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Tom 2020

The document describes an experiment to calibrate waterjets by collecting water from the waterjet for 10 seconds, weighing the collected water, and measuring its volume. Over multiple trials, the average weight and volume of collected water was determined to be 211.8 grams and 218.0 ml, respectively. From this, the volumetric flow rate was calculated to be 0.001308 m3/min and the mass flow rate was calculated to be 1.27kg/min. Calibrating instruments like waterjets is important as it checks their accuracy and establishes traceability of measurements. Key factors that can influence calibration results include weighing accuracy, water properties, ambient conditions, and the instrument being calibrated.

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49 views5 pages

Tom 2020

The document describes an experiment to calibrate waterjets by collecting water from the waterjet for 10 seconds, weighing the collected water, and measuring its volume. Over multiple trials, the average weight and volume of collected water was determined to be 211.8 grams and 218.0 ml, respectively. From this, the volumetric flow rate was calculated to be 0.001308 m3/min and the mass flow rate was calculated to be 1.27kg/min. Calibrating instruments like waterjets is important as it checks their accuracy and establishes traceability of measurements. Key factors that can influence calibration results include weighing accuracy, water properties, ambient conditions, and the instrument being calibrated.

Uploaded by

pacoto livingstone
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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KYAMBOGO UNIVERSITY

FACULTY OF SCIENCE

DEPARTMENT OF CHEMISTRY

BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN CHEMICAL ENGINEERING

PRACTICAL REPORT FOR ON CALIBRATION OF WATERJETS

NAME OSEKU TOM BRIAN

REG. NUMBER 16/U/CHD/4901/PD

INSTRUCTOR MR KILEMBEKA JOSEPH


TITLE AN EXPERIMENT TO CALLIBRATE WATERJETS

AIM. To calibrate waterjets

ABSTRACT
Calibration is a comparison between the known measurement and the measurement using an instrument. The
accuracy of the standard should be ten times the accuracy of the measuring device being tested. In this experiment a
series of tests were done at medium-speed for the waterjet and water was collected after ten seconds. The mass and
volume of the water was recorded.

INTRODUCTION

Liquid volume measurement is an important step in most industrial and analytical measurement
operations. Volume instruments are used in many fields like chemistry, health, biology and
pharmacy. In several applications within these fields the measurement of volume is significant
or even critical, therefore it is important to ensure that volume quantities measured using these
instruments are reliable. In order to identify and reduce possible errors in liquid handling, it is
necessary to calibrate the volume instruments using the correct methods. It is also necessary to
evaluate the measurement uncertainty as this information must accompany the final
measurement result to give the end user confidence in the measurement. Volume instruments
can be calibrated by filling, or emptying, using a reference volume measurement, i.e. by
comparing two volumes. This is a secondary method of calibration. At the highest level of the
traceability chain, the volume can be determined by the primary method of weighing the quantity
of a suitable liquid, contained or delivered by the volume instrument, provided that the
temperature and density of the liquid are known.

REQUIREMENTS

Measuring cylinders
Digital stopwatches
Electronic balance

PROCEDURE

The water gun was opened at a certain angle and the water was collected in a container
for ten seconds.

The quantity of the water collected was weighed and the weight recorded in grams in
the as shown below.

The weighed water in the graduated measuring cylinder was transferred and its volume
determined and recorded in ml as shown in the table.

Procedures 1, 2 and 3 were repeated four times and the table completed.
TABLE OF RESULTS

Experiment number Mass in grams Volume in ml


1 266.78 270
2 208.42 200
3 204.36 210
4 201.84 200
5 177.56 180

Calculations

Determine the average weight of the water collected in ten seconds.

Average weight of the water = (266.78 + 208.42 + 204.36 + 201.84 + 177.56)/5

= 211.8 grams

Determine the average volume of the water collected in ten seconds

Average volume of the water collected = (270.0 + 200.0 + 210.0 + 200.0 + 210.0)/5

=218.0 ml

Determine the volumetric and mass flow rate of the water jet in kilograms cubic meters
per minute respectively

Volumetric flow rate of the water jet = average volume /time taken

= 218.0/10

=21.8ml/s

= (21.8*10^-6)*60

=0.001308 m 3/min

Mass flow rate of the waterjet = average weight of the water collected /time taken

= (211.8*60)/ (1000*10)

=1.27kg/min
What is the importance of calibrating water guns, air supply nozzles, delivery horse
pipes in industries?

Calibrating instruments checks the accuracy of the instrument.

Calibrating instruments determines the traceability of the measurement

PARAMETERS THAT MAY AFFECT THE MEASUREMENT RESULT

During the calibration of volume instruments, the main parameters that can influence the quality
of the result are the following.

Weighing
Weighing is the most important step in gravimetric calibration. The weighing results are
influenced by several factors such as the resolution and sensitivity of the balance, the
calibration of the balance (eccentricity, linearity, and repeatability), the class and density of the
reference weights used to calibrate an electronic scale or balance.

Water characteristics
Mass is converted into volume using the density of the calibration liquid. The water temperature
influences the determination of the water density; thus, it should be carefully measured and
recorded in each measurement. Methods for estimating the temperature of the water without
affecting the volume have to be established. The viscosity of water at a specific temperature
influences the residual volume in volume instruments used to deliver.

Ambient conditions
The ambient conditions (air temperature, humidity, barometric pressure) influence gravimetric
measurement mainly through the air density determination, so those quantities must be
measured and recorded during the measurements because of the possible fluctuations.

Volume instrument characteristics


The characteristics of the instrument (tank, volume measure, pipette) under calibration, e.g. the
scale or the expansion coefficient of the material, must also be considered. The volume
instrument temperature depends on the ambient temperature and on the water temperature.
This variation is important for the volume conversion at the reference temperature.

Other parameters
There are other parameters that can directly affect the measurements, namely the evaporation
or the operator skills and experience that have a direct impact on the accuracy of the calibration
result since he or she has direct influence on several steps during calibrations (e.g. meniscus
reading, filling and emptying procedure or in the handling of the equipment).
RECOMMENDATIONS

The experiment should be carried out using a constant water flow system so as to
obtain accurate results.

CONCLUSION
Waterjets, water guns can be calibrated using the above experiment and this can be
applied to all the instruments whose volume as well as the volumetric and mass flow
rate can be obtained.

REFERENCES

[1] JCGM 100:2008 (GUM), Evaluation of measurement data – guide to the


expression of uncertainty in measurement

[2] JCGM 200:2012 (VIM), International Vocabulary of Metrology – Basic and


General Concepts and Associated Terms, 3rd edition with minor corrections
[3] ISO 3696 (1987) – Water for analytical laboratory use: specification and test
Methods

[4] ISO 4787 (2010) - Laboratory glassware - Volumetric glassware - Methods for use
and testing of capacity

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