Fundamentals P1

FUNDAMENTALS of
ELECTRICAL CIRCUITS
Basic Concepts and Fundamental Laws
A. Electrical Unit
BASE UNITS in S. I.
Base Quantity Unit Symbol

Length meter m
Mass kilogram kg
Time second s
Thermodynamic Temperature kelvin K
Electric Current ampere A
Amount of Substance mole mol
Luminous Intensity candela cd
S.I. Unit Prefixes
Name Factor Symbol Name Factor Symbol

yotta x 1024 Y yocto x 10-24 y
zetta x 1021 Z zepto x 10-21 z
exa x 1018 E atto x 10-18 a
peta x 1015 P femto x 10-15 f
tera x 1012 T pico x 10-12 p
giga x 109 G nano x 10-9 n
mega x 106 M micro x 10-6 µ
kilo x 103 k milli x 10-3 m
hecto x 102 h centi x 10-2 c
deka x 101 da deci x 10-1 d
Scientific Notation
• It is the shifting of the decimal point either to the left or to the right of the
given number until there is only one significant digit to the left of the
decimal point and then multiplying the number with the appropriate power
of 10 to retain its original value.
• A way of expressing a number in terms of the power of 10.
Example: 58,000 m = 5.8 x 104 m
Engineering Notation
• It is an exponential format of specifying numbers in which the powers of 10
are limited to the multiples of three so that it corresponds to an S.I. prefix.
• It is the application of decimal prefixes and their abbreviations to simplify
language when dealing with very small or very large units.
Example: 58,000 m = 58 km
Definition of terms and Linear Electric Circuits
Electric Charge (expressed in Coulomb)

• The quantity of electric energy stored in battery, capacitors,
elementary particles or any insulated materials.
• Q (constant quantity)
• q (instantaneous quantity)
instantaneous - a varying quantity at a particular instant.
1 Coulomb = 6.25 x 1018 electrons, e-
1 electron = 1.602 x 10-19 coulomb
Electric Current
• A net flow of positive or negative charges that passes to a given point at a

specified period of time.
• A rate of transfer of electricity from one point to another.
• I or i
I=Q/t (constant quantity)
i = dq / dt (instantaneous quantity)
• 1 Ampere = 1 coulomb / sec
where:
I = Current (Amperes) A
Q = Charge (Coulomb) C
t = Time (second) s
Voltage or Potential Difference
• It is the potential energy difference that exists between two points.

• It is the amount of work done per unit charge.
V=W/Q
where:
V = voltage (Volts) V
W = work or energy (Joules) J
Q = Charge (Coulomb) C
+ V -
The charge will not move unless you apply the potential difference
+ V - + V -
Voltage Drop Voltage Rise
• Electrical Circuit/ Electrical Network
Defined as a collection of electrical elements interconnected in
some way.
• Circuit/Network Analysis
Defined as the process of determining output currents and/or
voltages and other related quantities, given an input or a set of inputs
and a circuit.
Electrical Components
1. Active Elements
• Elements capable of supplying energy.
• Components which are capable of controlling voltages to produce gain and
switching action in a circuit.
a. Voltage Source
 Independent voltage source
 Dependent / Controlled sources
b. Current Sources
 Independent Current source
 Dependent / Controlled sources
Independent Sources
+
_
V I
Capable of delivering voltage or current regardless of

the network connection.
Dependent Sources
+
-
Supplies voltage or current controlled by a variable

connected in some other part of the network.
2. Passive Elements
• Elements which are capable of absorbing energy.
• Elements which are capable of storing energy but does not supply
energy.
a. Resistor - absorbs energy

b. Inductor - stores energy
c. capacitor - stores energy
Resistor
• Its function is to limit the amount of current or divide the voltage in a
circuit.
• It is also used to convert electrical energy into another form of energy
like heat energy.
• Unit: Ohm (Ω)
Capacitor
• Its basic function is to concentrate the electric field of voltage applied
across the dielectric. A capacitor is constructed of two conductor
plates separated by an insulator (dielectric).
• Unit: Farad (F)
Inductor
• Its main function is to concentrate the magnetic field of electric
current in a coil.
• An induced voltage is generated when the current changes its value
or direction.
• Unit: Henry (H)

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FUNDAMENTALS of

Base Quantity Unit Symbol

Name Factor Symbol Name Factor Symbol

Electric Charge (expressed in Coulomb)

• A net flow of positive or negative charges that passes to a given point at a

• It is the potential energy difference that exists between two points.

Capable of delivering voltage or current regardless of

Supplies voltage or current controlled by a variable

a. Resistor - absorbs energy

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