mqf Nigrrian' §n,drty of tnginfffz

-

, ,

II

,

, '

I

, '~'r,n,in I ! i rtt~r~ ,

I ,

I .

. ~

Ii

•

- • ii'

;~~~ [ID~@~@[~J~@~ ©@OO©OO[§IJ.~

J

, ., I rnJ~m~)@~!®

,

P~ R····· 0···· .'. IC-- - E" EID· N···I,G· . s •.... v ·'0"- -"-L I ~I

-I I .. - . 1 1-' • '. .' .' _ ,'. I

, , f

(V,E'NU,E: FA.CULT"V· OF' EN!GI,N,EER1NG .

I U,NIIV'E,RSITY o IF' 8iENi,IN

. i · BENIN C:I!TY'

I. -"Il

,.

=

., •. -.- . ~ ,,'. ~ ~ .... l .!

'THE DE5lGN O'F CONCR.E'TE BR.ID'G.E·S

~ - - " ~ .. L ." I .. •

,.-.'1' t .!'o'I"'''' -r'

I

y' - _ HYD:aOLOGI'CAL STUDIES

.. -.., .. ~_.!! .r I ~ ~ • p."!"3 •• \, .... r..-s.- I.

FOR

- :BRlDGES. &. 'C·ULVE:RTS

T· ,~

. OpllC:

" ,

..... il:;.. I .....

_. • I

.-=-]"'_{~':"'''' -~ ...

",..,.::.;:,.;,~,.;..,,, .• , .. - ;~:;~~~:;;;,:..."~;;."''':'t!~.""'r ~" .. ",~

tr~;~,.

.. ~:.II L'

_ By

I. '

EIi.,p'D' 0 Qlmcdmole .

""

PRIlC,lPAL PART'RR

.DA VI :D:BSIG,I GROUP

,

I

A. FOILJR D'A'Y CO'VRSE

O~G,AN~SED IYTH,E N~GIERIAN SO'ClrnIOF' ENGIN.EE,R,5 IEN~N B,lANCH AT

,

TH E 'UN ~V'EPS(TV 0 F lEN ~N

J LINE 1~~;16~ 200 0'

Hydrological S,ludies 'for Highway ,StructuJr-ea play M essential contributory role in the, (lesjgn pliocess for Culverts R1I1d Bridges which provide the 'Ouly paasages of water acrnsa the road embankment. The kn,(}wledge: of the' quantity of the flcod water derived from the catchment area and rainfall characteristics 'win assist the designer in matters of eroaien and constructional procedures.

. ,

Hydrological meaeurementa ro-e required fior' ,o,bt.mmng correct atructural sizing for a particular location .

.. "

'. ( , •• I '

Let us look ,at the case: of the Kontagor,a Box Culvert., Remember that the FMW Design Manu.,al aI.S 'w"eU as the California 'D<ivisirln ,of Highways set.s out a criteria for balanced

- dB:si,gn .. , The Culvert shall be designed to, discharger-

(a) a 2S~year. flQQ~ witbqut ~tatic bead at entrance, and

(b], a loo"'year flo1ldiutllizing; the available head at entrance,

The, Kontagora Box Culvert, has beeneised usin,g a 2,5-ye,ar flood without ,static, head at M],trance.' . " A culvert without static head behaves as a rectangular notch and the flow through a ~ rectangular notch is derived from hydrau lies as:

Q -

WheJrC' a ,_

b. ,_'

1.7' aU$'D height of box' vridtb, of b OJI;,

•

Uslng thisfermula, the box culvert was sized as:

,2 [4m 'W'idtb ~y3,m. height~

, , ,

r ..... I .. 11 _ ....... ~ I' Ii.

4rn

I . .. I .•

I

• I

3.m..

I~

. , .

~.l •

'jI • 11',.: 7 t I ...... ~ + l' - , 1"'. r t. .

1 ~

"

.. '

The ,above prel.lln~a:ry I sizes should be checked for inlet. and ou'tlet controJ.~ f~r ~~', lOn-year .Hood lltill~ing :the availabll..e head

at. entrance. '.

I I -. I

1.

. '

1, OO·P;e:,a,- FhJod.: ,

A 100 yr flood :fo.l' Kontag'O:ra

- 1200 ,x, 10'0 -, ,B60

From the expression:

Kll> _ .A. .... ' B. logll, oil.

Kl.40 '";" .2.95+ 1.9.1. IOg:10 140

= 7.049. . .,

140-yr flood for Kario

'1

2.. 7llne' IOJ Co,nC!ent:r.Ho~ tl!"n hours

t. (Llo.n /'{,3000 x. S 0,5)

For L S, t

5000 :m.en-'es

_ In.. ,nn (.'D·_ .,''II"U')," .. _ "'11 0.·' J'~ U .. U~ I .' ~ - ...::. 7'D"- y", ~I

1 .. 66 rus-

:'

,=

3. IR'tensi'ty uJ B'ain/cdl

ill - 2.5.4 X 7 JJ4'911(1.66+ 0" 510) 1..03~

...

Blmm per' hour

TheT~/ore ~antity oj Flow

Q ~ CIA,

0,3'0 x81 ,x 12.,28 x (1000)2, .

"j

1000 x 6,0 X (5,I()

- 8.3, m.3 per second

Allowa.b.le B.eadwa'tel' at ,e;Dt:rane!e~ ,AIIW

The AlIQwable 'Head of'Water at errtranoe to the culvert is, ,a sitemeasur,e:m,ent ,arnd. this is, the maximum V'I:'llue, of aDowabh~ Head of Water which can be aceommodatsd mtbout resulting in any n.o:od rusaS1i.er arismg frcm overflow o.r J10ad embaukmente and. 'river banks"

J:n1e·t,2ad Outlet, DJseharge Contro,],

The: aim of thec:un.tTol:is ,to:m:inIit the Head at entrance within tl'le allowable Head of Rood wate.:r for either case of inlet 'Or ouflet discharg,e capacity control.

The di~gTa.msbeh(Jw :sh'9!w the possible. cases, for oorrect aUow:abl!e heil],d mneasum-ements.,

Ruad Level

b,anks ·AHW

I I I • ~

.~ ~ • I II . t ~ !

,'1

banks

hanks

_ .... :11 _~ .....

Road Level

AHW

, J

. .

- I .".

-.-

Case 3 - Unknown 'Terrain

I'

. '

b

AHW'~ i,,25d

box d

........ r- ,_". ~

"

"

Inlet Control

Let us check the chasen box culvert for inlet canrrol Take the allowable headwater (AHW) to be :l.," 5 metres. This; should. be B. ,sitel meaaurement, but the· v;ai1ue' used bere is for an Unkn.own T~rrain. whicb is 1 ... 25:1: D ~. 1.25 ',x 3,m ;;;; 3..75.w

.Wi.th the calculated qUaIltity of flow .f01' a 1 OO~year flood

= 83m3l :sec.

- Take .Bern.ouill between .A and. B,

HW = D+keV2+ V2

2g: 2g D + (1 +- :~e) V'A 2g

Q~ A2-

=

=

D + (1 + ke) 2g'

"

(Since: Q .... AV).

- 3 + (1.4{1'9,.'92) X 1(83/2,4)1~' 1=. 3.8Sm .

, ' (greater than ,3. '1 SJI

.. , HW

(Not'e that ke I:!Il 0,,4 for square ended box culvert's). The box culvert size 2/ (3x41 is, nor!: suitable

S,ince H.W (.3 .. 851) is-greater thanAHW (3 .. 75)1 . Reduce the depth and. try either

lOr [3/2.5 x 3 .. 5!~ area = 26 .. 25:m

.J_ • b

I prefer S'Bcti.on 3/2.5 x 3.5 to Section 2/2.5 x.5 because of the

smaller' breadth. .. , 1 ,

- .

Bernoulli at A and B

HW = 2,.5+ 1-.4 x.~ (83)2

1'9.62 . (26.2.5)2

3 .. 2 I (less than 3 .. 75) Ol{

OutlelL Veh::u:.ity fur Inlet Control

_ The knowledge of the outlet velocity is impcrtant inom."Cl.er to check agama,t the allowable outlet velocity to contain erosional

" -

bI I ~ I r n, - :" s: i \1"''',. i ~ iI ~ ~ ~ ~

pro em·s. < - • • _., , - • - -

Quantity of Do\v ~. ~! Q = AV

Ve~ocity = Q

b~d_

The depth at outlet may be caleulated by 9./. a. (trial and enor" method u:sin,gM,anningJs;; Equation

Q ~ Am 2/8S ~

n.

dimcil:ly·t.o obtain the s_arne quanti~ of f1ow~ or by b/th,e application of the King's Fonnula.tion ofM,annmg,'5 Equation derived Horace Will.iams KlNG~ late Prllfessor of Hydraulic Engin.eering University ,of'Mi.chigAn.

King'sFo_nnu~,ation' is

Q - ]4:1 b SIS S %

n

Let us alpiply the King's Formll1mtion~ to o_!le oell

Kl::: Q.;n

',, 1.1 ~.

sa/a. x 0.0.13, . (lO,.5j3)S'13x (0.01)0.5

- (10.§13,)m, andalope = lO/D)

n= 0.013 Kl ,_ 0.1284

, .

To use King's, Table!~ multiply Kl by 1.4:86, which isa built-in factor in the Tables, in orderto correct for the Imperial Units in the King's Forrmilation Tables. ' . 1 ~ ,

Hence {'"

0,,1284 x 1.486 0..190'8

0,.,36

-D =

b Depth

- ,0.36 x 3,.5

,...: 1 1.26m!etres

Ve]ocity of flaw at outle~ . - JL

A

-" 83./3, ~ ~\. 6.27m/s

1..26 x 3.50

. The outlet channel should helmed 'With eenerete or stonepitched for' velocities greater than .2 metrea per secend.

OuUet Control

'The culvert 1m now cheeked for outlet control. "

HW

Theresulting balancing equation. is HW

'I

- H+bo ..... SL

1 •

C'UEn:Rr AND B.fUD!GI!B' lfmJil'Ol.OG:l"

"

where

ho = Tail water

S = Slope of box culvert L ~ Length of box culveat H = Total lost of head

_, Velocity head + entrance less i- frictional less

~ -.

E, ME _:I- ke,llg_ 4- 1 SI'. 6 2; n2,L '\l!

2g 2g Rl.3J 2g

d,c+ D ·1' :2.-

critical depth

't~"I"

,. [

'Discharge q = 8,3 """ 7. 9m31 sec.

3 x 3,_50

de = 1.85m

he ~ 1.85"*" 2.50 = 2.115

2

Tuk,e'Tail Wate,. ho

Where

de

~ .

-

Hydraulic Radiu.s -R ~ A' - :2.,1 7:S. :x 3.50 - 0.72

Ip ,7.85",

0.013

35m

Fioc n :::::t
L =
S' -
II _,
~
Fi(u' Q ~
_,
V =
.. --
Hence H =
_ 10/0

1.4Jl~ l' 19.62 (D. 0 1312 x as ,\E... . , 2g (0,.72) i.aa 2£

I.SS V2

2-

g

8313 VxA ,27.6-,

3,.50 x 1 J~j5 1,,53 V2

2i

1.5.3 x (4,.~61

=

"

••

2g:-

, -

1.415 'metres

J. •

.

,

Therefore

H.W ,_ H ,+ ho ~. S I

'"" i 1.415 + 2'.175- 0.01 x .35 I. (fot: L E>. 35'm!,Ues)1 '

'= S.24m

(less than the . allowable :maOOm'um value or3. 7 5m~ but m.ore 1than the ID1et CooirrolHW' of' ,3,.21m). .

."1" I ••

8.mce the outlet control producesthe greater Headwater depth of 3 .24m~ the velocity at outlet should, also be cheeked,

At Outlet, ho- 2.1'" 5

b-, 3.5!0

Area at Outlet -. ,3,.,175 x 3.S0

- 7,.6125m2

" ,: ,.,",' F" ~I,V' . . ,

• ~ I • ..:

. .-.; ! ~ ..

83, ~.

"3""

_Q_:

A

. 27.,,66

;,.6125 1,~3,.63m/a, .

Qualltity ofJlow' for- one. cell '. .::=

- . . .

• 11,

'._ . : :'. 1 :, .~

,....,

.'

, ,

'=

! II -. ! ~

Tbe Inlet contro,~ 'produce~, thffgreate.t¥elocity, of c..,27'ml sec

,

Design o utgu t. '

A 3,= cell bes culvert of 2.SUm. deep by 3.50 wide should. be

adopted. ~.

I . i

BIUDGE HYDROLOGY

~

. ,

"

The hydI'ologj.cBl studies of bridge,s is 'based. on the reeommendatiena of the Federal Ministry of Works, Htghw,ay Design .Manua][ (Part.I) DESIGN_ 'OF 1973"

Thetwo usual known methods for run-off estimates are:

a", . Ta1lbot f~"lUu1a '

b.The Rationa] Method (,also known as the Lloyd,8-,Davies F(u:-mu'iEil

The Talbert formula is, emp.iri.cal and is, only appJiedl fur preliminary run-off. estimates when, the cosrelation with the aetuedrun-off estimate i.s, known.

In the Rational MelliodJ the run-off is related to the rainfall intensity by the formula.

Q ..... T CIA

wher-e Q = quantit:,r'o:frnn.~offmmillsec

_ =:0. Intensity ": ,til' rate, of r,amfall

expreseed in mm per hour

., _, , , .A ~square Idlow,ettes,

. The, above fOrnDuia. is true for catchment areas of 12' --square kilometres. maximum.

A ccnrrerction faptoristhen. applied. [Olf" areas above 12 square kilemetres, The fact:.or is derived from the work done by Balasha.~Ja1on. Consultants 1(1917) an the Benin Ci1l:y Master Plan for Drainage Scheme and can. be app,liedfor catchment areas in the sub S,ahara region of' .Africa.

Factor - - I/f1 - 12'1 A)

where A, :;;;:

catchment area

.

m

square

II

, ,I

This coefficient is a variable ,of the 'rational mathod least suecepUble;tnl llreCj~le rc!etennblQtiOft. Th.e nlnge: of coe(fsfor

'different characters of tributary areas are shown in th.e

Apipendix.. --~. i

j'

A minimum ru:n,~olff coefficient is taken as, 0.5'0 t[] ICfJ.:be'T , for future development.IOt the area 8S wen as satararlon of the

soU. -,

The values of the r,ainiall int,ensity are co~puted from the rollo,wing ,formula,:

1

1fJJ} (t:+ap~

,""" rainfall intensjty in.mm/hour

duradQiR of :roinfaU Qrtime Qf

where

t

concentratinn in houre.

a. and b aTe staD!on con9,tants

,Kn ='A 'T.' Blog·w n. where A

- andB 'mstation c:onst:ants and n=storsn fr-equ.,ency.

'The values for the cans,tants", a~b:; A~ Bhave been determined bythe Mete:orol,o,gjc,al Department for LagGI, Kano, and Ikeja1· The 'values are shown below:

STATION

B 1.4·4 1.91 2.,3,4

Lagos Apapa Kano

lkeja·~ "; ~: ..

a. 0.,333 0.500

:--0.600

. - CONSTANTS

"b' A

- OA3.61- 2.18 '],032 2.95

0'.95,2 3.28

.~ I ~ .... r .:' I .

--.--~-~~~~--------~~~~~~.

The same conatanta are aaeumed ~fDI" areas 0'£ the same rainfall

,

regime.

" m al 'K" "_ bi ." th tb d' '. .' lth

,-- .' I ,- I" I' ". ,_.',' , ,';" 'I L I' " ", -: I ! :-._' : I I -, J' ',', - I':' .\ ,I ': 'I"~ , '. I,." ", I, " ' "

_Il. generJ, .. an.e! lS SUi ~cc.t to .' e . un· eI'stOTnlL regrm.e WL '

thei h ." h··h .... ..:' .... .1:' ... 111 '1 111 •

_ 'err er araetenstie I,i ert S~ larprai.iLLi:UlJ,.rm-e Y lasting more

HI an 3 Of' 4 hours.

Lages I(Apap~a) OD the other hand is subject to the: influence, of monsoonal rains with ,genera11y lower mtensities, Mid duration up to 8 to 10' hours,

I

At lkeja for the greater part 0' the y1eartbe thunderstorm

influence dominates but in tbewettest mouths. themcasocnal

infl uence predommates with mtef1Siti.6S closer to those for Lag,os (Apapu;l.).

In areas, o,f simlllar regimes the rainfall! intensities would be proportional to Jhe lOi'ta] rainfalt

2.2 Storm hcC)'u,e:nc,.

A storm frequency of 25 yeat;';, is, used. for design and 100 ye,ars for oheclofi,g !For the 109s ,of a m,ajor ,atru.c:tul'e.

These values are subieet to the' laraest flood on. reeord;

2.3 Time of CO,Dcentrat:ioD

t where

L

S

A minimum recommended,

- fLl'0.n /30008°,,5

t ... . time of ronc,entration in hours

= Length of ea: 'rment area in. metres,

... Slope of cat- 'lent area

time lOr concen ilion of' ,20 mimrtee

•

~s

I '

3.0 Stage Discharge Curve

The Stage D ischerge Curve Calculation is based Oil Manning's Equation Q

=

l/n R2/3 S 1/2 A

- Mann.ingroughness, coefficient

Hydraulic mean, Radius

AlP'

area of w,a:tenva.yinm slope I:Jfcatchmeut area Discharge in m3 lsec. wettedlperimeter

where R

n

=

It 5 Q p

The valu.es or Q is plotted. again.st de!pth of water.

",

T,hemaxirnum flood level is obtained from the plot at the derived' un .. off obtained from the .Rationl1 MOthDId..

A apeeimen ,caJculatio:O! is shown below for th.e Bridg@ at kID 44+ 700 along Ilerin-Igbetti .Road in. Kwara State.

HYDROLOGIC.AL ANALVSI8FORBRIDGE .AT KM:44 + 700

'The qu.anti~ of flow of water is obtwnedl urdu; the Ratiana~. M,eth:od with a eerrection facto[' for tbeexeess catchment area,

The maxim tim floodllevel is obtained by plottin,g a stage discharge cure.

Design taFMW&:H Highway Design Manua1l Part I Design

-(1973)1

From the 1 : 50.1000 topographic map,

Leagth of catchment .~. 2:3,OO'm. Ilx 0,41.)1

. ~lope _of catchment SfJl170a - 0' .. 029

- 943 .

Annual Rainlall at Igbetti =

Annual Rainfall at Ikeja "

l260mm 1308.mm

Runoff coeff (Rolling) 'W,ooci~an.d '& FllT'e,9,tS, :Oesj,g11l Pre q'liJ.cncy

T:ibne 01' Co,oce'D'ua,t:ioD

O~15

(,Adopt O. 50mmim U'D}) 100 YCai",(9,

t t

(L)O/77/300 81/2 01.3,8,2 hr~

, I = .

=

,(He,fer 'to Des:ign Manual)

:3,~:lB, -+- 2.34, log, (12610 x 10100,)1 1308JI usin,R;

Ikeja 8ation IConsta..n'ts~ """,. 7 . 922 ~ - -

,

lcCn x25,~4/(t+a)~

(7,.922 x25,.41/(O.,3,82 "1= O.(0)O,~52g; :205 mmlhr.

Oua._n:ttty 'Df hi_Df;alJl 'ea te h rne n't AIe a.

100 km,2

Regd. Area

Q

C,_ I. A. '(Ra.,tional'Method)

0.,50 x 205/1000 x (-41 x l000!2:)/(60 x 60) 1167' m:3/_'ee

L

I. Eo!-

~ ~

Sta!qe' Discoorge ~roe Cal'cr..dan'on

From Man,mnglls, Eq'uauO'n,il

Q - (1/,0) 'R2/,3 S'l}2 1&

___ . .. S =r 101.029

n = O~05,

.' • Q = :3 ~"1l0 R2l~' f\ 1 .

Refer 'to Apipe:ndix B,.

This, is a longitudinal profile of the Bri(l~e Loeatkm.

. ,~

. At Levell.

AI ;;;; 2Q x 0.8,7/2 - 8.7002

Rl = 8,.7/25 = 0.348

Ql = ,3 61-0 x (0.348.)2/3 X 8.7

At Level 2

A2 "'" 38m2

R2 .~ 38/35 ... 1.348

Q2 ... ,3.40 X (1.348.)2/3: x 44

, ,

. A tLev'el 3 . . ,

:A3 .... 120m2 .

fu ~ 120/89 = 1.348

Q3 = 3.40 X (1.348)2'/3 x 120

At Level 4

AilR.,. Q4

= 193<'m2

= 193/107.... 1.84

= 3 .. 4'0 x (1. 84p13.X 193

(This is greater than the 854m31 sec .. ) ..

A·tLevelS

As ... . 322m2

Rs - 322/165 = 1..95

Qs 3,,40 :X (1.95)2/~ x 322

Summary

'Height {m}

Levell (O.87m) Level 2 (1.9Sm) Level ~ (3.581ffi) Level sl (4.39m) LevelS (S.73m)

/.' .

=

14.60m3)sec

, e

I 36msl sec .

498m3/sec.

~ 987m3/sec.

1 OO~yr design flood

of

1712m3/sec

Quantity rm. 3/ sec] 15

136

4'98

987

1712

- ·The above values .eboukl now be used to plot a graph of depth. of water against Quantity of flow as shown in Appendix C.

The depth equivalent -to themaxtrrum flood of ] 167m3, gives the maximum flood level. This, val: is 4.71m ...

-.

A minimumfree-boardl of 1.5 metres over this level is provided to cater for the flood debris and passage of small boats.

TIne bridge abutments, are to be placed ourstde the 25-yr flood level, but the bearings should be at least 1.5m above the maxim urn 100-yr flood leveL

The stage discharge curve therefore assists in

a) deciding enthe final level of the bridge superstructure

b) obtaining an appropriate bridge length.

..

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS .

Balasha-dalon Consultants for the correction factor for excess area of catchment.

Furthe,r Re~d.il.Dg

I. Braterand King (1976)

Handbook of Hydraulics (Sixth Edition) McGraw- Hill- Book Company.

:2. Proceedings (Sept 199'2)

Highways Staff Improvement Course for o fficers on G L 08 - 10

Federal Ministry 'of Works & Housing,

3. Highway Manual Part I"'; Design (1973) Federal Ministry of Works & Housing. -

4. Handbook of Steel Drainage and Highway Construction Products (2nd Edition)

- American Iron and steel Institute: (1971)1.

:! ~.,~.~;,; II.~' l f~ r J '1~ ~"!II ~ , •

. .' , ' - .

Append.i.ces

i. Appendix. A

2. Appendix B

3 ... -- Appendix C 4: -""Appendix D

King's Formulation Tables . Bridge Longitudinal Profile Stage Discharge Curve. Annual Rainfall of Nigeria

APPENDIX A

.l{JNG'S FORMULATION TABLES

K.l D/b Kl D/b . Kl D/b Kl D/b
.
0.00068 0.01 0.223 , 0.4'2 0.559 1 0.82 IO.'!H7 1.23
0.00213 o.m~, 0.,241 0.43 0.567 I 0.S3 '0.'926 1.24
,
, 0.576 I 0.93rS - 1..25
0.00414 0.03 0.248 0.44, 0..84 1
0.00660 0.04 0.256 0.45 0.585 0.85 10.944 1.26
0.0094.6 I o.os 0.264 0.46 1),593, I 0..86 O.9S3 1.27
0.,0127 I 0.06 0.:271 0.,47 '0.602 0.87 ti.962 1.28
0.0162 I 0.07 0.279 0.48 'CUiW 0.,88 0.971 1.29
0.,0200 I o.oa 0.:281 0.49 0.619 0.89 0.9SO 1.3.0
,
0.0241 0.,Q9 0.295 I 0.,50 0.628 0.90 0.989 1.3l
I
0.0284 '0.10 Q.303 , 0.51 Q.636 0.91 0.997 1.32
0.0329 0 • .1.,1 0.311 I 0.52 0,645 0.,92 1~OO6 Las
0.,0376 O.i1.,Z - 0.319 0.53 O.6S3 I '0.93 LOIS - 1.34
............., 1.35
0.0425 I o.is 0.327 I o.s~ 0.662 O.94r 1.024
0,0476 0",ID4 0.335 1).55 0.671 0.95 1.0.30 L36
0 .. '0528 I 0.15 0.342 I~ 0.56 0.680 0.95 1.040 1..37
I
0.,0562 O.m6 0.35] , 0.51 0.688 0.97 1.050 1;58
0.0638 D.n ().359 0.58 0,697 0 .. 98 1.060 1.39
0.0695 0.J8 0.367 0.59 0,706 0.991 1.070 1.40~-
0.0753 O.J'9 0.375 0..60 0.714 1.00 L080 1.41
0.0812 O.2! 0.3133 0.61. 0.723 1.01 1.090 1.42
0.0873, 0.:21 0.39'1 0.62 0.741 1.0.2 1.[00 1.43
,0,0934 0.22 0.399 0.63 0.749 1.04 1.UO 1.44
0.0997 0.23 I (J'.408 0.64 0.758 1.'05 1.110 1.45
0.J061 0.24 0.416 I 0.65 0.767 I 1.06 l.120 II 1.46
0.1125, 0.25 0.424 0.66 0'.776 i 1.07 1.130 I~ 1,47
0.1190 0.213, 0.433 0.67 0.'784 I 1.08 .t140 1.48-
0.1260 0.27 0'.441 0.68 0.793 1.'09 1.1S0 ! 1.49
- I
O,1.320 0.2S, 0.449 0,69 0.802 LIO .t160 , ].50
0.1390' 0.29 0'.457 0.70 o.sn l.U 1.17 1 VS,l
0.1460 D.30 O.466~ 0.71 0.820 ,1.1:2 LLB i.52 ,
O.lSJ 0,31 0.474 0.72 0.829 1.13 L19 1.53
0.160 0.32 0.483 0.73' 0 .. 837 1.14 1.20 1.54
-
0.167 0,3$ 0;491 0.74 0.8415 1.15 1.20 1.55
0.[7'4 . 0.34 0.499 0.7.5 0.855 I l.UJ 1.21 1.56 ,
: 1
I
I O.mal' 0.3S 0.508 0.76 0.8641 1.17 1,22 1.,57
O.!i89 0.36 01.516 ~ 0.77 0.873 I
LIS L23 1.5B
0.203 0.38 0.5.2'5 0.78 0.882 1.19 L24 1.59
0.211 0.39 0.533 0.79 0.B91 1.20 1.25 1.6'0
-
0.218 0.40 0.542 0.80 O"l.~99 I 1..2] 1.26 1.6m
0.226 0.41 0.550 ~I 0.81. 0.908 1.22 1.27 1.62
, . ",

CULVRRT AND .8RIOOB' HrDROl.OOf

APPENDIXB

LONGITUDIN'AL PROFILE

O.87m

1.95m

r

I

158m

. .

APPU'D!IX C

' j" " 1-', " I .'_

, L_7"" ~'._,_'., "'_'" ' .....

4.11

lUS7

_____..

Ml3/,sec

, I

sr,AT10lfS

ANNUAL :RAiIfFALLI:mm~

1200

I Abeoku,ta

~ Bauchi

1087

1994

Benin City

, 2438

,L '

Enu:gll_

,. I 1308

lK&JA

719

12'60 '

,Horin

Joe

1557

Katduna

86l

KANO

Katsina

,1803

LAGOSl APAPA

• 1166

Maiduguri

1376

Minna

1354

Ogoga

1859

Oweni

2421

Oyo

Port Harcourt

2482

Potiskurn

782

719

Vola

1128

- ,~I i •• t e ,

TH.E DES]G,N O!F CONCR.ETE rBR~DGES

T .e 0jJIC; ,

I ~.... I

I ,

• t

I - ,r

S'~ ', t;'~ ~"/~~A·t:~i-_~ I -. I

~ 'ii r~~ 1-: . ; ... ~ . , '

By

.Engr 0 0 Okuoim,Dse PruNCIPAL p'A~R.mER DAVE D'ESIGN 'Q:R,OUP

A fOUIZ.. PAY CO Vlt5f

Ol,GAN I.5EP 8Y THE .N IGER1A.N :sOClE.TY OF ENGWN E,ER.~ B,EN IN ,BltANCH AT'

TH f UN ~V·E.RS[TY Of e,EN I N ) UN f ~~- f6,2000

1 .~

. .

THE DESIGN IOF CONCRETE BRID'GES

TOP;IC:

ABUTMENT .DESIGN

, .

,

freJJenter~ Engr~. D. I). OKUOIMOR:

; CEng FleE .Pll!l(LrmiJoI1J" Erlr"'/~g (p(1ri~)t, MiABSE (Zuridd" PRlNCmP At "Altl'NEll

DAVE DESIGN GROUP'

101] INTRODUCIION:

I

, Abutment~. as the ~1j)l1l~~ uJ~plie!i. U~ ilt ~he:t'¥[1 ext:re:mJties lof tbe bridge: 'They serv,eil dual

pUr~(M;e of a~tirl,:g uretainiJig wallis as wellasthe ability to withstand the vert:ll;;,a] and ho:nzontlJl[ fe,rtca kripo~cd by the v'emc!l.,1lar ~rdJjc; on tbellrldge.

Recesses aile provided ~ die: Abutment 'bae,Kw,aI!l to iilIcoommodElte the .AppmiB.ch. slab (s0IT1~-f:im~ I(-aUed ~he m[HJJl~la:b), Th~ ml1£llOLl gf'the; Approln:h s]ab IS, 'mbrid,I'!:th~ gal' b etween the app,macfu road and. {he Abutment SlructlJre.

2.0 TYPES QFABI.lTMiNT

lhety1P~ or Abutment d:e:pem:ls Or:J, a .number of fa.cI!on~ ~udt as the heighl, of tbe retaining JClU. the strengtn of~he underlY~l1g roolerial and the reql,)]fedisl op~ 'of the en':!balf1kmel'1t aero,s!> t~e renrrn wrul~.1'he different types are disrCilJiIlsedbelow:

0) The Canmevu Atmtment 'Ihere are !:hr-c~ forms oftrns, IliImely:

t ~, 'fh-e Wir1pallA,l)flir""eJ~'l' - 'fhis consists of a ITCillf ,cM.tileve:r wall with

splayed. wingwalls. The sphtyed wingW.aU5 rn.!£lY b!l: supported on 100)U;endlod footings from thee main front waH or may be ,cMin['6v,er-ed as 2. p:rojee.tioofrom the front stem o,fthe Abutnrent. In thi s casa IlliO footings are required,

, b,The RellN'/nnlll A.&I.ilml1;Il,' - Th:i.sis scmetlmes called the U-AbllllTmnl. Here

[~eMnIS",bwQme r,et~rnwa1fi "~arallel"t'o the ~ongiti.ldinal profile, It consists of a. side waU and

• aJ eaetllevered ear wrul_ I

'e, 'lJU: oo"t' .A!b,rl(nlf:,~i .. ,1'hif) i:!J ~!loLh~r rtJJ,liJ ur ~ ml"'!~fUW&]~ whioh consists ~ur~ly of the Ear earsilevered wall

(ii) Til e laDl S.,utAbulmCD I

These lVe pS13IlCio AtmtmGntswhich do no:L ,cmls~:st. of ',aretainillg wall, There ~Hl two l.YPC5;

.~ _' ..... _.._-;-_ ~"_ 3._J]te .. SlNtletOll (Splllthrm~lIh) I)pB, This is applied wilere the' rock bearil:i$ m.ateda~is w.it.hl[l :about four roeJl:JCS fi'o~ the rudstiillg, g;r.rnilrlG level. En this ease the .focting 'fc!tS 'on.oroek whHe Ikcletail ~o]umJl"trnmfer the I,oad uClm the l-rldJjc sCliit t:o th~ Iln.d,crlyir:li!!! footing, ' The Abuunent i~ t~en regarded !!lS'it buried Abutment, Mld the fOrc.03 on 'bOt~ si;de~ ire tlkcn rEI! I,'tidvc. Sim,e'thCl colu:[ttfij ml~ not. be ·"i'lajb~Q, p]pe c;~lvl~rt p:r~8t,D'OnQr@tc rin_g:1

ifC U!R'Id1y employed as pemumetlt ftan. "

'(ii i) Tlu,~ ,Co UDt~rf~ri Alllmtmm"t

, l, This fC!fm of AbuUnent wruch is ~ow obsolete consists of IJcunte:dOii1. walls

placed 10 5[!jJrp0I1 the fw·ont w,aUs at dgh~, ,mgl,!5_ The diflhmlLjc;s ~risirn1S tii'o:rncompB.ction of the rna~.eria( betweera, the CQun:l:e:rfort walls contribute to its dislike by conl:racto.rs llIl'ld designers, H: is nQl'~ H~r~~.f.~ ray t'h~ R.e:!1,lfTcB;W~]] Ah~jul1enl:s. with the s~de;walls: aeting ~.S end counterfurts,

3,1) BRl:nG,E, .FpUN])'A.TUJNS •

. FoundatftoFli flilJi 'br:idS,eB may be ,C~1l6d under ewo major he.~u:lings~

(1) S,pr:e,~dF'o u n,d,aUons

• This Dalil"..gory epvet,~, the strip frumda:tkm,. _p:l1d ~d. the Comhil)edFoDt:i.ng_ The

gil rip fo o~i flig is mo'stl.y used] fo!." .Abutments, VlI'm!:e oohwm_~ piers are .normally placed en either the pad f()'oun,g or the Combm~d :Footing,. LellifPwers rest on. strip footing.

(U) pn.~d Foulldia(ioQs

.File:s FO'lilliid.a;tk~nfi are iJ:S:lll,aUy ~mYided W~1ere grorund cf'peor bearing ca;pra:e.it.y extends down to a oorns~d:eHlbLe diswmce ad a h;wd~r :5trat!!J_-m rus reamed. III depths o.f'5 IJIlle'ires or more.

, ,

- Driveueasr-in-sits Cased ,p,iie:s; (for pimc: dia 300 - 6GOwlm)

- Bored Casl in ~.1u piles (for .pile d~a (!OOm.m 3fmld a!bove)

,

H~rc p iles are roI.1J1)~d. by boling into the ground and. in (:Icor soil a .stedhl,be is used to -~ as a ] iner. B,ool;omile mud is oo.rmWly used in borre ,ho~e piJ_!to prevMt the groo~dJ OOnapi3~!_

4.0 SlUE-SOn. DfVESUGATION

Thef01!JluiJatiolll DesignreqJuioos. 'the knowltdg,G' of-the e:harad.erisdcs rOfdi!etmderlying subsoi~. Tltis ls, ohta:lm:ied. by ,the use ofPmetmnon Tests,

The twomost 'commonly used ,penetration tests am~he Standmd pe.netratilt:JI[I fest and

tlle Dutch OCII;e penetrati.o.n test \.

(iiI) The Standard !,'enetr,lIfiOD Tmi't (Sm.. t~]t; 8fT ;is a dYEluruc 't6S,- ~oo

outin la. bereheleand eonslsts In d~~en:ni:ttM8t1:e S:P'I' va1ue.j N~ Le thenumlber Of'b!0w5 of'ii st.3:['I,d.ardweight dta:t ,He r«[uiroo to dri,Y1C a i3Smmintruior diameter sampMB, tu.betlrrough it depth of lOD.mm Into the soil, .1l1a;rlngalready drt'V1f:!l through :a depth of .~ 50mm, The SP'[, uses, Lhe, Sh®lI-alf1dl-Au,ger :b.ori'ng This l~m'I oo'l.!llel"s '!he U~ of pe:rcLWs:sjorn Qh1s.~ls~ cJ,aycl1uers~ augers and :sl]eUbo\[ers .. Tffi-lese tool lEiIttachmeJ~Jts, are a.ltl opefilt!cd, from. ,gnuJIld ]eV'el using .fOUl-' ~egged~DeniDk'-.Rued With. a -Winch.

I(b)r The Du,ttl. rColle PN!Jc'lr,atlon Tes,t, In tll~s 'test~ it. 60 degr:e-:eCGJ1Jr!·wit:h a

ero,s,s-s,cctiOl1a] area of] OOOnmtl i~for'ted ~~to tfug ,g,rQtllId ,a~ a rr,elt'!loraably loo[lS'lltnt ra,~ of sURin~ arid provisi,on is made 'to measurr!! ind,ep!endemtly !:hc: point rtslstlnC! due to ,side .fJi.[:Uon.

rhch"ilit W!i!r; fU-,[Jt d!;.'Vi,1:~~ hJ' ~a~".!jili the b~u.rin,~ ~PiJJlOlity I1f p]lo:l, bl,lt ~il! now ueed ~o~~dl~t th~ sel'UCltleflt of s'!;roctuwe!l In !l!li:od ..

4,.1. Tests

11. Insitu tests are penom'lcd dur.lngthc borehole opcHl.llion,

'fh,,"), Dn~

~. The Vane. Shem- ''[' e.5it

ii The $,ttmdnIi3 PCfletr.alion T'cst

b, Disturbed IHud Undisturbed .s'!I.mpLes IiIlfC ~aken from the bbr~h!O~e :U !S,edfic

~oca.twans Cor tests if! th.c. Laboratory.

Such Tests, Me~

~ the triu:.iaJ Ccmpre!:G~(m 'fest

~ the.Unconnn,ed: Compression Tes~ - ~he D~,!",eet $hel!~ 1'~!;.t

- 'lhe COflisoUdation T'fsts

4 •. Z l] nre 'hn·llt. [lng,

Afieral1inve&lj.ga~[on has heen efl]n:f!]e:red. and. the resuhs of my ]a,bormory restsare~,Yoa:i]a.ble, the grouad cOlld~tiQilS. discovered t!l1l each b~:r,e,hde' are summarisedin 'me fOiUl of a hom. hnl.t! !o~ l'he_ln2; !i';nntll,d en~,Me, ~ r.;lpidl ~:rPI,~ts~.1 nf !.hl! "nil pr-ofU,e 1,0 be made.

A .samp]e bore hohl log 'iSSitOWfl bel.ow:

lO~O

sand:~dar': y = 19KNlm3j C ... 401 KN/m2: phi~',J5 "

Rock

5,0 BEARlNG CAfkCIT¥ OF 'OUNnATIONS

The o'!I!bruUty of a soi~ to 5UP;p()rt ,ill lnad from a ,struG,tur,al, fOlJnda.tii()~ w,ithoUit fail~g in shear is tno,'l,W as its be.aring capiiioity ~ il:ut: th~ s,tlbility ~f a [QllI.l!:da;tio~ depen.ds 'O~ Ute bearimg ,cap~ci.~ ,oftfue !l{lU bene.athtl!e: fo~ndatio<n!IDd the settlement

'The shearin~rwistan.ce ~f the SOli] prqvides the, bearin,8 ,capacity wbile Il"be 'CQnsoU(iatio:n PHl'JH!rtics d!tite~etb.e setdemet:1liL..

'The beering cap:il~ity i!l obtmn'oo. l!J:llm.g TCUI!!ghPs eqI.H!lion1s. The footings fur

At:IIJlme[l'lS Wlrli P,~er,s ~ j't;~gulat and 1'e~'s, Gqua.ua,n mr ,a, rectangular :foo:tins wiWI be appJ:icabl.e.

- e No. (1 '+ 0.3 BIL) + yz (Hq - U

+ 0.5 I) 'i BN, (1 - f12 iBtL)

- ! - I

'·wherec = .... ,eobeaio:n

B = width.

L = Lt.n,gtl 'i .;;;::. d.WlJlilq Z = depth.

, I

I I,

A borehole log is provided fo.l" 11 proposed A1b1i:1tmelit of width 5.~, .At depth 2m~ the cobesion '"' 65 KNJm2 iI1ld ,!Ulile (lfi:n.'lemru friction"" 20 de,g~cC:li. Oblidti the net ultima~e bearing .ca.pa~ity of tire :fol.lnd.lltlm:l

q(l'lct)1 :;,:. cNc + y~ (Nq~~) + 0.5 Y BN

~ ,65 x.17.1 + 18 x:2 (7A.l)+Q,.5x18x5x5 .;; .1606 KNlm2

q(!a.re~ 1606/2.5 + 18 x 2

-- 67SKN/m2

fhi'" 20 Ne= 17.7 Nq .:::7.4 Ny "" S.O

This location r-etIDuif1es a reemnlUlar foot~~

q(ne~) = oNe 0 ".j,. 0.3 BiL) +y.z (Nq-.~) + O.S "I UN" (I-OJ: BIL)

fbe net bearing 'CPi,.acity i:!;. multiplied by a (J{ll.ITl!J::tiOD fldor~t'W, where the water tab~eis [o\i<rted withiin t~0 vicinity ef the fou~d:~t[on ]el!Jtl~"

• [&W :::!' (~.5 + (O.S ,I. Dw V{DrtB)·J

I I

Co·lI,esiNf: SO!i1s

The load c-aTfY~I1g capllaClty of a pile depBlu~s, outwOJfB;Qtors - the end hearing pn;:S$ure +

= the skin a.dliesiion. orm!fitiun

a, End BeaT.~n:g = F,or d~pfbu[!d:~t]ons, No = 9, If'llIe. base area "'" A;. the end bearing capachy ::= 9'cA

b. ,Skin Fridi!(I,:n

This is the ~()ad,trmJs,miuootc the sail 5'l1.1l"Jou[ldiing tire sinal ·e r the, pile, 1 f surf.aoe cnhesio[l == k CU .fb.r II sURnce ar~ A,s..,. then skin mGtign ;;;;; k cuk;

Theadhesiea f@:dQr • k> d,C!p ends an fhe undrained shear 5~trenglb bat usuruiy takCIij as 0.45 fur bOf'6d pi]~!l;md 0,8 [or driven piles. In Gener~ for CohlllSive soil~.

q === geA + k cAs.

DesiS~l pa.rmne~ersllbr piles in gm-MularSioils am usually obtained from the resuhs of ins 1'lu. pcneL:r~lffioG ~ests because of the dliffiQJltJ ~v..:JJved m. obtaining u:~d[s~urboo samp!e;s ..

in HJS3 PeC:k .. et-i!ill ]'Imposed the m]auo:n~hl'p,between the UncoITe~lm N,.;vilueH:om ,$PT and. the Angle o'f friction of the soils,

Ber,~a:r![z.ev' show~the relamio[tshi~· of:Nq with o.

The ult lmate beafing capacity for p.nes cOinsi!d.ecin~. end beair.ing (In]iy is volume or. disphu:ed soils x dell.s.ilyof' soi,l x Nq

:1. e pif4.x d:l y Hx Nq

whe;re; d = d.~MD61.e.r of piLes

H = d~pth 'of p enetratina of piles; y= Density of Soils

Nq= be~i_Qg CCi!.IPacity ('actor

A faebJF of' ~~ty orf 2 . .$ :i s applied to .this to obtain the me beariqg capacity. &e~ to

• App endix fm curves.

Here the uhimatl!1: lQad ~ grv>eil!biY

Qf = "Ab,qf + Asm

where: q r... 40NDIB KN'Im2 less 'than 'or 'eqjuailllQ 400N KNJm2 ,_ ~

and :t~, ""'. 2N KNIm2

The safe ultimate load:l! Q.f(:!l,d"~)

"" Q£l2 fOf 0, F!.I!ctQr ef Safety = :2

-.

2

HJ

12 MJ'!Jlm2

a

2

4

",{=:S m

!2,

=y.= G_] x 600/3G, == Sm (must be les~ than 2(13)

The ultimate load on the pi:l.e Qf = Ab.qf+A__sfs,

ert"' shouJ d not exceed 10 MN/m' and fs ."". qcJ1DO

, !

Dia

B ~ -

~

, ,

'.,

Wber-e C is the CCI,nel1E'5slstt\!I1Ice at the tip B = dia ofpUes

01"" d~p{hG,f pe.netrBti,on

End be~dng = .F x Ab

Skin, moclioll Cll C'rf1.0:OkN/rnt2 fGlr defl!Se Mnd, ... Cr/400kN/ml for loose sand. :;: CrllS{lI KNJm2 for sin

. Use. ~ fac:tor OIf $m~t.y ofl,

,( ii iJ. Pile-! o.n Rock.

These piles depend en their structural S'I:[englb~ :find. me cles:ignedas colu mas, The u~lifl'la~e load that can be supported b~ the.pUe is

N . iii 0.4· feu .1\0 + 0,61 fy' As

The pHe.i must he embedded at 1!east one met!li1c iuLo ~lli]t1 rock.

, 9 ~ I! IL'II· I I

(iv)' [h:,i.v'~HJ Plies

The .!rirumum. an~s 'or 511001 :ror dfi.v(ll:A. p~]es As dep~.nds tin ~he.LID il'aHo

FQlf UD less than. 30. iIlse t2S% or.-eIl!. ,of pile,

un between 3D and 40,. use 1.,50%

un greil~~rthao. 40, use 2%

The aUowable h~'Mld is subjectliGIiBI fofS of2.5.

6i.(11

A.up'iJe dnving f,orIt:1u1;aG ateb~ on the assl!li:ttp,ti.O:i1m3l~ the bearing ,caPl1cWty illif a. pUe lI!I:!der ,static condition5be:a:rs. asi.mple rel;ationshi:p 1:0. its r·esmt_oo to driviing furt'ile ] ast metre or so, En] 925 Bile" deve~oped the r.eUonaJ :fornl!l!l.1n(or pUa dnvbJgt btl t a pCiputar OOrm.l!ll.a fOlfpHe driying, bu~ I popular fofmnu.~1 for e:heck1:n1 the final ,set in pi~C! dlivinl is the Engineering News fgJID.I..lk._ -, - . .

Her·€:

..

wheee

R . R E

(I OGOi6)XEf(S+2 .'4"

~[owabl e pHe, ]orad in kiJo,o.evrtons. the ,energy p~f blow inKNm (er KJ)

· s - the avtf,age peJ1le'ltratlon ill mliI1imelres, per blow for the

find ] 50mm of driving (Dote that tbe mmimum ,!l::wIis.5:iIbI,e vfliWue of S= 1.2.5 mrn)

Deterrnl ne: the fequked set for a pilt; dl [v~[~ u~~llJijli!,;lu. I:J l~nsh ~a Model, l'l'-22 D:elnwag D]esel Ham~ner lor MJi!i1bJwabLe pUe ~oild of600KN. -

UsililgHle Engi l:l~n8 Newsfoml:lJ.J,ae~webav~

SI'+'2\~S4 ~ l'OOO/6x.EJR

'" 166.6 ;( 5] ,821<1500

= l4f.94

12mm per blow

Hcn~~ the r~jJitlSid ",aJ1[J~ oft2mm perb~!lw subj eet tea ~:m:um OIf i .2Smn1 per blow forine fioal 'i SUnloo'Qf ddviqg is adQP~tdIwitl:!.m .~~ rinirm.!.lll! length. o:f fI~lc, ::lIhorwfl onllie dlf,aw.iugs.,

It is VI~ry essential, to test a few stl~eGtecl pHes to eo!.'liTin &gre~.eTJlt. with desip parlm},c'ter:s"

'1'.0 FORCES ON AR1JTMENT

HomQllUll Farces .. <

(I) ,~ Prf:!!.sur'e

(Ii) Live load 51i1:rclmrge crated by eitber HA. OII".HB ~oiIJd;i:ng

(iii) Bm.lruiI,S forces

(iv) Temperature :foroes m::tin.gl!br-oU,8bbeMif:l~

I

y~rti~ (Q.ee:!i

(1) Abu!~['Hen~ o,wn weight

(ii) SlJIfert!lJ!:m.c:llure dead rucNtd

(iii) :S:uperlmpog.e:d dead load .

. ,._~_ Ibis mcrnudes parapets. walkwiays ,and .A:sphaltic conerete

Ov) HA and KB ~iv~ lO:!l!tis

("ii) Pedes:trip ~oad on ww:tw,a,s.

'8J)

"_

4

I

J

1 . -!!'!II
2.
J. -
4. -
5. -
6 =
7. _,
B -
91, '= limp foaHRi or pi1a wp abutment stem ba,e1cwtal1 or blLnas~waU sldewall

canuh~,\i'e:ied retum waH 'llf lEAR run en, ,slab ,Of Apiproac!ilslab Sl!!per.stmClture

PUifl.thand b~g support >ClIl1~w.

. .

:5U6J(3 .5"'12) 1:- 2'9n "" L 1:5/((121'12''''3.5')

139' + l21

2160lGNfm2

9.Z,

Consider fhes:tmne a:]n:ltmen~ under lJC 4 Take pile C8.l?acity for dia 450 "" 900KN

hi Uri.s: case, IcbOQ!!e '~be .~Ulmber '()f pUesa:nd ,Make a tri!d MTangemen:t Local e. Ule centre ef gra:,vity of Ililes and I!i:od file mom.en( of Inertia of tilt; piles

w~ere V y M

V/n+My/m

"" v~l1[cru~olad

= ,d lstaaee from centre of :pHes 110 ex.kcmepi~e rnowf}lI1Itabollt centre oi.fpil~s

m oflPiles

moment of tncrtia 'Of p~~~,

n

I

dill, 45D PILES

• •

• •

__ .1

3500'

1. Distamce between. ,centre' li:n~ of pil e!i = 2.:5 III! di:a:, of pies (or drive:n pi~.es~ Md

?; ntl[;t.~n<:e beh1i!,f,:P.I1 ,t.ij'lll'lt~_..li n~ (If pi~If'Ji: ='1 ~ di~ nf p i1a~ !:nr b{'l~erilpi'le.c ..

subj ect te, Ii c1ea:r distance ,of 150rom. •

HiV= 225 + 2218 J.SgS\lt = O_41,S' I~

tan a - 2443lS8'l't- OA 19

a ~' .,2~~cgr,~~;r1

2.1~1~

Atcording 1(11 nercz-adit~ev" ~-\~j

no pittlSfo.r ',alpha' Ie&s than .5 dlegreea_

rakf~g tS[lwvid_ed for ,allJha between 5 and ]$ degrees, arid deadmen piles should bs provided for anglesgreater HIM fifteen degreea roo!" aJpiJa .of 22.7 deBrecst deadman pipes ;lir~ :nkJiuired and! baok row pile:5 wm be uti]l.sed for l1lis, purpose"

1'11.0 STRuerURAL DES.IG.N'

lO.l Atudmentsicm willi Esr

This Is trcaled las a cantil.ever wall :5Uliljecled by Earth! Pressure, self weigh! fg[Ce5 RI1d fo roes lrom the Superstructure, Mcunemt:s are tili~en a,bQu~ the eemre e f the stem ba se.

1 i

6-..----"""'1

1

..

DesigJ:lJls [HI~td on the ultimate ~imi.t !lti!!tc, Tile Designmll norm:aJlyreduce I'! II beru:n desig~with increased moment.

The. lIAR w41l is subjected 10 veu Jl.~i ,and hori~o"l'Lal foro ... !!. t'h!J;;~~ @fC smtic,aUy dclerm:inatD. The footing wil~ be desigm.ed .s1JJbjecl.ed,~o bearing pressure fGrces or Jlj~e leads.

'/

.Here tlieAbulmcllt wall is ~'I!Jpport.ed Oll three sides ,ani! ciles;ignis based Ol'il t~]e.o;: from

the. German book. "'Analyslf &: .Design o/tllilf,.wwled b.rid[;t! ahutmcn.ts'~ by Prof f)1'-lng Jasl!j' Eihl

Pru/.l1r-IR:g(Q'fll'gjI IVi~Jli

lJ.ipUng He:rb'en 3t-1ulInb'eck.

... 'l!! - ," ~ ~ II'_.

11.0 PILE DESIGN

Under service. oolldiLiOins.. tne :pile is ~urojecled.to :axiia'l. :shea:r and (]exlI.uarn steesses ari!l.ing OLi t of the compo~ents of the femes at the base of the: pile cap. The ul tinl;a:Le moment generated by me, 'lUhlmlll,tellorlzUPW S~Cil!f Riaybe worked Oyt fol.I.QwinE, 'Droms Me~od] or Hetenyl pnml]ples.

The pile ean then be designed. for Vertical Load and Moment The upper part of nu:: p~le is _ alsQ checked for shear I.D ab~airl ~he required shear links.

SlIMMARY 1.

2 ..

3.

Decide 011 pile l.ength 'to a;cc(]immQdlate 'tlhe I,IhlmMe vert! c~l Icl'il.ci. Determine Momenit O:n:l pi[e.

Obtain ~illiailll fleiu:fb'roem&nti!i from I~e standard ~rn!ph5 Qf~~a1 load and Mements,

U.O FUIRTUER. REA.DINGS

] . Peo:rwlls. E (I '91&)

COll.er~e Bridge Designers Manual A viJew P Dint Publiea.tion.

2.. Smid\ G N &, Pole" EI (~986)

Eh:ll!I.c~t5 ~f FOUIlJ.d!ltio~De~igp Gr~~du

- I

:3. 'Craig:. R F, (19IB7) S oill Mechanics Van Nosttalldi &c.ir&.old(UK)

4. l,!limbe" 'if W & Whitman, R. V; (197!l1) Soil Mechanics

Wiley us~ern L~m~ted

.5 MalEck" s, K. & Gupta, AP. (l9B'$ll) Reil1toreed. Concrete (Fifth Edi lion) OKfbm & EBH Pllblis~ip8 Co PVT Ltd.

"

6, Ei~dJI\,MlyilSdi'ambeck (19188)

ruulj'!ii.~; & Besign oftllin~w,aned bridge abutrnents (Thin!; Editioo)

Weri'lt'j;r-Vefl~g

7. Sa:wko~ "F (1988)

A ~impli:fied [approach to the MlllJY!li8 of ,pi]~ systeMs Tb,~ Structura! Ensineer

Vot 46. No,., 3, Marwm 1968

K. O]~ s, It. (198,9,)

Geotec]mjcaJ En:giJlJl'!erin:g PntbJems, Sa~nm~of!~ & Ca!!e S~udies, Amcan UruveI'S1tics f'res!:

~:l Peck. it.:B et ~1 (191t11) F OUfU!.3JI:i:onEngineering Wiley Eastern l.imi'led

THE D'ESJrG'N OF C-ON'C'RETE BRJ'D'GES'

Topic:"

r '

PRESTRESS'ED CON'CRETE, BRID'GE ,DE,SIGN~

\.

1 .,

, .'

Engrr 10 0 O,kuoim,os;e PruN:CIPAL PA[{TNlER DAVE OESIG,Nr GROUP

A fO!)" D',AV COV RSE

ORGANISED ,8Y THE N:IGf.&~AN .sOCIETY or ENGINEERS ,BE.NJNBR.ANCH AT

TH E UN I'VEIS~TY Of lEN [N }UN E '13 .. ,16,,2000

THEDESlG'N OF CONCRET,E BRIDGES

F'rcscn,lcl": EllIgrr.,D. o. OKlJOIM08E

CEnc' FleE F1HT(Londtm}j, 1511,...1,., (PmV}J, MlAlJSE' (Zurich) ·PIUNCIP:AL PA,RTNER

DA PI? D,F.YIGN GROUP

CompOS1!e Bridge DiI!cks are eommon ],n Nigeria., At one flm:e in the s]xti,os. Unive]::;~ be!!lm steel bridges were popular and cle:Sc'ribmi m> liOompoiSiitlil bddgedecb.

1'1113 truth ill llhll!t the w,ard ~mpOgiB~' simply 'means a, oomb.inadon of two materi<1!ls of d.ifferteRl cbamcteri,sUcs,.

I, Preca'>t !Jearn and lnsit« slab CfJ'mpCJ.'fite

2. s'f.e'6llJemrr and Stab Comp'Osile

This p~p'ef' wH~ in the first Instance discuss t:hePrecas( BeaJlffi CQlllIpos~te.. Tbe U~N!: of preeastbeam has become popular "",]ik bridge engt!1eerg ,and contrnclors, cll!lih i:~ Nig.eria since the ava i lability 0 f era nes Ior erection" o:IIndi the~'fIclfeased cost of imported steer beam s.

Ari example of a Preeast Beam Composite is the Ch.okocho Bridge over Otamir~ Riv'er' il'l Rivers S[atc_

~!;"ID UI'GUWAYLOArUNG

Th~s, hridge i:>~desig!l'led t'o'BS 5400 Part 2: ]978

'fh]s SdUsb .standard bas Deem rO\lisied by the: De:,part~W'lt ,otTr,a~porl Memo 37/88. The major aspect onhe revis-i.an is inlhe HA live Load and the translation onhe

noti orla] lane

a. HA.means Higowa.y Type /It .

'The .UA UD.l. i:sa rmmll la ~oad ingwhiMih isglven by

w = .~ 51 (J/L) c_m KNJm of notional, lana

wher,e L spain i 11 metres

The maximum va]ue is :WKN/nt ornotionallan,~ for up 10 30 metres, The notional ]a:FII~ hasa m~nimum v:a~ue !!iIr:2.3m 1I1lla m<lXinHH1'll value I]f3.8m

-· ... 1 ric HA': ~s of a UDL Loadingand a kn~Je~ledge Load uf t20KN pcr notuCl~t<l~ lane.

A lso the r r A may be rep! aced by a eoncen l mIce whec~ Load or 1: OU KN i1C ling () n an area of J 00.111.In by 3 OOn1rt1

b. NB means I--lighway Type 13 Loading. This is a unit Load]ug which eonsists a!

4 ax les (I f 4 wheels each. Each axle is t OKN

~

Desig~~i aiu,e ha~ed en 25 to 45 uru~s orBD loadingi!'! N~,geri,a. 45 units are Sdpl]lll~ed for E~tpl'esswflYs ilIJ1d 'Tru nk • A f'Ql.litl~,while :13 units .f'Qr ether mrunQ'r reads,

The HB des.ign vdli~e, is puremy 181, Design Vernclll!l and does Iliotexis~ in ~al, UfG.

A"li:!t1 UO"

Fun ."IA.IQa.di~g occupies two ]an~ in ill .1-ng,tiollw [aile ciamqeway wmleUwe third

lane is oooll,Pi.'cd by olD&:'tltird HA., .. ~

When liB, is 'ilIfPp~~e.dt 'the JIB, v,~ldi~le straddle~W{o ~:alles~ and. ,3. ful HA ,lo2lriH~8 i!!l ,app~~ed to lb~ dl:i.lld Lane, '

w 50m;, and

"].,J'.~',(. 1rL ... ),.o.~7U11o..~1 f t· _I I l· r_1 y;~ U !I'I..i~' m 0 DC JO.[l.;u , me up '0 at maxlmunii :SiPan 0:.

w

'The liloUolallane is n(l'\!i! ~l!ileJ1 as ],,{!5m mr lanes more (halm! two 3I!d the Hi\. fomuda is: k~yed to lh~s v~luc. for a',dmerh~,g ~Qtkm~ lane, t'heUA lo~dil!1,~, shQu,td be rnGd'~~icd aooonlli,lI1iQliY. The: ID1i rii mw m 'Va~l~e of' fU)tion~ name ,i 52. 5,Om.

,I'

for a tfull~e notk)[:U1!I.I!!i~e .• fim HA loc-cu,p,ies ['wo 1:!!Jlruos w!hill(: ~he d'lird lane takes 0-,6 Hit. fbI' a leaded ~efillglh of'20 metres, Per greater :Ioaded h:nglhs n.'fer ~D "r:alble ~4 of the Memo.

HB \i'1~h~clc 5:lliaddl es 'l wo lanes ~'bril can.iageway of B l'Uctre$whi le the til ird lane takes [ull ~LA"

Four poxib~eways. orfLoa:d disl1i.bu.i:ii.on :

I

,. Silllillple ibCc8nl ,it!ltic ioad dtdriblllti:DIiI 111\ ,C;: uy'o III load d ilslt,ribuUon

• Gril,hlG!il AnalY:iis

" Vi n 'i ~'C EII!tIll'l:!EUi! .M'IU.hod '

1'1It:DRIDGE DECK DEIlAVIOlJft

The Mc,.rris &. Ij!~tle Met.hod IJsesLab'Ular procedures lu wl'lich for any ~oii.d PO:liiI:iOfll, Fornes are dj~IJibu,tcd to the .standard ,pOs<i!liom: to obtain the dislliibulcd coemdc!l~ or each belum. The .I\ri[hn:tetic.involved is; l!cdiol:Js. h was a!Cc:ep~able tor _I1S 1,53: 1'1)12 WhCf~ ~~c bridge wall J'~qll~fed to be ,checked for .HB :Lo,adl~. Bul the ~dv(Jn~ . cf IIlS5400: 1978, when various [oa_cl positions M,e W"eIWllif,ed~ it becomes necasary H) ~]()t 81111 iaflucaee line ror t~.e H'lCiiuked ~etlm po!Sil.i.on. This is the.,mCilhod aJdopted in this pilJpeili

The GUJyon 'tables are cf\closi}d! f'OE reference.

4,10 COMPOSITE SLAn

The !l,ab .coinsisls, of 8:0 :mm ()if pCmtWl.ent [ollmwo;rk wmch [oms H, oo.mpoiSlt:e_ i!ii~ab wi~h

~he 120mm o,F i I'u!ii tUi 51mb. .

·.fne :niletMd: ofca!lculati:ns Ute amDl:.ln~ of links b), ca~er .fQf the hori:zontal .Ghear i I s~own. T~e·ucal forces; I~ t~'e slab :i.s ci'l~ullde'cl usimglh.e .Pucber Charts .. BiUner's Tab~~9; ORn abo b~ U,~eid Th:a t!!:1l of We5,:I'cr,e1lII II'tI M~I'hod its flo ~eHl~~i" fe'ooj'jillTIen_ded.

:5.,10 FUR.:I'[~ER. RIEADING

I. K UMAIl~, A (HJ:!!:S)

Cnmposi~e 'Concficw Bridge Superltrudu1il''e's BCA

2" K.UMJU.t, A (IIJ8,S)!

:Detai1edl Des iln of COimposite .Bri!oge S1IJper1ltmdUlres Belt

1, OVHRSIil:AS llOADNtnE 9 (1992) A D(l;lljg!1 Ml;'lm..ud. Fur ~tn!:11 Brkl!'lIi::5. TRRL

,

4. CLA1!U{. :L A. (I 913)

Ccmcret~ Bridge Dcs~g.Q to,BSS400 CONS1'RUCTIONPRES:S

S. DIUUUCK BECKETT (nn:3) Design. o.f ,eone,re~e 'IBrids.es, " SURREYIlNTVEFtS1TY PRESS

I ~ I'l!

! • I .• I.

, 6,

• ~ I I

ROWE. It B (i962) . CQIii'lre~e B ridge D'Js~f1 eft BROOKS ttl)

i'

' .. I. t ~, -

,

.' .

7. BA.RI!!S~ R &. MASSOt-rNET., C (1968) '~AniUy~i.:; of 'b tam grids.&. ,ortluot.op.io pilrutca

CROSSBV LOCKWOOD .LTD

8. PETROS r. XANTHAE<:OS (199~) Th~(J,ry & Dlesi.g~ fJr .Bri:dscs:

JOHN WU.,EY &. SONS,. INC

Till: D,KIDG~ DECK BEUAV10l,Hit

APPEND.IX,

CHOKO,CliO mRIDGIE ill/lEn OTAMIR[ RlVERtN IlIVERS S"rATI IR_UjJiG_:E. DECK STA.TI'CAI .. CAl.ClILA TION'S

r, STRUCIURE

'he UJ'llElll ,h:ngth (;,If'lhe bnd8e is 60 metrea and is '[made: up offour 5<p!Elns 'of]S Metll'cS

•

eil.,c~.

The SlJ!peJSLl1Jch.lre oonsists of ellLeveu beam~ of7{10 mm deep by ] SO rom wide spaced

I

I Q20 mIT! ,a,p,ad and topped bya ~f'c,cmil:!ilab !.1f 80 mm dee,p as p erm.C:nilt fo:rmwo(,k w~th 8iilll i.I:1iSI,tlU s~l.I.b of 12:0 Mmtruck:. The camageway i.s:Smetres f1an'kect biy 1.5 metres walkway with ,p~ecQt par~.pet wills on both !id~s,

2.. ST A.NDAlDS,;

BS 540'0 Part. 2.; 1978 BS ?400 PMt 4 ; 19901

,

LBad DisLribuUoftll Ooeffielt':rlits byBi!!w'~· I:; Ma:!SQnn~l. (~966)

PiLlcher Charts by Adolf Pu:cher ( 1977)

3. MATERJ.ALS

. .

". Pr,eol!ist. belm"! t.o .I!l;"ade: j (Ji,concrel!e

Jf!S~~U slab togwadc 30 oo~cre:tle freca!St slab to grade ]0 eoncreee

r$lcelt!CI ~r.ade 4l 0 (lti~)b yield to type; 2; bon~d: ,cl!i·arac~eri~tic:i) Woight of conc~e~e "'" :~4 K..Nf0l3

4.. STRUCTURAL .A.JlRANrOEMENlS

i) :L0,Wt!i~lJdin!liIB eolm,

1

UnDO

lOO

"

TilE DR.mGE DECK BlElIAVmtJR

EOl!:f D 0 OKUOIMOSt:: JIJNE lO[K!

II} Internal H~
t Hl~U i

I I Mammal of [nert~a

iil)

EXh:maLReam

Mome.nt of Inertia

iv) Transverse Section

_____ ~ ~GII___...~ _+_

I

f HI.) T

.1
- 0.02&4 1111 ~
.
--- .11000
..
• 2UU
r--

...._ 100
1--- ~I- L..~
400- ~O20 11)120 .
.
I (11, beams) .j

-'1',UE bRIb'GE D.ECK BEIIAV10tJR

E1fec\i~e span WidLh,

ftexural Parameter TOlFsi.DIt1Ja;l Parameter Oislributi.on r3etcn~ .HA LKic

Lane 2

lame j

,fIB Walkway Parnpet Aspha!,t

EII,gr Q 0 OKUOIMOSE: JUNE lOGO

=

1.'0 0;.410

= 0.11
... . ::::::::i: !llO] s
~ 0
= 0,1.5
- O.JI
== 0,.34
~ Q,,;US B·HAM DBSlGN,.

The penultimate beam ii mostly stre:a~

1+ Hl2:D

-t

. ,

a)

Const;rucuoo SJage

Loadiog

1) 01.10 )c, 0.350 lit 24 -"

100 1

t .3S0 t

Nominal KN/m

5,88

200

600

woo

Design. KNJrn

'1.76

rUI DfUDtiE D'EtK BEUt\Y1u'ul'(

2) 3)

4 .. 896

0.46

Oonstr., ~oadl

=

:2.,5,2/6.14

Moment

=

·434K~m :U816 mml

= ,2.021 mm2

=

bJ

Workinrg ~mge

t . .....

Parapet

W;alkway Sumcing

1'4 Cimina:l KN/m D_esign_KN/:m

2.7:54 3.64

=

1.434 0.75.5/6.651

4.15 1.10/8.89

Monlcnl

8.8,9 x '1.4.40.) 2 S

Moment (Nominal) MomentHB

HA

=

110KNm 172KNm

1252 x Q.l:5x 1.3

698 KNm N.J

=

=

WaJkway Uveload

SDL ~

HA&HB

=

210K.Nm 767 KNm 2!lKNm

As

{for d "";; l!:l'llUJr T'ota!J S teel

=

I •

,I,

!_ ~ • J t .: .1 ~':-

7. SBEA1il

Dea.d Load Shar

. ..,.

(1 01 ~ '~1(00)l(350 x ,600)

"_ "

L.lve l.oad (HB)I Shear " f'ro. ~ Will ft~nll, ~ies =, FfORli twO! reru-'oxles-

1(117 + ]'2,.6)/(14.4~. 1 'i '7) lS6,x lll.5

Total

=

I)C5t,~n = 2.74;(. t:] x 1. ~ SDL Sb~J 1.89 J!. ~ 4.9512 Wi!J~,kw,ay Ll\1\:: Load Shear

iii

v~ v ~vo

t ,703 N/mm2

V~·~Vl "'"

0,702;, Nfmm;l]

"r'~ tu 1.50~ T16f2S0,.

M/sv ruv'/sv

] .507 (:2 ,legs) J ,(108

B.,

'U5i'il1 T1VJOO (4 Ie.) :D:EFLEC'JIONS ,

I . r I.

PrcOO\'Jl be.",I~pportiflg Imdtu alab,

d~ '= kl:il~l

24mm

SDL" Total

13 ,fl'm1] , .14x. U

37 mrn

=

WwkW3Jy li,ve I,oad, Total

d

4

220RN S4KN 274 .J92KN 67 KN 1'8,K,N

471KN

I '

Edgr V, 0 OKVOI.MOS.E: JUNE 10flll

.

9 .~NTER Me ElSliBA R.J3EJ:PlBENfRECA.S,T 0 EJU~1LA,ND lOP Sl.Aa,

...

O.204m~

o All441m4 :24{jn:lIrlml

A ~. y

=

- 5.20 K.N

(520}t 1000 x 0.204 x 0, 246}/(llon47 x 9.290 x UlOOOOO)

....... - - , - ~

vi

2.68'9 x .290

180'N/mm

(~ess: than ffla!X of783liom code)

(180 ,_ 0.450 x 29D)t(O.'1·x 410)

I I

I I

""1 .. r: ... ·.· ..... I ... ~_ .... , ..... , .. f.,-i----~=:-::::---------~------~~ +_11

,i .. --~...-..~.-.. . t - I .. lm~

~~~----:I ~ __. _

i ,I I I'

., •• ••• p ••• , •••••••••••••• ' .... , ...... " •• " ., •••••••••• : ••••• , •••••••••••• , .... 1 ,ml

Tf)' T R 6 I 1510'" Minimum As =

Use T 12 /] so links,

10 DE:CK SLAB pESIGN

13410 x 2

(0..15 x. 290:(1000)(1. 000 =

435 mmll!{m

",

1 + (mil , Jsa f
uno -:-T Moment x di reetien "" MDmeLn~ y d]~eCltion '","

Mx (hoggiq~) , Delilclkmdi Moments

M lIDgging

Q~Q1ti~EfftetMo:mlim~s, .sagging

Sum:nuiO:

Leeal Momenta GlobaID M.oments

22.6..5 KNm ~O.24,~~f111 1.1KNm

O.21'KNm O.36KNm

$aeai~g 0.,2'7

44

6"1

01 KNm

l-l~lg "Q,,:Hj,

-21

. ,

so

; .

,~,

DistributiQ~

11

n .KN.m

I I .
~oo I 100
I
.oil
I -..
80 , I 810
I
.
, Tl2ilSO

Iq VL VL

SAV/lb 1j:30N/mm~

24] 1 Ntmwn:> .~ 5;).0

3810 mm2/m

754 X 6 41524.lnIn:.! :>- 381Q (6 .Ic~s)

190

~BO

.

t 1'; IUtmntl n"'-:C.K. UKHA.VIOlnll

.

t~IIi:i1i I~I o (U(IJ 1'111.\1\1;)1' •. , .p ~j' .....

.

UlAn UHfl'R.HtUnON

3 HM

HAl.

HA

,lIB

I I,

UA

-

-----

HU

b!4

DISTRnnrnnN :Ft\(".]"QRS

ElF ror: '(KlII)

HA (~) HA (2ll ~AP) un,

0.1:8 Q,O)IS o 0.,1$

Wa.lkw~y J?ar.mpcL ___ ~ ,)\sp.b al t

OJ) (01,28) tD4 (0.30) 0.215

j .

3Mb

b

0.1

0,4

I •

TUB om,cl [J,ECK'BEHAVlcOURo

BEAM. DIlA WINGS

OUTLINE

I

ELEVAT~QN

I

"

-' .

. ,

.• ---------- ------~~~~~~-------- .

..

1

.

BAR SHAPHS

3]10

I ,_ 4'f 32 (3'110),

~ lfiOO

:2 - ,4 T 12 (tlOOO)

saO!)

......... ----,.

_;;: ....... ~~~'. :il:iIj,., 1Ii;t,~I!I !I'II~'i'!I'~I!I! !II',j,!',!! IIJ!! iiii'!ii !ilL',,,,, .. iii iii:

.

:lOOO

" "

"

4t1(J{I ~

4f2QI

"

s

H ,].,4 m12,

I 2,60

:8

I CUVER 10 ,mill

140

Q ,4,g T 1213,00 (1170)

"