/2 of the existing riverbed
slope.

1) The length of apron is calculated by the following formula.

a.) In case, the apron is level.

L = 1.5(H1+h1) – nH- t.....................equation 5.3.3a

75
Where:

L = Distance between the downstream edge of the vertical wall and

the upstream topmost edge of the apron (m).
H = Height of main Sabo dam (m)
H1 = Difference in elevation between the crest opening of main sabo
dam and the upstream topmost edge of the apron (m).
h1 = Overflow depth of main dam (m)
n = Value of the ratio n:1 of the face of the main sabo dam
`
DFL
h1

n:1

m:1
L Main Sabo Dam
H1
H
Vertical Wall t

ta

Figure 5.3.3a THE LENGTH OF APRON IN CASE THE APRON

IS LEVEL

b). In case, the apron is not level.

i 1.5( H1 h1 ) nH
L= t ...................................equation 5.3.3b
i 1.5
Where:
i = Denominator of riverbed slope
I = Slope of riverbed = (1 / i )
I‘ = Slope pf apron = < (1/2) I

DFL
h1
n:1

m:1

L Main Sabo Dam

H1
H

Vertical Wall
ta

Figure 5.3.3b THE LENGTH OF APRON IN CASE THE APRON

IS NOT LEVEL

76
c) Thickness of apron

The thickness of apron is can be calculated by the following

empirical formula:

i. In case there is no water cushion and the bed is sand and

gravel.

ta = 0.2 (0.6 H1+ 3 h1 – 1.0).......................equation 5.3.3c

Where:

h1 = Overflow depth of main sabo dam (m)

H1 = Difference in elevation between the elevation crest
opening and the top of the apron (m)

ii In case there is water cushion and the bed is sand and gravel.

ta = 0.1 (0.6 H1+ 3 h1 – 1.0).................. .equation 5.3.3d

77
 D.F.L

h1

H1

ta

Figure 5.3.3c THE THICKNESS OF APRON

ta should be rounded up to 0.1 m.

The minimum thickness of apron in case of sand and gravel

riverbed is 1.0 m and in case of the rock riverbed is 0.7 m.

If the result of calculation of ta is over 3 m, ta should be fixed at

3m.

5.3.4 Riverbed Protection Works

Riverbed protection works shall be designed downstream of sub-sabo dam to

prevent scouring of sub-sabo dam. Concrete block, big boulder and gabion
shall be used with regard to river bed material, river bed gradient and
frequency of flood.

L L1

Figure 5.3.4 LENGTH OF RIVERBED PROTECTION WORKS

The range of riverbed protection shall be considered by the following

equations.

The required length of riverbed protection works shall be calculated by the

following formula.

78
 L = 3 ~ 5 x h……………………...equation 5.3.4

Where:

L : = length of riverbed protection (m)

h = design water depth in downstream (m)

5.3.5 Sidewall Revetment

Sidewall revetment shall be designed on both banks of apron according to

riverbank materials to protect both banks and ensure the stability of Sabo
dam from scouring.

Sidewall shall be designed in consideration of the following:

1) Sidewall must be stable in consideration of the earth pressure.

2) The foundation level of sidewall shall be designed the same as the
apron. If there is no apron, it shall be designed with the same level the
same as the main sabo dam foundation.
3) The material of sidewall shall be solid materials, such as concrete
against debris impact.
4) The slope of sidewall shall be designed at 1:0.5 in general.
5) The location of the sidewall revetments should be designed as follows:

Please refer to Figure 5.3.5a, the toe of sidewall revetment shall have
a clearance of 0.5 m from the shoulder of crest opening of sabo dam
on the top of the apron.

Shoulder of opening

Clearance from the

:1
0.5

fall rock to protect the

side bank
0.5 m 0.5 m
b b = 0.5 m
:1

Right angle
0.5

0.3:1

Figure 5.3.5a LOCATION OF SIDEWALL REVETMENTS IN CASE

SUB-SABO DAM IS PROVIDED

6) The height of sidewall revetment shall be designed the same as the

wing crest level of sub-sabo dam or vertical wall. However, it shall be
designed depending on river bank condition.

79
 D.F.L

Level or 1/2 of inclination

of existing riverbed
1.0 ~ 1.5 m

bed)
of existing river
I = 1 / i (Slope

Figure 5.3.5b HEIGHT OF SIDEWALL REVETMENT

When the ground level of rock bed is higher than the foundation level
of sidewall revetment, thickness for sidewall revetment shall be 0.5 m
below the ground line of rock bed.

b1
:1

0.3:1
0.5

b 1 = 0.5 m
b 2 = 0.5 m
b2
ta: thickness of Apron
ta

Figure 5.3.5c SIDEWALL REVETMENT (IN CASE OF ROCKY

GROUND)

Where:

ta = Thickness of apron (m)

b1 = Thickness of sidewall revetment crest (m)
b2 = Thickness of sidewall revetment (m)

5.4 SABO DAM FOR DEBRIS FLOW

Sabo dam for debris flow shall be designed according to the intended
functions/purposes and stable enough to withstand all the expected design
forces.

80
5.4.1 Design of Sabo Dam for Debris Flow

The design procedure is shown in Flowchart 5.4.1.

Detailed survey
Topographic survey (S = 1:500 1:1,000)
(with contour interval of 1m)
Cross-sectional survey (S = 1:100 1:200)
Longitudinal profile survey (Vertical S = 1:100
1:200 Horizontal S = 1:500 1:1,000)

(S = 1:100 ～ 1:200)
1. Design parameters of debris flow

2. Design of Crest opening

3. Stability analysis of main body

4. Design of foundation

5. Design of wing

6. Design of appurtenances

7. Design of front protection works

Flowchart 5.4.1 DESIGN PROCEDURE OF SABO DAM FOR

DEBRIS FLOW

5.4.2 Design Parameters of Debris Flow

The design parameters of debris flow shall be determined by the following

procedure.

1) Identify the design data for debris flow

The river basin (A), the slope-gradient (θ) of present streambed,

design return period and the design rainfall per day (R24) as the design
condition shall be identified.

2) Calculate the design discharge for debris flow

81
 a) Design flood discharge Q‘ (only water discharge)

1
Q‘ = c i A……………………………...equation 5.4.2a
3 .6
0.606
1.21
R24 24 C 2
i= ………… .. equation 5.4.2b
24 k
A 0.22
60

Where:

Q‘ = Design flood discharge (m3/s)

i = Effective rainfall intensity (mm/hr)
A = Drainage area (km2)
R24 = Rainfall of 24 hours (mm/day)
c = Runoff coefficient (In case of steep mountain; c=0.8)
k = Coefficient of drainage area (In case of mountain; k=120)

Table 5.4.2 RUNOFF COEFFICIENT

Condition of Area Values of Coefficient (c)

Steep mountain 0.75 – 0.9

Mountain of tertiary area 0.7 – 0.8
Undulatory land 0.5 – 0.75
Rivers in mountain 0.75 – 0.85
Small rivers 0.45 – 0.75
Major stream on plain area 0.5 – 0.75

3). Design discharge (Q) for debris flow

The design discharge is determined by considering the sediment

content ratio, using the return period of about 100 years of daily
rainfall or the previous maximum rainfall, whichever is larger.

50% sediment mix shall be added to the design flood discharge (Q‘).

Q = (1+0.5) x Q‘................................ equation 5.4.2c

4) Peak discharge for debris flow (Qsp)

The peak discharge of debris flow shall be computed by the following:

C*
Qsp = Q' ……………………. equation 5.4.2d
C* Cd

82
 Where:

Qsp = Design peak discharge for debris flow (m3/s)

Q‘ = Design flood discharge (m3/s)

C* = Volumetric sediment concentration of deposited sediment

(about 0.6).

Cd = Volumetric sediment concentration of debris flow in

motion (about 0.9 C* ). When riverbed gradient is greater
than 20 , the concentration of debris flow can be
estimated by the following equation.

tan
Cd …………………... equation 5.4.2e
( )(tan tan )

If the calculated value (Cd ) is larger than 0.9 C*, Cd shall be

regarded as 0.9 C*, and if it is smaller than 0.3, it shall be
regarded as 0.30.

Where:

σ = Density of boulder (about 25.5 kN/m3)

ρ = Density of water (about 11.8 kN/m3)
= Angle of internal friction of deposited sediments (about
30o~40o)
θ = Riverbed gradient (degree)

5) Depth of debris flow

The water depth of debris flow h (m) is given by the width of flow B
(m), the peak discharge of debris flow Qsp (m3/s) and the velocity of
debris flow as shown below.

3/ 5
Qsp nQsp
h …………….. equation 5.4.2f
BVdf 0.5
B sin

Where:

h = Depth of debris flow (m)

Qsp = Peak discharge of debris flow (m3/s)
B = Width of flow (m)
vdf = Velocity of debris flow (m/s)
n = Coefficient of roughness
= Riverbed gradient (Degree)

6) Velocity of debris flow

1 2/3
vdf R (sin )1 / 2 ............................................ equation 5.4.2g
n

83
 Where:

vdf = Velocity of debris flow (m/s)

R = Radius of debris flow (m) equal to h (depth of debris flow)

Unit weight

d Cd 1 Cd .................................... equation 5.4.2h

Where:

d = Unit weight of debris flow (kN/m3)

7) Debris-flow hydro force

F d (hv ) 2……………………... equation 5.4.2i

df
g
Where:

3
d = Unit weight of debris flow (kN/m )
g = Acceleration of gravity (9.8 m/s2)
h = Design depth of debris flow (m)
vdf = Average velocity of debris flow at dam site (m/s)

5.4.3 Sabo Dam Opening for Debris

The design of opening shall be determined as following procedure.

1. Design Discharge

2. Width of Crest Opening

3. Design depth for design discharge

4. Freeboard for design discharge

5. Height of opening

6. Check of opening height by peak discharge

Flowchart 5.4.3 DESIGN OF OPENING SECTION

84
1). Design discharge

50% sediment mix shall be added to the design flood discharge (Q‘).

Q = (1+0.5) x Q‘………………… equation 5.4.3a

2) Width of Crest opening

The width of crest opening shall be over 3m. The width shall be
decided considering the width of existing streambed.

3) Design depth for design discharge

B2

h2
:1
Hc
m2

m2

h1
:1

B1

Figure 5.4.3 DESIGN DEPTH OF OPENING

When the inclination (m 2 ) of opening is 0.5, the discharge of opening

is as follows.

Q = (0.71 x h1 +1.77 x B1) x h13/2…….. equation 5.4.3b

Where:

h1 = Overflow depth (m)

B1 = Base width of opening (m) at least 3 m.

4) Freeboard for design discharge

The freeboard depends on the design flood discharge. (See Table

5.2.2)

5) Height of opening

Height of opening shall be selected using the bigger height value

between (i) and (ii)

a) Design depth + Freeboard

b) Maximum diameter of boulder of debris flow

85
 6) Check of opening height by peak discharge using equation 5.4.2f.

5.4.4 Stability Analysis of Main Body

The stability analysis shall be needed to design the dam body.

The flowchart on stability analysis for Sabo dam shall be as follows.

1. Identify the necessary external forces

2. Calculate each external force

3. Calculate the moments at the upstream

end

Stability Analysis
1. Against overturning and tensile stress.
2. Against sliding.
3. Stability of dam foundation.

Flowchart 5.4.4 STABILITY ANALYSIS (CONCRETE GRAVITY-TYPE)

1) External Forces

Combination of loads to be used for the stability calculations of the

dam section for concrete gravity dams with the debris-flow hydro
force considered are shown in Tables 6.4.4a. and 6.4.4b However,
the unit weight of water in the calculation of the hydrostatic pressure
during debris flow shall be 11.8 kN/m because the uplift pressures
were not considered.

a) Dam height < 15.0 m

External forces that should be considered are divided into two

occasions.

Table 5.4.4a EXTERNAL FORCES FOR DAM HEIGHT LESS THAN

15.0 m

During Debris Flow During Flood

Hydrostatic pressure (P) Hydrostatic pressure (P)
Earth pressure (Pe)
Debris-flow hydro force (Pd)

86
 b) Dam height 15.0 m

External forces that should be considered is divided into three

occasions:

Table 5.4.4b EXTERNAL FORCES FOR DAM HEIGHT MORE THAN 15.0m

During Ordinary Times During debris flow During Flood

Hydrostatic pressure Hydrostatic Hydrostatic

Earth pressure pressure pressure
Uplift force Earth pressure Earth pressure
Inertial force during Uplift force Uplift force
earthquake Debris-flow
Dynamic water hydro force
pressure during
earthquake

The height of sedimentation surface is set up at the position below the dam
height after subtracting the height of the design water depth (h) of debris flow
from it. The force exerted by fluid on the dams should be examined by adding
the hydrostatic pressure and silt pressure below the sedimentation surface
and the debris-flow hydro force above the sedimentation surface (See Figure
5.4.4a).

Weight of Hydro Force Debris Flow

Debris F
Flow h
m:1
1

H Hydrostatic Pressure (V)

n:

Earth Pressure (V)

Weight of Dam

Earth Pressure (N) Hydrostatic Pressure (N)

Figure 5.4.4a EXTERNAL FORCE FOR SABO DAM FOR DEBRIS FLOW

87
2) Calculation of External Forces

b1
(During Flood time)
PV3 PV2 D.F.L
h3
PV1

m:1
n:1

W2
PH2
H W3 W1
Base Point of
Basic point
Calculation PH1
of calculation

(Hydrostatic pressure)

Figure 5.4.4b EXTERNAL FORCES (DURING FLOOD TIME)

a). During Flood

i) Weight of Dam

W = W c x V...................................equation 5.4.4a

Where:

W = Weight of dam of unit width

Wc = Unit weight of concrete (kN/m3)
V = Volume of typical cross section of unit width (m)

The unit weight of concrete should be determined as a rule

based on the test results with the materials and mix proportion
actually used. However, if dam is to be designed without
carrying out such tests, the unit weight of concrete shall be
assumed 23.0 (kN/m3).

ii) Hydrostatic pressure

P = W o x hw....................................... equation 5.4.4b

Where:

P = hydrostatic pressure (kN/m2)

Wo = unit weight of water (kN/m3)
hw = water depth (m)

Hydrostatic pressure during flood is measured from the surface

of the crest plus the overflow depth. In principle, hydrostatic
pressure is calculated based on W o= 9.8 kN/m3 against dam
height of more than 15m, and based on 11.8 kN/m3 against
dam height of less than 15m.

88
 b). During Debris Flow

b1
During Debris Flow
Pd2
Pd1 F
Depth of Debris flow = h

Pev1

W2 PeH2

m:1
PH2
1

Pv1
H
n:

(H-h)
W3 W1 PeH1 PH1

Earth Pressure Hydrostatic Pressure

nH b1 mH Base Point

Figure 5.4.4c EXTERNAL FORCES (DURING DEBRIS FLOW TIME)

i) Debris-flow hydro force

d 2
F hv df ………………… equation 5.4.4c
g

Where:

F = Debris flow hydro force

3
d = Unit weight of debris flow (kN/m )
g = Gravity of acceleration (9.8 m/s2)
h = Design depth of debris flow (m)
v df = Velocity of debris flow (m/s)

ii) Earth pressure

Pe = W e x he ……………………………………….equation 5.4.4d

Where:

Pe= Earth pressure (kN/m)

We = Unit weight of sediments in sedimentation (kN/m3)
he = Sediments depth (m)

c) Moments at the upstream end (the base point of calculation)

Each moment of design load is as follows:

89
 Table 5.4.4 c EXTERNAL FORCES ACTING ON THE SABO DAM
(DURING FLOOD TIME)
Vertical Horizontal Arm length
Design Moment
Symbol Calculation (a) force force (L)
Load (a)x(b)
(V) (H) (b)
1 2 2
W1 Wc m H (+) mH (+)
2 3
1
W2 W c b1 H (+) mH+ b1 (+)
Dead weight
2
mH+b1+
1 2 1
W3 Wc n H (+) (+)
nH
2 3
1 2 1
PV1 W0 m H (+) mH (+)
2 3
1
PV2 W0 m h3 H (+) mH (+)
2
Hydrostatic 1
PV3 W0 b1 h3 (+) mH+ b1 (+)
pressure
2
1 2 1
PH1 W0 H (+) H (+)
2 3
1
PH2 W 0 h3 H (+) H (+)
2
Total V H M

90
 Table 5.4.4d EXTERNAL FORCES ACTING ON THE SABO DAM
(DURING DEBRIS FLOW TIME)

Vertical Horizonta
Calculation Arm length (L) Moment
Design load Symbol force l force
(a) (b) (a)x(b)
(V) (H)

1 2 2
W1 Wc m H (+) mH (+)
2 3

1
W2 W c b1 H (+) (mH)+( b 1) (+)
Dead weight 2
mH+b1+
1 2 1
W3 Wc n H (+) (+)
nH
2 3
1 1
W0 m
PV1 (+) m (H-h) (+)
2 3
2
(H-h)
Hydrostatic 1 1
W 0 (H-
pressure PH1 (+) (H-h) (+)
2 3
2
h)
1
PH2 W0 h (H-h) (+) (H-h) (+)
2
1 1
Ws m (H-
PeV1 (+) (H-h) m (+)
2 3
2
h)
Earth 1
Pressure m Ws 1
PeH1 (+) (H-h) (+)
2 3
2
(H-h)
Ce f h 1
PeH2 (+) (H-h) (+)
2
(H-h) 2
d h m (H- 1
Pd1 (+) (H-h) m (+)
Weight of
h) 2
Debris Flow (H-h) m+
1 2 1
Pd2 dmh (+) (+)
2 mh
3
Debris-flow 1
F (+) h+(H-h) (+)
hydro force 2
Total V H M

91
 Where:

f = d – W0 unit weight in mud of sand and gravel in debris

3
flow (kN/m )
d = Unit weight of debris flow (kN/m3). See eq (5.4.2h)
C e = Coefficient of earth pressure of sediment accumulation
Ws = Unit weight in mud of the sand and gravel in sediment
accumulation area ( - W o) x 0.6

d) Stability analysis

Stability analysis shall be conducted the same way as Section

5.2.5.

5.4.5 Width of Crest

The crest width of the body shall be determined to prevent its failure by
impact of debris and driftwood.

The crest of the sabo dam shall be wide enough to withstand the shock of
runoff sediment and the spillway shall be wide enough to withstand the
abrasion of passing debris. The crest width in a case where the body material
is non-reinforced concrete is, in principle, twice the diameter of the largest
debris impacting the structure. But in case where the crest width is 3m or
more and the required crest width is greater than 4m, protection by separate
buffer materials and embankments, and reinforcement by reinforcing bars,
and steel frames are provided. The effectiveness of the buffering material is
confirmed by testing.

Wing

Crest Width

Body

Figure 5.4.5 SEDIMENT CHECK DAM SIDE SECTIONS (EXAMPLE) AND

NAMES OF MEMBERS

5.4.6 Front Face Slope

The downstream slope of a sabo dam shall be highly resistant to damage by

92
overflowing sediment. The gradient of the downstream slope on the overflow part
shall be generally 1:0.2.

In a stream where grain diameter is small, little sediment is discharged even

during a medium and small flood, and the basin is small, where the gradient
can be expected to be lower.

In case where the downstream gradient is low, it is steeper than the gradient
obtained by the following equation based on the flow velocity U (m/s) that
starts sediment transport and the dam height H (m).

L 2
= U ……………………... equation 5.4.6
H gH

But its upper limit is 1:1.0. The flow speed U (m/s) that starts sediment
transport is about 50% of the flow speed used by the design external forces. If
the sediment sabo dam is high, the value of L/H is small, but its lower limit is
0.2.

Figure 5.4.6 DOWNSTREAM SLOPE OF SABO DAM

5.4.7 Foundation

The foundation of sabo dam shall be anchored to rock, but if it is impossible,

it may be a floating foundation. But in such case, the height of sabo dam
shall be less than 15 m. In case where bearing ground is soft ground or it is
impossible to obtain the required bearing capacity, foundation improvement
shall be performed.

5.4.8 Wing

The wings of a sabo dam shall have a structure that is safe against the force
obtained by adding the debris flow fluid force to the shock of debris.

1) Section of a wing.

1) In principle, the upstream slope gradient of a wing is vertical.

93
 2) The downstream slope gradient of a wing is either vertical or it
conforms to the downstream slope gradient of the dam body.
3) In a case where the downstream slope gradient of the wing
conforms to the downstream slope gradient of the body, the lower
limit of the crest width of the wing is 1.5m.
4) The shear friction safety factor on the surface of the boundary of
the wing and body under the design external forces described
below in this part is 4 or higher.

2) Structural Analysis

The following are the three kinds of design external forces kinds, and
the locations where these interact on the wing as shown in Figure
5.4.8b.

Self weight of the wing

Debris flow hydro force

Impact of gravel

In a case where the shear friction safety factor on the boundary surface
between the wing and body is 4 or less in the above study, in order to raise
this safety factor to 4 or higher, either the wing is extended on the upstream
side to widen the crest (Figure 5.4.8a) or the upstream side of the wing is
equipped with buffer material to reduce shock. And to protect a wing with
buffer material, the effectiveness of the buffer material should be confirmed
by a study.

Because the shock that causes wing failure is short-term load, tensile stress
produced on the boundary surface between the wing and body is, in principle,
lower than the allowed tensile stress. If the tensile stress produced on the
boundary between the wing and body is higher than the allowed tensile
stress, this tensile stress is borne by reinforcing bars or a steel frame, and
these reinforcing bars or steel frame are arranged so they occupy both sides
of the boundary surface between the wing and body.

The calculation of the impact of debris is done assuming that their speed is
equal to the flow speed of the debris flow, and the stone diameter is the
maximum stone diameter of the maximum diameter. The debris are assumed
to impact while on the surface of a debris flow with sediment deposited to the
crest of the spillway as shown in Figure 5.4.8b. In a case where the depth of
the debris flow is lower than the stone diameter, it is assumed that the debris
flow down and strike the structure on the top surface of the deposited
sediment. The flow speed and depth of a debris flow are calculated.

94
 Figure 5.4.8a SECTION OF A WING

Figure 5.4.8b POINT OF ACTION OF DESIGN EXTERNAL FORECES

ON BOUNDARY SURFACE OF THE WING AND BODY

The wing edge of a sabo dam shall, in principle, be 1:0.5 or less

1) The wing edge of the sabo dam has a gradient of 1:0.5 or less in order
to fight failure caused by a debris flow.
2) The crest of the wing shall basically be a gradient equal to the actual
stream bed gradient.

The length of the area where the gradient of the crest of the wing is
provided, in principle, extend to the mountain, but in a case where
because of the topography, the area where there is a gradient on the
crest of the wing is longer, it is cut off at a length appropriate to the
local conditions etc.

5.4.9 Front Protection Work

Front Protection Work shall be constructed as necessary on the apron of a

sabo dam to prevent failure of its body caused by scouring.

Front Protection Work is designed using the design discharge. When it is

predicted that a debris flow will overflow a wing, its structure considers the
overflow of debris flow.

The downstream gradient of a sub-sabo dam conforms to the concept in

Section 5.3.1. The spillway of a sub-sabo dam is basically identical to the
spillway of the main dam. Its structure is determined by the design discharge.

95
5.5 SAMPLE COMPUTATIONS

5.5.1 Stability Analysis of Sabo Dam

Check the stability analysis of sabo dam using the following data. Data is
shown below.

Given Data

Table 5.5.1a Design Condition of Sabo Dam

Height of Sabo dam H = 12.00 m

Width of crest b1 = 3.00 m

Inclination of front slope 1: 0.20

Inclination of back slope (During Flood) 1:0.45

Unit weight of concrete Cw = 23.00 kN/m3

Unit weight of water in flood condition Pn = 11.80 kN/m3

Depth of flood (HWL) h2 = 1.00 m

Coefficient of internal friction of foundation f = 0.6

Allowable stress of concrete (rock: 50, soil:0) T0 = 490 kN/m2

Allowable bearing capacity of foundation = 1176 kN/m2

Result
(During Flood Time)
(Inclination of back slope 1: 0.45)
b1 = 3.00 m

PV3 PV2
h2 = 1.00 m

W2

H = 12.00 m PH2 H = 12.00 m

W3 W1
PH1

1 2
2.4 3.0 5.40 Hydrostatic Pressure
10.8 Base point of calculation

Figure 5.5.1a Diagram of Forces

Stability Analysis
(During Flood Time) Gradient of back slope 0.45
V = 2,385.84 kN/m

96
H = 991.20 kN/m
M = 16,795.44 kN-m/m

1. Analysis against overturning moment

M 16,795 .44
X 7.04 B = 10.80
V 2,385 .84
B 2B
X ; 3.60 < 7.04 < 7.20 Therefore OK.
3 3
2. Safety against sliding
Soil Rock
f V T0 B 0.60 2,385 .84 490 .00 10.80
N 6.78 >1.2 or
H 991 .20
4.0 Therefore OK.

3. Analysis for allowable capacity of foundation

(Include stability against internal stress.)
V
E
B(1 6 )
B
1 1
E X B 7.04 10.80 1.64
2 2

2,385 .84 1.64

1, 2 1 6
10 .80 10 .80

1 = 422.19 < 1,176.00 kN/m2 Therefore OK.

2 = 19.64 > 0 kN/m2 Therefore OK.

97
 Table 5.5.1b External Forces Acting On the Sabo Dam (During Flood Time) Inclination of back slope 0.45

Design Symbol Calculation Vertical Horizont Distance from Upstream Point of Sabo Dam Moment
Load Force al Force to the Line of Design Load
Design W1 1/2 x 23.00 x 0.45 x (12.00) 745.20 4.4 x 2/3 = 3.6 2,682.72
Weight W2 23.00 x 3.00 x 12.00 828.00 5.4 + 3.0 x 1/2 = 6.90 5,713.20
0
W3 1/2 x 23.00 x 0.20 x (12.00) 331.20 5.4 + 3.0 + 2.4 x 1/3 = 9.2 3,047.04
0
Hydrostati PV1 1/2 x 11.80 x 0.45 x (12.00) 382.32 5.4 x 1/3 x 1.8 = 1.8 688.18
c Pressure PV2 11.80 x 0.45 x 1.00 x 12.00 63.72 5.4 + 1/2 = 2.7 172.04
PV3 11.80 x 3.00 x 1.00 35.40 12 x 1/3 x 1/2 = 6.90 244.26
PH1 1/2 x 11.80 x (12.00) 849.60 12 x 1/3 = 4.00 3,398.40
PH2 11.80 x 1.00 x 12 141.60 12 x 1/2 = 6.00 849.60
Total 2,385.84 991.20 16.795.44

98
5.5.2 Design Discharge

Calculate the design discharge for debris flow.

Given Data for debris flow

Drainage area (A) = 0.2km2

Slope-gradient (θ) of present streambed = tan-1 1/4 θ=14o
Design return period = 100 years
Design rainfall per day (R24) as the design condition
R24 = 597 mm/day

Result of the design discharge for debris flow

a). Design flood discharge Q (water discharge only)

0.606

1.21
597 24 0.8 2
i= = 208.3 = 208mm/hr
24 120
0.2 0.22
60
1
Q‘ = x 0.8 208 0.2 = 9.24 =say 10 m3/s
3 .6
Where:

Q‘ = Design flood discharge (m3/s)

i = Effective rainfall intensity (mm/hr)
A = 0.2km2
R24 = 597 mm/day
c = In case of steep mountain; c=0.8
k = Coefficient of drainage area; k=120

b) Design discharge (Q) for debris flow

50% sediment mix shall be added to the design flood discharge (Q‘).

Q = (1+0.5) Q‘=1.5 x 10.0= 15 m3/s

c) Peak discharge for debris flow

C* 0.6
Qsp = Q' = 10.0 = 46.20 m3/s
C* Cd 0.6 0.47

Where:

Qsp = Design peak discharge for debris flow (m3/s)

C* = 0.6

tan 11 .8 tan 14
Cd = = 0.47
( )(tan tan ) (25 .5 11 .8)(tan 35 tan 14 )

99
 Where:

σ = 25.5 kN/m3
ρ = 11.8 kN/m3
= 35
θ = 14
d) Depth of debris flow

The water depth of debris flow h (m) is given by the width of flow B
(m), the peak discharge of debris flow Qsp (m3/s) and the velocity
of debris flow as shown below.
3/ 5 3/ 5
Qsp nQsp 0.1 46.20
h 0.91m
Bvdf B(sin )0.5 11(sin 14  )0.5

Where:

h = Depth of debris flow (m)

Qsp = 46.20 m3/s
B = Width of flow (11 m)
n = 0.1
Vdf = Velocity of debris flow (m/s)
e) Velocity of debris flow

1 2/3
Vdf R (sin )1 / 2 = (1/0.1) x (0.91) 2/3 x (sin 14 )1/2 = 4.62 = 4.70 m/s
n
Where:

Vdf = Velocity of debris flow (m/s)

R = h = 0.91 m
f) Unit capacity weight

d Cd 1 Cd = 25.5 x 0.47 + 11.8(1 – 0.47) = 18.21 kN/m3

Where:

d = Unit capacity weight of debris flow (kN/m3)

Debris-flow hydro force

d 2 18.21
F hv df ( )( 0.91 )4.7 2 = 37.35 kN/m
g 9.8

Where:

d= 18.21 kN/m3
g = 9.8 m/s2
h = 0.91 m
v df = 4.7 m/s

100
5.5.3 Design of Opening

Decide the height of opening

Given Data:

1) Width of Crest opening

B1 = 7.5 m

2). Design discharge

Q = (1+0.5) x Q‘ = 1.5 x 10 = 15 m3/s

Result

1) Design depth for design discharge

B2

h2
:1

Hc
m2

m2

h1
:1

B1

Figure 5.5.3b DESIGN DEPTH OF OPENING

Q = (0.71 x h1 +1.77 x B1) x h13/2

= (0.71 x 1.2 + 1.77 x 7.5 m) x 1.2 3/2 = 18.6 m3/s > 15 m3/s

Where:

h1 = 1.2 m
B1 = 7.5 m
2) Freeboard for design discharge

Freeboard = 0.6 m (Q = 15 m3/s < 200 m3/s)

3) Height of opening

a) Design depth + Freeboard = 1.2 + 0.6 = 1.8 m

b) Maximum diameter of boulder of debris flow = 1.0 m

101
 Height of opening shall be selected using the bigger height value
between a) and b).

Height of opening = 1.8 m

4) Check of opening height by peak discharge

3/ 5 3/ 5
Qsp nQsp 0.1 46.20
h 0.5
= 1.41 m < 1.8 m
Bvdf B(sin )0.5 7.5 sin 7

Where:

h = Depth of debris flow (m)

Qsp = 46.20 m3/s
B = 7.5 m
n = 0.1
Vdf = Velocity of debris flow (m/s)

5.5.4 Stability of Sabo Dam for Debris Flow

Check the stability analysis of sabo dam using the following data. Data is
shown below.

Given Data

Table 5.5.4a Design Condition (Countermeasure Against Debris Flow)

Height of Sabo Dam H = 10.00 m

Width of Crest B1 = 3.00 m
Inclination of Front Slope 0.20 : 1
Inclination of Back Slope (During Debris Flow) 0.35 : 1
Unit Capacity Weight of Concrete Cw = 23.00 kN/m3
Depth of Debris Flow H1 = 0.54 m
Velocity of Debris Flow Vdf = 3.7 m/s
Unit Weight of Debris Flow Pd = 19.21 kN/m3
Unit Weight of Water in Flood Condition Wo = 11.76 kN/m3
Unit Weight in Mud of the Sand and Gravel in Ws = 8.22 kN/m3
Sediment Accumulation Area : (11.18 -2.5)x 0.6
Unit Weight in Mud of the Sand and Gravel in Pf = 7.45 kN/m3
Debris Flow (Pd – Pn)
Coefficient of earth pressure of Sediment Ce = 0.30
Hydro Force of Debris Flow F = 14.50 kN/m
Coefficient of Internal Friction of Foundation F = 0.6
Allowable Stress of Concrete (Rock : 50, soil : 0) T0 = 0 kN/m3
Allowable Bearing Capacity of Foundations Q = 392 kN/m3
Inclination of Back Slope (During Flood) 0:35 : 1
Depth of Flood (DFL) h2 = 0.60

102
 b1
During Debris Flow
Pd2
Pd1 F
Depth of Debris flow = h

Pev1

W2 PeH2
m:1

PH2
1

Pv1
H
n:

(H-h)
W3 W1 PeH1 PH1

Earth Pressure Hydrostatic Pressure

nH b1 mH Base Point

Result

Stability Analysis Gradient of back slope during debris flow 0.35

V= 1,670.72 kN/m
H= 722.53 kN/m

M= 8,925.77 kN-m/m
1. Analysis against overturning moment
M 8,925 .77
X 5.34 b2 = 8.50
V 1,670 .72
(b2 ) 2(b2 )
X Therefore 2.83 < 5.34 < 5.67
3 3
Therefore OK.

2. Safety against sliding (Soft Rock)

f V T 0 b2 0.60 1,670 .72 0.00 8.50
N 1.39 >1.2 or 4.0
H 722 .53
Therefore OK.

3. Analysis for Allowable Bearing Capacity of Foundation

V
Q
E
B(1 6 )
b2
1 1
E X b2 5.34 8.50 1.09
2 2

103
 1,670 .72 1.09
Q1, Q2 1 6
8.50 8.50
Q1 347 .79 < 392 kN/m2 Therefore OK.
2
Q2 45.32 >0 kN/m Therefore OK.

104
 Result
Stability Analysis

Table 5.5.4 b External Forces acting on the Sabo Dam (During Debris Flow) Inclination of back slope 0.35

Design Symbol Calculation Vertical Horizontal Distance from Upstream Point of Sabo Dam to the Line Moment
Load Force Force of Design Load
Dead Weight W1 1/2 x 23.00 x 0.45 x (10.00) 402.50 2/3 x 0.35 x 10.00 = 2.33 937.83
W2 23.00 x 3.00 x 10.00 690.00 1/2 x 3.00 + 0.35 x 10.00 = 6.90 3,450.00
W3 1/2 x 23.00 x 0.20 x (10.00) 230.00 1/3 x 0.20 x 10 +3+0.35 x 10.00 = 7.17 1,649.10
Hydrostatic PV1 1/2 x 11.76 x 0.35 x (9.46) 184.17 1/3 x 9.46 x 0.35 = 1.10 202.59
Pressure PH1 1/2 x 11.76 x (9.46) 526.21 1/3 x 9.46 = 3.15 1,667.56
PH2 11.76 x 0.54 x 9.46 60.07 1/2 x 9.46 = 4.73 284.13
Earth PeV1 1/2 x 8.22 x 0.35 x (9.46) 128.73 1/3 x 9.46 x 0.35 = 1.10 141.60
Pressure PeH1 1/2 x 0.30 x 8.22 x (9.46) 110.34 1/3 x 9.46 = 3.15 347.57
PeH2 0.30 x 7.45 x 0.54 x 9.48 11.41 1/2 x 9.46 = 4.73 53.97
Weight of Pd1 19.21 x 0.54 x 0.35 x 9.48 34.34 1/2 x 9.46 x 0.35 = 1.66 57.00
Debris Flow Pd2 1/2 x 19.21 x 0.35 x 0.54 0.98 1/2 x 0.54 x 0.35+9.46 x 0.35 = 3.37 3.30
Hydrostatic 11.41 1/2 x 0.54 x 9.46 = 9.73 141.12
Force of
Debris Flow
Total 1,670.72 722.53 = 8,925.77

105
Chapter 6 Installation Plan for Sabo Structures

6.1 GENERAL PROVISION

The installation plan for sabo structures drawn up on the basis of the sabo
master plan consists of installation plans for sediment yield management
facilities, and sediment transport management facilities.

The installation plan for sabo structures is based on the river system erosion
and sediment management plan and debris flow control plan.

Table 6.1 categorizes the locations of sediment yield and sediment transport
and the types of works to be implemented at locations in accordance with the
installation plans for sediment yield management facilities and sediment
transport management facilities, as part of the installation plan for sabo
structures.

Table 6.1 Main installation plans for erosion and sediment

management facilities including types of works

Classification of Locations of Types of works

installation plans sediment yield
and sediment
transport

Sediment yield Hillsides Foundation works for erosion

management facilities control afforestation, planting
works, hillside slope reinforcement
works, and hillside conservation
works.

Riverbeds and Sabo dam, groundsill, bed girdle,

riversides revetment

Sediment transport Streams and Sabo dam, sand-retarding basin

management facilities rivers works, training dike.

6.2 INSTALLATION PLAN FOR SEDIMENT YIELD MANAGEMENT

FACILITIES

Installation plan for sediment yield management facilities aims at protecting

hillsides, riversides, and riverbeds and preventing sediment yield. Proper
installation of sediment yield management facilities should be ensured to
have appropriate and adequate function of each facility such as hillside
preservation works, sabo dam, groundsill, etc. in consideration of erosion and
sediment management effect at sources of sediment yield, e.g. hillsides,
riverbanks, and riverbeds.

6.2.1 Hillside preservation works

Hillside preservation works to control floods consist of hillside works and

hillside conservation works. Hillside works stabilize slopes by cutting and
filling or by earthwork construction on denuded lands or bare slopes to

106
prevent or reduce the triggering or aggravation of surface erosion or shallow
slides by the introduction of a vegetal cover. While, hillside conservation
works supplement the function of the hillside works by nurturing and
introducing vegetal cover.

The hillside preservation works consist of foundation works for erosion control
afforestation, planting works, and hillside slope reinforcement works.

Continuous sediment yield from denuded lands or bare slopes to cause

landslide disasters at downstream sites during flood, hillside preservation
works are considered very important in conjunction with erosion control
against flood. The degree to which hillside preservation works could control
the triggering or aggravation of shallow slides generally depends, in terms of
general construction, on the extent of foundation; in terms of vegetation, and
on the extent of the roots‘ ability to reinforce the soil. Thus, evaluation of the
effects of hillside preservation works on deep-seated collapses or landslides
is a future task.

Hillside preservation works Hillside works Foundation works for erosion

control afforestation

Hillside conservation works Planting works on hillsides

Hillside slope reinforcement works

Figure 6.2.1 System of hillside preservation works

1) Hillside works

Hillside works are categorized into three groups: 1) foundation works

for erosion control afforestation to stabilize hillside slopes and/or to
prevent slope erosion; 2) planting works on hillsides to prevent or
reduce the triggering or aggravation of surface erosion or shallow
slides by introducing a vegetal cover on denuded lands or bare slope
lands; 3) hillside slope reinforcement works to increase the shear
resistance of the slope as a whole against collapse by means of
concrete crib works or reinforced concrete insertion works on denuded
lands or hillside slopes that approaching or on the verge of failure.

a) Foundation works for erosion control afforestation.

Foundation works for erosion control afforestation are aimed at

stabilizing hillside slopes by cutting, fitting, or establishing small
check dams and to prevent slope erosion due to overland flows by
constructing channel works. Laying of foundations for future
planting or hillside slope reinforcement works at the site is
intended.

b) Planting works on hillsides.

Planting works on hillsides introduces vegetal cover in the target

area. It includes hurdle works, terracing works with seeding, and
simple terracing works that introduce a vegetal cover to prevent

107
 the topsoil instability. The vegetation type shall be carefully chosen
in such a way that it is integrated with the surrounding vegetation,
in consideration of its secular change.

c) Hillside slope reinforcement works.

These are applied to denuded land or hillsides that are on the

verge of failure and where stabilization works are deemed
necessary with immediate effect or where the triggering or
aggravation of slope failure cannot be prevented or reduced by
foundation works for erosion control, afforestation or planting
works alone. Hillside slope reinforcement works can enhance the
resistance of the slope as a whole against collapse by applying
concrete crib works or reinforced concrete insertion works on
hillsides.

A vegetal cover cannot be introduced naturally on a steep denuded

slope, for instance, as the topsoil frequently moves. In such a case,
generally, after the slope has been stabilized (mainly by the use of
foundation works by erosion control through afforestation to control
the movement of the topsoil), vegetal cover is introduced by planting
works on the hillside. On the other hand, if the site borders on a slope
and has to be stabilized as soon as possible, then hillside slope
reinforcement works are introduced.

In landforms with poor soil but relatively gentle slopes such as bare
slope lands, planting works are the primary type of remedial measure
in many cases.

These types of works, which are often used in combination on sites

with colluvial soils, should be properly combined in actual planning.
On the hillsides with large sediment yields, such as on eroded areas
bordering streams (steep streams), the combination of hillside works,
erosion control dikes, and stream-preservation works, for example, in
which an erosion control dike to stabilize the foot of the mountain is
used as the foundation works for erosion control afforestation, is
sometimes introduced.

Topography, geology, soil, climate, and vegetal cover in the design

area and its surroundings and the effects of intended facilities on the
existing erosion control facilities shall be sufficiently studied to
determine the appropriate type of work/s needed.

2) Hillside conservation works

Hillside conservation works following hillside works shall promote

proper growth of vegetation on a hill slope, aiming to prevent the
triggering and/or aggravation of surface erosion or collapse.

Planning of hillside works shall include guidelines for conservation of

hillside in accordance with its purpose and on the workflow.

108
 Since the vegetal cover introduced by hillside planting works—unlike
concrete structures—requires a specified period of time to exert its
influence, it is important to stipulate guidelines on the same.

Usually, the first hillside planting works cover the bare land with plants
or trees (soil-improving trees in the first stage) to prevent the surface
soil from moving or eroding and to form the growing foundation of a
forest. After this initiation of disaster prevention activity by the hillside
conservation works, the identified vegetation is cultivated in such a
way that it can harmonize with the surrounding natural vegetation.

Moreover, when the introduced vegetation is remarkably different from

the surrounding vegetation at a site where hillside works are executed,
or when the greenbelt is expected to be affected by pest, then, when
the colony has grown to a certain level, the type of tree or forest may
be changed to increase the function of the hillside works as deemed
necessary.

6.2.2 Sabo Dam

Sabo dam as a sediment yield management facility aims to prevent or reduce

1) the triggering or aggravation of hillside collapse;

2) the riverbed longitudinal erosion; or

3) the discharge of unstable sediment accumulated on the riverbed.

While planning to construct the facility, its scale and structure should be
selected according to its purpose.

Sabo dam as a sediment yield management facility should be arranged in

consideration of its expected effects, the topography and geology of the
design site, and the stability status of the debris.

Thus, in principle, sabo dam should be arranged in the stream just beneath a
hillside on the verge of failure, and unstable riverbed sediment area

While planning for the installation of sediment yield management facilities, in

many cases sabo dams are intended to control sediment transport as well as
sediment yield. The function of the sabo dam aimed at mountain foot fixation
is to accumulate sediment at the upstream side of the established dam; this in
turn raises the riverbed and fixes the mountain foot to prevent the hillside
from collapsing or stop a hillside collapse from spreading. The sabo dam
aimed at controlling longitudinal erosion accumulates sediment on the
upstream side of the established dam to prevent longitudinal erosion of the
riverbed.

The sabo dam aimed at preventing unstable sediment accumulated on the

riverbed from discharging, accomplishes its purpose by establishing sabo
dam.

The scale of sabo dam for longitudinal erosion control or of the one for
controlling the runoff of unstable sediment accumulated on the riverbed can
be estimated by riverbed variation calculations or by hydraulic model

109
experiments. The conditions necessary for these riverbed variation
calculations or hydraulic model experiments, such as the time variations of
flow and sediment runoff, the parcel size distribution of sediment accumulated
on the riverbed, etc., need to be properly established. It is desirable that
erosion control dikes be established at locations exposed with bedrock on the
riverbed or riverbank; this ensures the security of the structure and,
particularly, the prevention of basement corrosion and wing bank runoff.

Moreover, the decision on whether to establish a single sabo dam or a cluster

of low dikes in sequence depends on the characteristics of the sediment yield
type and the difficulty of execution and maintenance at the design site.

6.2.3 Groundsill

Groundsill is a facility intended not only to stabilize the riverbed by controlling

riverbed longitudinal erosion or preventing the riverbed sediment from moving
again, but also to prevent or reduce riverbank erosion or collapse.
Additionally, it functions to prevent foundations, such as anti-erosion works,
from being scoured and to protect them.

The following shall be considered in selecting the places where groundsills

should be installed:

1) .Groundsills shall be set up in locations with riverbed degradation.

2) When protecting the foundations of structures, it shall be established

in the lower reaches of these structures.

3) In places with riverside erosion, collapse, and landslide, it shall, in

principle, be established in the lower reaches.

The height of groundsills is commonly less than about 5 m.

It functions to prevent the riverbed from being lowered by the tractive force of
the flow and arrest unstable sediment from moving. It also prevents and
reduces erosion and collapse of the riverbanks by preventing lowering of the
riverbed, making the riverside slopes milder, and controlling turbulent flow.

When a section is encountered with problems such as riverbank erosion or

collapse and extensive longitudinal erosion, a combination of groundsill shall
be constructed in order to stabilize the riverbed and banks.

6.2.4 Riverbed Girdle

A riverbed girdle is a facility intended to prevent longitudinal erosion. It is set

up at the downstream side of a single groundsill and at a place where the
interval between groundsills is large or where longitudinal erosion had taken
place or is likely to take place.

The riverbed girdle shall be planned in such a way that its crest is as high as
the computed height of the riverbed to eliminate the gap between the bed and
the girdle.

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6.2.5 Revetment

Revetment prevents riverside erosion and collapse. It shall be set up in

places such as water-collision fronts, in which riverside erosion or collapse
has taken place or is likely to take place because of debris movement or flow,
or at locations where mountain foot fixation or erosion prevention is required.

Since revetment may make the waterfront environment monotonous, it is

desirable to increase the natural appearance of the waterline.

6.3 INSTALLATION PLAN FOR SEDIMENT TRANSPORT

MANAGEMENT FACILITIES

Installation of sediment transport management facilities should be planned for

the purpose of controlling sediment discharged in sediment transport
sections. The plan should be based on the river system erosion and
management plan and the debris flow control plan.

Sediment transport management facilities include sabo dam, sand-retarding

basins, and training dikes to hold and regulate sediment yields.

6.3.1 Sabo Dam

Sabo dams for sediment transport management are facilities designed to: 1)
control or regulate sediment discharge; or 2) hold or dissipate debris flow.
There are two types: impermeable and permeable (see Section 5.2.2). In the
actual plan, the facility‘s type, scale, and structure should be selected
according to its installation purpose. A sabo dam for sediment transport
management should be located in an effective place, such as in a constrained
stream whose upstream width is large, or in a lower stream just beneath the
confluence of the bank tributary; the decision should be based on the
expected effects of the sabo dam and on the topography of the design site.

Sabo dams are often planned for the purpose of controlling sediment yield as
well as sediment transport.

A sabo dam that aims to prevent sediment discharge can accomplish its
purpose effectively by storing sediment discharge equivalent to its capacity.
However, if in the planning stage the capacity is anticipated to be lost by
advanced sedimentation, it is necessary to prepare debris-exclusion works in
advance.

Because a large amount of sediment inflow into the sediment area of a sabo
dam makes the slope of the stream bed gentler, and consequently the bed
width greater, than it would be in the absence of sabo dam, sediment is
accumulated temporarily by any slope (dynamic equilibrium gradient) that is
steeper than a stable slope (static equilibrium gradient). By this means, a
sabo dam that aims to regulate sediment discharge also performs its part
effectively.

6.3.2 Sand-Retarding Basin

Sand-retarding basin is a facility to widen a part of a river by excavation and

accumulate transported sediment. It should be commonly established on the

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downstream side of the exit of a valley, where space for the accumulated
sediment can be ensured. On the other hand, although it should be arranged
with a sabo dam on the upstream side and a consolidation work on the
downstream side, it should be combined properly with low water channels,
training dikes, erosion control greenbelts, etc.

When woody debris threatens to flow out from sand-retarding basin works, it
is necessary to consider installing a woody debris countermeasure, for
example, by adding a riverbed girdle at a dam downstream to catch woody
debris.

After sand retarding basin filled up by accumulated sediments, it loses its

function. Hence, the debris and sediment exclusion work should be done to
keep the space to control sediment.

6.3.3 Training Dikes

A training dike is a facility to safely train the debris flow in its lower reach to
prevent directly hitting the target area in time of flood. In the absence of a
training dike, the debris flow is usually caught and accumulates upstream of
the preservation target. Under difficult topographical conditions a training dike
should be established to provide a space that allows the debris flow to safely
accumulate in its lower reach. Basically, a sabo dam or sand-retarding basin
works should be established to catch the debris flow while the training dike is
an additional facility.

In principle excavation is done to train the debris flow into the space in which
it can be safely accumulated. When the site conditions are difficult to
excavate, a training dike can be established to control the direction of debris
flow and safely train the debris downstream.

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 GLOSSARY OF TERMS

1-FLOOD SEDIMENT DISCHARGE means the sediment discharge brought

by a flood. A 1-year sediment discharge means sediment discharge in a
certain year.

APRON – a floor or lining of concrete, timber or other resistant material at the

toe of a dam, bottom of a spillway, chute etc. to protect the foundation from
erosion and falling water or turbulent flow.

AGGRADATION - The geological process by which streambeds, flood plains,

and the bottoms of other water bodies are raised in elevation by the
deposition of material eroded and transported from other areas. It is the
opposition of degradation.

BARE SLOPE LAND refers to hillside slopes on which the vegetation has
entirely or partly vanished or declined.

BALANCE SEDIMENT DISCHARGE – means that the sediment runoff shall

be in a state of equilibrium (balance) from upstream to downstream section of
the river.

BED LOAD - Material moving on or near the stream bed by rolling, sliding,
and sometimes making brief excursions into the flow of new diameters above
the bed.

BED LOAD SECTION – means the section where the sediment discharge is
carried out in a state of individual transport by river flow, where the slope of
streambed is less than 1/30.

BERM – a horizontal strip or shelf built into an embankment or cut, to break

the continuity of an otherwise long slope.

BOULDER - See table 3-2, p. 3-9.

CHANNEL - A natural or artificial waterway periodically or continuously

contains moving water.

CLAY - See table 3-2, p. 3-9.

COBBLES - See table 3-2, p. 3-9.

CREST OPENING – located at the center of the existing river course and is
designed considering the upstream and downstream topography of Sabo dam
and its geological features.

CREST WING – part of dam wherein the thickness should be equal and lass
than that of the crest opening in principle.

DEBRIS FLOW AREA – means the area where the runoff of sediment is
carried out in a state of massive transportation, where the slope is equal to or
greater than 1/30.

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DEBRIS FLOW CONTROL DAM – a dam which is constructed for prevention
and elimination of debris flow.

DEGRADATION - The geologic process by which stream beds, flood plains,

and the bottoms of other water bodies are lowered in elevation by the removal
of material from the boundary. It is the opposite of aggradation.

DELTA - A deposit of sediment formed where moving water (as from a

stream at its mouth) is slowed by a body of standing water.

DENSITY - The mass of a substance per unit volume, p in kg/L or Mg/m3. Use
ps for density of solid particles, pw for water, pd for dry sediment with voids, psat
for saturated sediment, pwet for wet sediment, and pb for submerged sediment
(buoyant weight).

DEPOSITION - The mechanical or chemical processes through which

sediments accumulate in a resting place.

DRAINAGE BASIN - The area tributary to or draining to a lake, stream, or

measuring site. (See watershed).

DENUDED LAND refers to land that is bare as a result of hillside collapse.

EROSION - The wearing away of the land surface by detachment and

movement of soil and rock fragments through the action of moving water and
other geological agents.

EXPANTION AND CONTRACTION JOINT – constructed at about 15 m apart

if the width of the dam is greater than 20 m in order to cope with the crack
direction of right angle to the dam‘s axis.

FREEBOARD – is the margin of height maintained between the top of

embankment and the designed flood level to guard against overtopping and
wave wash.

FINE MATERIAL - particles of a size finer than the particles present in

appreciable quantities in the bed material; normally silt and clay particles
(particles finer than 0.062 mm).

FINE MATERIAL LOAD - that part of the total sediment load that is
composed of particles of a finer size than the particles present in appreciable
quantities in the bed material. Normally, the fine-material load consists of
material finer than 0.062 mm.

FLOATING DAMS – are dams which are constructed with the same purpose
as the Sabo dam and is placed on a soil foundation due to the absence of
rocks. In this case, safety against resisting force and piping phenomenon is
considered.

FLOOD DISCHARGE – determined according to return period of the rainfall

intensity, sediment concentration, extent of drainage area, social and
economical importance, extent and quality of damage, record of past
disasters, project benefit and balance between upstream and downstream.

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FRONT PROTECTION WORK – part of dam constructed on the downstream
side that is protected to prevent scour of bedrock and the fall of riverbed due
to debris flow from dam opening.

GRAVITY DAM – a structure generally adopted for an erosion control dam

designed so that the weight of the dam itself (the gravity force) to resist
overturning by the applied forces.

GROUNDSILL – is a type of groundsel work and is constructed if longitudinal

erosion takes place or can possibly take place between single or stepped
groundsill works.

GROUNDSILL WORK – structure constructed to stabilize the stream bed by

preventing longitudinal erosion caused by the scouring of its foundation.

HARMFUL SEDIMENT – means sediment produced and sediment runoff,

which may caused damage by sand and stone avalanches.

PREVENTION OF DAMAGE CAUSED BY SAND AND STONE

AVALANCHE – means to protect lives and the natural environment, public
and private properties from direct damage such as the direct hit of debris
flows, lahar flow or mudflows and landslides or from direct damage such as
aggradations or reservoirs by sediment runoff and floods due to rise of the
river bed by sediment discharge.

PRODUCTION OF SEDIMENT – means the occurrence of unstable

sediment, which accompanies certain phenomena like the collapse of slope
and landslide due to streamial rains, earthquakes, and volcanic activities as
well as erosion of the riverbed or bank .

REGIONAL AREA – means the debris flow selection and the bed load
section.

RIVERBED SEDIMENT CONTROL DAM – a dam constructed immediately

downstream of the riverbed sediments. It is adequate for securing sediment
accumulation by designing runoff check and control.

RIVER GIRDLE (GROUND SILL) – designed in such a way that the interval
is 10 m when the riverbed angle is above 1/10. Its crest is designed to be 1.0
m and the slope angle of upstream should be designed at right angle and
downstream designed as 1: 0.2. Likewise, the depth of embedment from the
proposed riverbed level should be designed as 1.5 m.

RIVER MASTER PLAN – means the flood control and Sabo plan from
downstream to upstream of the river.

SABO BASIC PLAN – is a plan to prevent the loss of human lives, damage
to public and private properties, infrastructure and environment due to sand
and stone avalanches which arise from the production and discharge of
harmful/ debris flow sediment; to achieve conservation of desirable
environment and prevention of normal functions of the river flood control,
sediment control and water utilization.

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SCALE – is the scope, coverage or degree of work or return period of the
proposed project.

SEDIMENT DISCHARGE – means the sediment volume, out of the proposed

sediment production, which flows out to the tractive force of river flow and
shall be determined by taking into consideration the following: a) past
sediment runoff; b) topography of the river basin; c) condition of the
vegetation; d) control ability of the waterway.

SEDIMENT DISCHARGE – means the volume of sediment which is to be

transported from the design control point to the downstream river as a
harmless and necessary sediment flow and shall be determined on the basis
of the present condition of the waterway and the channel plan, by taking into
consideration the tractive force of the river flow and the grain size of the
sediment discharge.

SEDIMENT DISCHARGE CONTROL PLAN – is a plan to control the volume

and temporary trap the harmful sediment discharge into the sabo facilities and
later discharge them safely; and also to control the grain size of sediment
discharge.

SEDIMENT PRODUCTION REDUCTION PLAN – is meant for reducing the

collapse of slope, landslide and erosion of the riverbed and bank due to
rainfall, etc., in order to: 1) restore the sediment source from devastation; 2)
prevent the occurrence of new devastation; and 3) for reducing the production
of harmful sediment.

SEDIMENT DISCHARGE REDUCTION PLAN – is a plan to reduce sediment

runoff by storing harmful runoff sediment in the sabo facilities.

SEDIMENT RUNOFF CHECK AND CONTROL DAM – a dam constructed for

the purpose of checking and controlling sediment runoff.

SIDE WALL REVETMENT – part of dam which is designed according to

geological features of both banks in order to protect said banks from scouring.

SINGLE GROUNDSEL WORK – type of groundsel works constructed normal

to the downstream midstream line.

SPUR CONSOLIDATION DAM – a dam which has a function of checking

sediment runoff and is constructed right below a hillside to be protected. Its
height should be adequate for preventing erosion.

STEPPED GROUNDSEL WORK – constructed wherein the center of the

opening of each groundsel work must be on the downstream midstream line
at the center of the opening of the immediate groundsel work.

STREAM - a fast, voluminous, or violent stream of water

STREAM BED INCLINATION – formed by groundsel work after erosion takes

place downstream if the upstream area is stable or if erosion control work is
going on in a devastated upstream area.

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VERTICAL EROSION CONTROL DAM –prevents vertical erosion and
inhibits sediment production and it is constructed immediately downstream.

VERTICAL WALL – designed with wing and located at right angles of the
downstream direction.

WATER STOP – part of a dam which prevents leakage from expansion joints.
It is a corrugated central valve type with a depth of 0.5m along the upstream
slope.

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