Coordinates: 40.683404°N 74.

400744°W

Bell Labs
Nokia Bell Labs (formerly named Bell Labs Innovations (1996–
2007),[1] AT&T Bell Laboratories (1984–1996)[2] and Bell
Nokia Bell Labs
Telephone Laboratories (1925–1984)[3]) is an American industrial
research and scientific development company owned by Finnish Bell Labs logo since Nokia's
company Nokia. With headquarters located in Murray Hill, New acquisition in 2016
Jersey, the company operates several laboratories in the United States
and around the world. Bell Labs has its origins in the complex past of
the Bell System.

In the late 19th century, the laboratory began as the Western Electric
Engineering Department and was located at 463 West Street in New
York City. In 1925, after years of conducting research and
development under Western Electric, the Engineering Department
was reformed into Bell Telephone Laboratories and under the shared
ownership of American Telephone & Telegraph Company and
Nokia Bell Labs headquarters in
Western Electric.
Murray Hill, New Jersey (formerly
Researchers working at Bell Labs are credited with the development Lucent's head office)
of radio astronomy, the transistor, the laser, the photovoltaic cell, the Type Subsidiary
charge-coupled device (CCD), information theory, the Unix
operating system, and the programming languages B, C, C++, and S. Industry Telecommunication,
Nine Nobel Prizes have been awarded for work completed at Bell Information
technology,
Laboratories.[4]
Material science
Founded 1925 (as Bell
Telephone
Contents Laboratories, Inc.)

Origin and historical locations Headquarters Murray Hill, New

Bell's personal research after the telephone Jersey, U.S.
Early antecedent Key people Marcus Weldon
Formal organization and location changes Parent AT&T (1925–96)
Western Electric
Discoveries and developments
(1925–83)
1920s
Lucent (1996–
1930s 2006)
1940s Alcatel-Lucent
Calculators (2006–16)
1950s Nokia (2016–
1960s present)
1970s Website www.bell-labs.com
1980s (http://www.bell-lab
s.com)
1990s
2000s
2010s
Nobel Prizes and Turing Awards
Notable alumni
Programs
Bell Labs Technology Showcase
See also
References
Further reading
External links

Origin and historical locations

Bell's personal research after the telephone

In 1880, when the French government awarded Alexander Graham Bell the Volta Prize of 50,000 francs
(approximately US$10,000 at that time; about $270,000 in January 2019's dollars)[5] for the invention of the
telephone, he used the award to fund the Volta Laboratory (Alexander Graham Bell Laboratory) in
Washington, D.C. in collaboration with Sumner Tainter and Bell's cousin Chichester Bell.[6] The laboratory
was variously known as the Volta Bureau, the Bell Carriage House, the Bell Laboratory and the Volta
Laboratory.

It focused on the analysis, recording, and transmission of sound. Bell used his considerable profits from the
laboratory for further research and education to permit the "[increased] diffusion of knowledge relating to the
deaf":[6] resulting in the founding of the Volta Bureau (c. 1887) which was located at Bell's father's house at
1527 35th Street N.W. in Washington, D.C. Its carriage house became their headquarters in 1889.[6]

In 1893, Bell constructed a new building close by at 1537 35th Street N.W., specifically to house the lab.[6]
This building was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1972.[7][8][9]

After the invention of the telephone, Bell maintained a relatively distant role with the Bell System as a whole,
but continued to pursue his own personal research interests.[10]

Early antecedent

The Bell Patent Association was formed by Alexander Graham

Bell, Thomas Sanders, and Gardiner Hubbard when filing the
first patents for the telephone in 1876.

Bell Telephone Company, the first telephone company, was

formed a year later. It later became a part of the American Bell
Telephone Company.
Bell's 1893 Volta Bureau building in
Washington, D.C.
American Telephone & Telegraph Company (AT&T) and its
own subsidiary company, took control of American Bell and the
Bell System by 1889.

American Bell held a controlling interest in Western Electric (which was the manufacturing arm of the
business) whereas AT&T was doing research into the service providers.[11][12]
In 1884, the American Bell Telephone Company created the Mechanical Department from the Electrical and
Patent Department formed a year earlier.

Formal organization and location changes

In 1896, Western Electric bought property at 463 West Street to

station their manufacturers and engineers who had been supplying
AT&T with their product. This included everything from telephones,
telephone exchange switches, and transmission equipment.

In 1925, Bell Laboratories was developed to better consolidate the

research activities of the Bell System. Ownership was evenly split
between Western Electric and AT&T. Throughout the next decade the
AT&T Research and Development branch moved into West Street.

Bell Labs also carried out consulting work for the Bell Telephone
Company, U.S. government work, and a few workers were assigned
to basic research. The first president of research at Bell Labs was
Frank B. Jewett who stayed there until 1940.[13][14][15]

By the early 1940s, Bell Labs engineers and scientists had begun to The original home of Bell
move to other locations away from the congestion and environmental Laboratories beginning in 1925, 463
distractions of New York City, and in 1967 Bell Laboratories West Street, New York.
headquarters was officially relocated to Murray Hill, New Jersey.

Among the later Bell Laboratories locations in New Jersey were Holmdel, Crawford Hill, the Deal Test Site,
Freehold, Lincroft, Long Branch, Middletown, Neptune, Princeton, Piscataway, Red Bank, Chester, and
Whippany. Of these, Murray Hill and Crawford Hill remain in existence (the Piscataway and Red Bank
locations were transferred to and are now operated by Telcordia Technologies and the Whippany site was
purchased by Bayer[16]).

The largest grouping of people in the company was in Illinois, at Naperville-Lisle, in the Chicago area, which
had the largest concentration of employees (about 11,000) prior to 2001. There also were groups of employees
in Indianapolis, Indiana; Columbus, Ohio; North Andover, Massachusetts; Allentown, Pennsylvania; Reading,
Pennsylvania; and Breinigsville, Pennsylvania; Burlington, North Carolina (1950s–1970s, moved to
Greensboro 1980s) and Westminster, Colorado. Since 2001, many of the former locations have been scaled
down or closed.

The Holmdel site, a 1.9 million square foot structure set on 473 acres,
was closed in 2007. The mirrored-glass building was designed by
Eero Saarinen. In August 2013, Somerset Development bought the
building, intending to redevelop it into a mixed commercial and
residential project. A 2012 article expressed doubt on the success of
the newly named Bell Works site,[17] but several large tenants had
announced plans to move in through 2016 and 2017.[18][19]

Discoveries and developments Old Bell Labs Holmdel Complex.

Located in New Jersey, about 20
miles south of New York.
Bell Laboratories was, and is, regarded by many as the premier
research facility of its type, developing a wide range of revolutionary
technologies, including radio astronomy, the transistor, the laser,
information theory, the operating system Unix, the programming languages C and C++, solar cells, the charge-
coupled device (CCD), and many other optical, wireless, and wired
communications technologies and systems.

Bell Laboratories logo, used from

1920s 1969 until 1983

In 1926, the laboratories invented an early example synchronous-

sound motion picture system, in competition with Fox Movietone and DeForest Phonofilm.[20]

In 1924, Bell Labs physicist Walter A. Shewhart proposed the control chart as a method to determine when a
process was in a state of statistical control. Shewhart's methods were the basis for statistical process control
(SPC): the use of statistically based tools and techniques to manage and improve processes. This was the
origin of the modern quality movement, including Six Sigma.

In 1927, a Bell team headed by Herbert E. Ives successfully transmitted long-distance 128-line television
images of Secretary of Commerce Herbert Hoover from Washington to New York. In 1928 the thermal noise
in a resistor was first measured by John B. Johnson, and Harry Nyquist provided the theoretical analysis; this
is now termed Johnson noise. During the 1920s, the one-time pad cipher was invented by Gilbert Vernam and
Joseph Mauborgne at the laboratories. Bell Labs' Claude Shannon later proved that it is unbreakable.

1930s

In 1931, a foundation for radio astronomy was laid by Karl Jansky

during his work investigating the origins of static on long-distance
shortwave communications. He discovered that radio waves were
being emitted from the center of the galaxy. In 1931 and 1932,
experimental high fidelity, long playing, and even stereophonic
recordings were made by the labs of the Philadelphia Orchestra, Reconstruction of the directional
conducted by Leopold Stokowski.[21] In 1933, stereo signals were antenna used in the discovery of
transmitted live from Philadelphia to Washington, D.C. In 1937, the radio emission of extraterrestrial
vocoder, an electronic speech compression device, or codec, and the origin by Karl Guthe Jansky at Bell
Voder, the first electronic speech synthesizer, were developed and Telephone Laboratories in 1932
demonstrated by Homer Dudley, the Voder being demonstrated at the
1939 New York World's Fair. Bell researcher Clinton Davisson
shared the Nobel Prize in Physics with George Paget Thomson for the discovery of electron diffraction, which
helped lay the foundation for solid-state electronics.

1940s

In the early 1940s, the photovoltaic cell was developed by Russell Ohl. In 1943, Bell developed SIGSALY,
the first digital scrambled speech transmission system, used by the Allies in World War II. The British wartime
codebreaker Alan Turing visited the labs at this time, working on speech encryption and meeting Claude
Shannon.[22]

Bell Labs Quality Assurance Department gave the world and the United States such statisticians as Walter A.
Shewhart, W. Edwards Deming, Harold F. Dodge, George D. Edwards, Harry Romig, R. L. Jones, Paul
Olmstead, E.G.D. Paterson, and Mary N. Torrey. During World War II, Emergency Technical Committee –
Quality Control, drawn mainly from Bell Labs' statisticians, was instrumental in advancing Army and Navy
ammunition acceptance and material sampling procedures.
In 1947, the transistor, probably the most important invention
developed by Bell Laboratories, was invented by John Bardeen,
Walter Houser Brattain, and William Bradford Shockley (and who
subsequently shared the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1956). In 1947,
Richard Hamming invented Hamming codes for error detection and
correction. For patent reasons, the result was not published until 1950.
In 1948, "A Mathematical Theory of Communication", one of the
founding works in information theory, was published by Claude
Shannon in the Bell System Technical Journal. It built in part on
earlier work in the field by Bell researchers Harry Nyquist and Ralph
Hartley, but it greatly extended these. Bell Labs also introduced a
series of increasingly complex calculators through the decade. The first transistor, a point-contact
Shannon was also the founder of modern cryptography with his 1949 germanium device, was invented at
paper Communication Theory of Secrecy Systems. Bell Laboratories in 1947. This image
shows a replica.

Calculators
[23][24]

Model I: A Complex Number Calculator, completed in 1939 and put into operation in 1940, for
doing calculations of complex numbers.
Model II: Relay Computer / Relay Interpolator,[25] September 1943, for interpolating data points
of flight profiles (needed for performance testing of a gun director).[26] This model introduced
error detection (self checking).[27][28]
Model III: Ballistic Computer,[29] June 1944, for calculations of ballistic trajectories
Model IV: Error Detector Mark II, March 1945,[30] improved ballistic computer
Model V:[31] General purpose electromechanical computer, of which two were built, July 1946
and February 1947[32][30][33]
Model VI: 1949, an enhanced Model V

1950s

In 1952, William Gardner Pfann revealed the method of zone melting which enabled semiconductor
purification and level doping.

The 1950s also saw developments based upon information theory. The central development was binary code
systems. Efforts concentrated on the prime mission of supporting the Bell System with engineering advances,
including the N-carrier system. TD microwave radio relay, direct distance dialing, E-repeater, wire spring
relay, and the Number Five Crossbar Switching System.

In 1953, Maurice Karnaugh developed the Karnaugh map, used for managing of Boolean algebraic
expressions. In 1954, the first modern solar cell was invented at Bell Laboratories. In 1956 TAT-1, the first
transatlantic communications cable, was laid between Scotland and Newfoundland in a joint effort by AT&T,
Bell Laboratories, and British and Canadian telephone companies. In 1957, Max Mathews created MUSIC,
one of the first computer programs to play electronic music. Robert C. Prim and Joseph Kruskal developed
new greedy algorithms that revolutionized computer network design. In 1958, a technical paper by Arthur
Schawlow and Charles Hard Townes first described the laser. In 1959, Mohamed M. Atalla and Dawon
Kahng invented the metal-oxide semiconductor field-effect transistor (MOSFET).[34] The MOSFET has
achieved electronic hegemony and sustains the large-scale integration (LSI) of circuits underlying today's
information society.
1960s

In December 1960, Ali Javan and his associates William Bennett

and Donald Heriot successfully operated the first gas laser, the first
continuous-light laser, operating at an unprecedented accuracy and
color purity. In 1962, the electret microphone was invented by
Gerhard M. Sessler and James Edward Maceo West. Also in 1962,
John R. Pierce's vision of communications satellites was realized
by the launch of Telstar. In 1964, the Carbon dioxide laser was
The charge-coupled device was invented
invented by Kumar Patel. The research of Philip W. Anderson into by George E. Smith and Willard Boyle
electronic structure of magnetic and disordered systems led to
improved understanding of metals and insulators for which he was
awarded the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1977.[35] In 1965, Penzias and Wilson discovered the cosmic
microwave background, for which they were awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1978.[36] Frank W.
Sinden, Edward E. Zajac, Kenneth C. Knowlton, and A. Michael Noll made computer-animated movies
during the early to mid-1960s. Ken C. Knowlton invented the computer animation language BEFLIX. The
first digital computer art was created in 1962 by Noll. In 1966, Orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing
(OFDM), a key technology in wireless services, was developed and patented by R. W. Chang. In 1968,
Molecular beam epitaxy was developed by J.R. Arthur and A.Y. Cho; molecular beam epitaxy allows
semiconductor chips and laser matrices to be manufactured one atomic layer at a time. In 1969, Dennis Ritchie
and Ken Thompson created the computer operating system UNIX for the support of telecommunication
switching systems as well as general purpose computing. From 1969 to 1971, Aaron Marcus, the first graphic
designer involved with computer graphics, researched, designed, and programmed a prototype interactive
page-layout system for the Picturephone. In 1969, the charge-coupled device (CCD) was invented by Willard
Boyle and George E. Smith, for which they were awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 2009. In the 1960s,
the New York City site was sold and became the Westbeth Artists Community complex.

1970s

The 1970s and 1980s saw more and more computer-related inventions at the Bell
Laboratories as part of the personal computing revolution. In 1972, Dennis Ritchie
developed the compiled programming language C as a replacement for the
interpreted language B which was then used in a worse is better rewrite of UNIX.
Also, the language AWK was designed and implemented by Alfred Aho, Peter
Weinberger, and Brian Kernighan of Bell Laboratories. In 1972, Marc Rochkind
invented the Source Code Control System.
The C programming
language was In 1970, A. Michael Noll invented a tactile, force-feedback system, coupled with
developed in 1972. interactive stereoscopic computer display. In 1971, an improved task priority system
for computerized telephone exchange switching systems for telephone traffic was
invented by Erna Schneider Hoover, who received one of the first software patents
for it. In 1976, Optical fiber systems were first tested in Georgia and in 1980, the first single-chip 32-bit
microprocessor, the Bellmac 32A was demonstrated. It went into production in 1982.

The 1970s also saw a major central office technology evolve from crossbar electromechanical relay-based
technology and discrete transistor logic to Bell Labs-developed thick film hybrid and transistor–transistor logic
(TTL), stored program-controlled switching systems; 1A/#4 TOLL Electronic Switching Systems (ESS) and
2A Local Central Offices produced at the Bell Labs Naperville and Western Electric Lisle, Illinois facilities.
This technology evolution dramatically reduced floor space needs. The new ESS also came with its own
diagnostic software that needed only a switchman and several frame technicians to maintain.
1980s

In 1980, the TDMA and CDMA digital cellular telephone

technology was patented. In 1982, Fractional quantum Hall
effect was discovered by Horst Störmer and former Bell
Laboratories researchers Robert B. Laughlin and Daniel C.
Tsui; they consequently won a Nobel Prize in 1998 for the Bell Laboratories logo, used from 1984 until
discovery. In 1985,[37] the programming language C++ had its 1995
first commercial release.[38] Bjarne Stroustrup started
developing C++ at Bell Laboratories in 1979 as an extension to
the original C language.[38]

In 1984, the first photoconductive antennas for picosecond electromagnetic radiation were demonstrated by
Auston and others. This type of antenna became an important component in terahertz time-domain
spectroscopy. In 1984, Karmarkar's algorithm for linear programming was developed by mathematician
Narendra Karmarkar. Also in 1984, a divestiture agreement signed in 1982 with the American Federal
government forced the break-up of AT&T: Bellcore (now Telcordia Technologies) was split off from Bell
Laboratories to provide the same R&D functions for the newly created local exchange carriers. AT&T also
was limited to using the Bell trademark only in association with Bell Laboratories. Bell Telephone
Laboratories, Inc. became a wholly owned company of the new AT&T Technologies unit, the former Western
Electric. The 5ESS Switch was developed during this transition. In 1985, laser cooling was used to slow and
manipulate atoms by Steven Chu and team. In 1985, the modeling language A Mathematical Programming
Language AMPL was developed by Robert Fourer, David M. Gay and Brian Kernighan at Bell Laboratories.
Also in 1985, Bell Laboratories was awarded the National Medal of Technology "For contribution over
decades to modern communication systems". During the 1980s, the operating system Plan 9 from Bell Labs
was developed extending the UNIX model. Also, the Radiodrum, an electronic music instrument played in
three space dimensions was invented. In 1988, TAT-8 became the first transatlantic fiber-optic cable. Bell Labs
in Freehold, NJ developed the 1.3-micron fiber, cable, splicing, laser detector, and 280 Mbit/s repeater for
40,000 telephone-call capacity.

Arthur Ashkin invented optical tweezers that grab particles, atoms, viruses and other living cells with their
laser beam fingers. A major breakthrough came in 1987, when Ashkin used the tweezers to capture living
bacteria without harming them. He immediately began studying biological systems and optical tweezers are
now widely used to investigate the machinery of life.[39]

1990s

In the early 1990s, approaches to increase modem speeds to 56K were

explored at Bell Labs, and early patents were filed in 1992 by Ender
Ayanoglu, Nuri R. Dagdeviren and their colleagues.[40] In 1994, the
quantum cascade laser was invented by Federico Capasso, Alfred Cho, Lucent Logo bearing the "Bell
Jerome Faist and their collaborators. Also in 1994, Peter Shor devised his Labs Innovations" tagline
quantum factorization algorithm. In 1996, SCALPEL electron
lithography, which prints features atoms wide on microchips, was
invented by Lloyd Harriott and his team. The operating system Inferno, an update of Plan 9, was created by
Dennis Ritchie with others, using the then-new concurrent programming language Limbo. A high
performance database engine (Dali) was developed which became DataBlitz in its product form.[41]

In 1996, AT&T spun off Bell Laboratories, along with most of its equipment manufacturing business, into a
new company named Lucent Technologies. AT&T retained a small number of researchers who made up the
staff of the newly created AT&T Labs.
In 1997, the smallest then-practical transistor (60 nanometers, 182 atoms wide) was built. In 1998, the first
optical router was invented.

2000s

2000 was an active year for the Laboratories, in which DNA machine
prototypes were developed; progressive geometry compression algorithm
made widespread 3-D communication practical; the first electrically Pre-2013 logo of Alcatel-Lucent,
powered organic laser invented; a large-scale map of cosmic dark matter parent company of Bell Labs
was compiled, and the F-15 (material), an organic material that makes
plastic transistors possible, was invented.

In 2002, physicist Jan Hendrik Schön was fired after his work was found to contain fraudulent data. It was the
first known case of fraud at Bell Labs.

In 2003, the New Jersey Institute of Technology Biomedical Engineering Laboratory was created at Murray
Hill, New Jersey.[42]

In 2005, Jeong H. Kim, former President of Lucent's Optical Network Group, returned from academia to
become the President of Bell Laboratories.

In April 2006, Bell Laboratories' parent company, Lucent Technologies, signed a merger agreement with
Alcatel. On 1 December 2006, the merged company, Alcatel-Lucent, began operations. This deal raised
concerns in the United States, where Bell Laboratories works on defense contracts. A separate company, LGS
Innovations, with an American board was set up to manage Bell Laboratories' and Lucent's sensitive U.S.
government contracts. In March 2019, LGS Innovations was purchased by CACI.[43]

In December 2007, it was announced that the former Lucent Bell Laboratories and the former Alcatel
Research and Innovation would be merged into one organization under the name of Bell Laboratories. This is
the first period of growth following many years during which Bell Laboratories progressively lost manpower
due to layoffs and spin-offs making the company shut down for a short period of time.

As of July 2008, however, only four scientists remained in physics research, according to a report by the
scientific journal Nature.[44]

On 28 August 2008, Alcatel-Lucent announced it was pulling out of basic science, material physics, and
semiconductor research, and it will instead focus on more immediately marketable areas, including
networking, high-speed electronics, wireless networks, nanotechnology and software.[45]

In 2009, Willard Boyle and George Smith were awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics for the invention and
development of the charge-coupled device (CCD).[46]

2010s

Gee Rittenhouse, former Head of Research, returned from his position as Chief Operating Officer of Alcatel-
Lucent's Software, Services, and Solutions business in February 2013, to become the 12th President of Bell
Labs.[47]

On 4 November 2013, Alcatel-Lucent announced the appointment of Marcus Weldon as President of Bell
Labs. His stated charter was to return Bell Labs to the forefront of innovation in Information and
communications technology by focusing on solving the key industry challenges, as was the case in the great
Bell Labs innovation eras in the past.[48]
In July 2014, Bell Labs announced it had broken "the broadband
Internet speed record" with a new technology dubbed XG-FAST
that promises 10 gigabits per second transmission speeds.[49]

In 2014, Eric Betzig shared the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for his
work in super-resolved fluorescence microscopy which he began
pursuing while at Bell Labs in the Semiconductor Physics
Research Department.[50]

On 15 April 2015, Nokia agreed to acquire Alcatel-Lucent, Bell

Labs' parent company, in a share exchange worth $16.6
billion.[51][52] Their first day of combined operations was 14 Nokia Bell Labs entrance sign at New
January 2016.[53] Jersey headquarters in 2016

In September 2016, Nokia Bell Labs, along with Technische

Universität Berlin Deutsche Telekom T-Labs and the Technical University of Munich achieved a data rate of
one terabit per second by improving transmission capacity and spectral efficiency in an optical
communications field trial with a new modulation technique.[54]

In 2018, Arthur Ashkin shared the Nobel Prize in Physics for his work on "the optical tweezers and their
application to biological systems"[39] which was developed at Bell Labs in 1980s.

Period Name of President Lifetime

13 2013– Marcus Weldon b. 1968
12 2013–2013 Gee Rittenhouse
11 2005–2013 Jeong Hun Kim b. 1961
10 2001–2005 Bill O'Shea b. 1957
9 1999–2001 Arun Netravali b. 1946
8 1995–1999 Dan Stanzione b. 1945
7 1991–1995 John Sullivan Mayo b. 1930
6 1979–1991 Ian Munro Ross 1927–2013
5 1973–1979 William Oliver Baker 1915–2005

4 1959–1973 James Brown Fisk 1910–1981[55]

3 1951–1959 Mervin Kelly 1895–1971
2 1940–1951 Oliver Buckley 1887–1959
1 1925–1940 Frank Baldwin Jewett 1879–1949

Nobel Prizes and Turing Awards

Nine Nobel Prizes have been awarded for work completed at Bell Laboratories.[56]

1937: Clinton J. Davisson shared the Nobel Prize in Physics for demonstrating the wave nature
of matter.
1956: John Bardeen, Walter H. Brattain, and William Shockley received the Nobel Prize in
Physics for inventing the first transistors.
1977: Philip W. Anderson shared the Nobel Prize in Physics for developing an improved
understanding of the electronic structure of glass and magnetic materials.
 1978: Arno A. Penzias and Robert W. Wilson shared the Nobel Prize in Physics. Penzias and
Wilson were cited for their discovering cosmic microwave background radiation, a nearly
uniform glow that fills the Universe in the microwave band of the radio spectrum.
1997: Steven Chu shared the Nobel Prize in Physics for developing methods to cool and trap
atoms with laser light.
1998: Horst Störmer, Robert Laughlin, and Daniel Tsui, were awarded the Nobel Prize in
Physics for discovering and explaining the fractional quantum Hall effect.
2009: Willard S. Boyle, George E. Smith shared the Nobel Prize in Physics with Charles K.
Kao. Boyle and Smith were cited for inventing charge-coupled device (CCD) semiconductor
imaging sensors.
2014: Eric Betzig shared the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for his work in super-resolved
fluorescence microscopy which he began pursuing while at Bell Labs.
2018: Arthur Ashkin shared the Nobel Prize in Physics for his work on "the optical tweezers
and their application to biological systems"[39] which was developed at Bell Labs.

The Turing Award has been won four times by Bell Labs researchers.

1968: Richard Hamming for his work on numerical methods, automatic coding systems, and
error-detecting and error-correcting codes.[57][58]
1983: Ken Thompson[59] and Dennis Ritchie[60] for their work on operating system theory, and
for developing Unix.[57]
1986: Robert Tarjan[61] with John Hopcroft,[62] for fundamental achievements in the design and
analysis of algorithms and data structures.
2018: Yann LeCun and Yoshua Bengio shared the Turing Award with Geoffrey Hinton for their
work in Deep Learning.

Notable alumni
 Alumni Notes

Ali Javan Invented the gas laser in 1960.

Arno Allan Discovered background radiation, with Robert W. Wilson, originating from the Big Bang
Penzias and won the Nobel Prize in 1978 for the discovery.

Arthur Has been considered as the father of the topical field of optical tweezers, for which he
Ashkin was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics 2018.
Arthur
Noted for leading the discovery of superconductivity in Buckminsterfullerene in 1991.
Hebard
Developed new speech processing and encoding algorithms, including fundamental work
on linear prediction of speech and linear predictive coding (LPC), and the development of
Bishnu Atal
code-excited linear prediction (CELP) speech encoding, the basis for all speech
communication codecs in mobile and Internet voice communications.

Bjarne Was the head of Bell Labs Large-scale Programming Research department, from its
Stroustrup creation until late 2002 and created the C++ programming language.

Brian
Helped create Unix, AWK, AMPL, and The C Programming Language (book)
Kernighan

Claire F. Developed novel designs for solid-state lasers leading to advances in the development of
Gmachl quantum cascade lasers.
Founded information theory with the publishing of A Mathematical Theory of
Communication in 1948. He is perhaps equally well known for founding both digital
computer and digital circuit design theory in 1937, when, as a 21-year-old master's degree
student at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), he wrote his thesis
demonstrating that electrical applications of Boolean algebra could construct any logical,
Claude numerical relationship.[63] Shannon contributed to the field of cryptanalysis for national
Shannon defense during World War II, including his basic work on codebreaking and secure
telecommunications. For two months early in 1943, Shannon came into contact with the
leading British cryptanalyst and mathematician Alan Turing. Shannon and Turing met at
teatime in the cafeteria.[64] Turing showed Shannon his 1936 paper that defined what is
now known as the "Universal Turing machine";[65][66] this impressed Shannon, as many
of its ideas complemented his own.
Davisson and Lester Germer performed an experiment showing that electrons were
diffracted at the surface of a crystal of nickel. This celebrated Davisson-Germer
experiment confirmed the de Broglie hypothesis that particles of matter have a wave-like
Clinton
nature, which is a central tenet of quantum mechanics. Their observation of diffraction
Davisson
allowed the first measurement of a wavelength for electrons. He shared the Nobel Prize in
1937 with George Paget Thomson, who independently discovered electron diffraction at
about the same time as Davisson.
Corinna
Head of Google Research, New York.
Cortes

Daniel Tsui Along with Robert Laughlin and Horst Störmer discovered new form of quantum fluid.

David A. B.
Miller
Dawon Invented the MOSFET (metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistor) with Mohamed
Kahng M. Atalla in 1959.[34][67] It revolutionized the electronics industry,[68][69] and is the most
widely used semiconductor device in the world.[70][71]

Dennis Created the C programming language and, with long-time colleague Ken Thompson, the
Ritchie Unix operating system.

Donald Cox Received the IEEE Alexander Graham Bell Medal (1993)
Elizabeth Worked in technical programming at Bell Laboratories from 1960 to 1972, before
Bailey transferring to the economic research section from 1972 to 1977.
An American physicist who worked to develop the field of fluorescence microscopy and
photoactivated localization microscopy. He was awarded the 2014 Nobel Prize in
Eric Betzig
Chemistry for "the development of super-resolved fluorescence microscopy" along with
Stefan Hell and fellow Cornell alumnus William E. Moerner.

Eric Did a complete re-write with Mike Lesk of Lex, a program to generate lexical analysers for
Schmidt the Unix computer operating system.

Erna
Schneider Invented the computerized telephone switching method.
Hoover
Studied effects of high electric fields on electron transport in semiconductors, member of
Esther M.
the National Academy of Engineering, National Academy of Sciences, and the American
Conwell
Academy of Arts and Sciences.
Evelyn Hu Pioneer in the fabrication of nanoscale electronic and photonic devices.
Led research into novel lasers and semiconductor devices. During his tenure, Smith was
awarded dozens of patents and eventually headed the VLSI device department. George
George E.
E. Smith shared the 2009 Nobel Prize in Physics with Willard Boyle for "the invention of
Smith
an imaging semiconductor circuit—the CCD sensor, which has become an electronic eye
in almost all areas of photography".[72]
Amelio was on the team that demonstrated the first working charge-coupled device
Gil Amelio (CCD). Worked at Fairchild Semiconductor, and the semiconductor division of Rockwell
International but is best remembered as a CEO of National Semiconductor and Apple Inc.
"father of stereophonic sound". As Director of Research at Bell Labs, he oversaw
Harvey
research in electrical sound recording, including more than 100 stereo recordings with
Fletcher
conductor Leopold Stokowski in 1931–1932.[73][74]

Horst
Ludwig Along with Robert Laughlin and Daniel Tsui discovered new form of quantum fluid.
Störmer

John Received the Turing Award jointly with Robert Tarjan in 1986 for fundamental
Hopcroft achievements in the design and analysis of algorithms and data structures.

Developed the orthogonal Daubechies wavelet and the biorthogonal Cohen–Daubechies–

Ingrid
Feauveau wavelet. She is best known for her work with wavelets in image compression
Daubechies
(such as JPEG 2000) and digital cinema.

Jessie Developed the MacWilliams identities in coding theory.

MacWilliams
 AT&T Fellow (1996) and Bell Telephone Labs Fellow (1990), awarded for: "Substantial and
fundamental contributions, nationally and internationally, in the area of digital
synchronization planning for public and private networks." He was a Distinguished MTS
and Manager at AT&T's BTL during its golden age of innovation. His scientific
contributions are cited in numerous articles on communications and astronautics
systems. He was responsible for AT&T's network synchronization, digital network design
and architecture, network planning and modeling of customer private networks,
Dr. John E.
synchronization industry interface standards, and analysis of video and speech networks.
Abate
In 1983, he founded the ANSI Standards Working Group responsible for developing
synchronization standards for digital telecommunication networks within the United
States. From 1983 to 1986, he served as its Chairman. From 1986 to 1989, he served as
a member of the Panel for Basic Standards, Board on Assessment of the U.S. National
Institute of Standards and Technology (formerly the National Bureau of Standards). He
was cited in Who's Who in America, and in Who's Who in Science and Engineering. In
1992, he was awarded the NJIT Alumni Honor Roll Award.[75]

John Worked on the PWB/UNIX operating system at Bell Labs from 1973 to 1983, authoring
Mashey the PWB shell, also known as the "Mashey Shell".[76]
John M.
Developed the statistical programming language S which is the forerunner to R.
Chambers

John With William Shockley and Walter Brattain, the three scientists invented the point-contact
Bardeen transistor in 1947 and were jointly awarded the 1956 Nobel Prize in Physics.

Jon Hall Executive Director of Linux International,[77]

Designed and implemented the original Unix operating system. He also invented the B
programming language, the direct predecessor to the C programming language, and was
Ken one of the creators and early developers of the Plan 9 operating systems. With Joseph
Thompson Henry Condon he designed and built Belle, the first chess machine to earn a master
rating. Since 2006, Thompson has worked at Google, where he co-invented the Go
programming language.
Laurie Electronic musician and engineer known for developing the algorithmic composition
Spiegel software Music Mouse.
Pioneer in numerical computing and mathematical optimization, head of the Scientific
Margaret H.
Computing Research Department and Bell Labs Fellow, president of the Society for
Wright
Industrial and Applied Mathematics.
Max
Wrote MUSIC, the first widely used program for sound generation, in 1957.
Mathews

Developed the silicon surface passivation process in 1957,[67][78] and then invented the
MOSFET (metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistor), the first practical
Mohamed
implementation of a field-effect transistor, with Dawon Kahng in 1959.[68][69][70][71] This
M. Atalla
led to a breakthrough in semiconductor technology,[79][80] and revolutionized the
electronics industry.[68][69]
Narendra
Developed Karmarkar's algorithm.
Karmarkar
Osamu Japanese physicist, phonetician and linguist, recognized as one of the pioneers of speech
Fujimura science. Invented the C/D model of speech articulation.

Persi Known for tackling mathematical problems involving randomness and randomization,
Diaconis such as coin flipping and shuffling playing cards.

Philip In 1977 Anderson was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics for his investigations into the
Warren electronic structure of magnetic and disordered systems, which allowed for the
Anderson development of electronic switching and memory devices in computers.
 Co-wrote the DYNAMO simulation programming language, principal author of the first
Phyllis Fox
LISP manual, and developed the PORT Mathematical Subroutine Library.
Created a family of mathematical error-correcting code, which are called Hamming codes.
Richard
Programmed one of the earliest computers, the IBM 650, and with Ruth A. Weiss
Hamming
developed the L2 programming language, one of the earliest computer languages, in 1956.

Robert
Along with Horst Störmer and Daniel Tsui discovered new form of quantum fluid.
Laughlin

A member of the Unix team and was involved in the creation of the Plan 9 and Inferno
operating systems, as well as the Limbo programming language. Co-authored the books
The Unix Programming Environment and The Practice of Programming with Brian
Rob Pike
Kernighan. Co-created the UTF-8 character encoding standard with Ken Thompson, the
Blit graphical terminal with Bart Locanthi Jr. and the sam and acme text editors. Pike has
worked at Google, where he co-created the Go and Sawzall programming languages.

Robert Received the Turing Award jointly with John Hopcroft in 1986 for fundamental
Tarjan achievements in the design and analysis of algorithms and data structures.

Robert W. Discovered background radiation, with Arno Allan Penzias, originating from the Big Bang
Wilson and won the Nobel Prize in 1978 for that.

Created the Bourne shell, the adb debugger and authored the book The Unix System. He
Steve also served as president of the Association for Computing Machinery (ACM) (2000-2002),
Bourne was made a fellow of the ACM (2005), received the ACM Presidential Award (2008) and
the Outstanding Contribution to ACM Award (2017).

Known for his research at Bell Labs and Stanford University in cooling and trapping of
Steven Chu atoms with laser light, which won him the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1997, along with his
scientific colleagues Claude Cohen-Tannoudji and William Daniel Phillips.[81]

Was instrumental in the development of the first frequency comb that led to one half of
Steven the 2005 Nobel prize.[82] Also made significant contributions to the ultrafast dynamics of
Cundiff semiconductor nanostructures, including the 2014 discovery of the dropleton quasi-
particle.[83]
Creator of the computer software program make for UNIX systems. He was also an
Stuart
author of the first Fortran 77 compiler, and he was part of the original group at Bell Labs
Feldman
that created the Unix operating system.[84]

Trevor Known for his contributions to applied statistics, especially in the field of machine
Hastie learning, data mining, and bioinformatics.

Development of the first all plastic transistor, or organic field-effect transistors which
Zhenan Bao
allows for its use in electronic paper.[85]

Walter With fellow scientists John Bardeen and William Shockley, invented the point-contact
Houser transistor in December, 1947.[86] They shared the 1956 Nobel Prize in Physics for their
Brattain invention.

Willard Shares the 2009 Nobel Prize in Physics with George E. Smith for "the invention of an
 Boyle imaging semiconductor circuit—the CCD sensor, which has become an electronic eye in
almost all areas of photography."

William B. Made major contributions to acoustics from 1923–1940. Fellow of the Audio Engineering
Snow Society (AES), received its Gold Medal Award in 1968.

William With John Bardeen and Walter Brattain, the three scientists invented the point-contact
Shockley transistor in 1947 and were jointly awarded the 1956 Nobel Prize in Physics.

Recognized as a founding father of convolutional neural networks and for work on optical
Yann LeCun character recognition and computer vision. He received the Turing Award in 2018 with
Geoffrey Hinton and Yoshua Bengio for their work in deep learning.
Yoshua Received the Turing Award in 2018 with Geoffrey Hinton and Yann LeCun for their work in
Bengio deep learning.

Edward
Lawry Famous for the Norton's theorem.
Norton

Maurice
Famous for the Karnaugh map.
Karnaugh
Warren P. Founder of distributed-element circuits, inventor of the GT quartz crystal, and many
Mason discoveries and inventions in ultrasonics and acoustics.
Sharon
Developed DuPont's bio-3G product line and adhesives to close wounds.
Haynie

__ Nobel Prize[87]
__ Turing Award[88]

Programs
On May 20, 2014, Bell Labs announced the Bell Labs Prize, a competition for innovators to offer proposals in
information and communication technologies, with cash awards of up to $100,000 for the grand prize.[89]

Bell Labs Technology Showcase

The Murray Hill campus features a 3,000-square-foot (280 m2 ) exhibit, the Bell Labs Technology Showcase,
showcasing the technological discoveries and developments at Bell Labs. The exhibit is located just off the
main lobby and is open to the public.[90]

See also
Bell Labs Holmdel Complex
Bell Labs Technical Journal—Published scientific journal of Bell Laboratories (1996–present)
Bell System Technical Journal—Published scientific journal of Bell Laboratories (1922–1983)
Bell Labs Record
Industrial laboratory
George Stibitz—Bell Laboratories engineer—"father of the modern digital computer"
 History of mobile phones—Bell Laboratories conception and development of cellular phones
High speed photography & Wollensak—Fastax high speed (rotating prism) cameras developed
by Bell Labs
Knolls Atomic Power Laboratory
Simplified Message Desk Interface
Sound film—Westrex sound system for cinema films developed by Bell Labs
TWX Magazine—A short-lived trade periodical published by Bell Laboratories (1944–1952)
Walter A. Shewhart—Bell Laboratories engineer—"father of statistical quality control"
"Worse is Better"—A software design philosophy also called "The New Jersey Style" under
which UNIX and C were supposedly developed
Experiments in Art and Technology—A collaboration between artists and Bell Labs engineers
& scientists to create new forms of art.

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Further reading
Martin, Douglas. Ian M. Ross, a President at Bell Labs, Dies at 85 (https://www.nytimes.com/20
13/03/17/business/ian-ross-who-led-bell-labs-dies-at-85.html?ref=space), The New York
Times, March 16, 2013, p. A23
Jon Gertner (2013). The Idea Factory: Bell Labs and the Great Age of American Innovation.
ISBN 978-0143122791.
Gleick, James. The Information: A History, a Theory, a Flood. Vintage Books, 2012, 544 pages.
ISBN 978-1400096237.

External links
Official website (http://www.bell-labs.com)
Bell Works (https://bell.works), the re-imagining of the historic former Bell Labs building in
Holmdel, New Jersey
 Timeline of discoveries as of 2006 (https://web.archive.org/web/20100520212253/http://www.al
catel-lucent.com/wps/portal/BellLabs/History/Timeline) (https://www.bell-labs.com/timeline)
Bell Labs' Murray Hill anechoic chamber (https://web.archive.org/web/20150411150628/https://
www.bell-labs.com/anechoic-chamber/)
Bell Laboratories and the Development of Electrical Recording (http://www.stokowski.org/Devel
opment_of_Electrical_Recording.htm)
The Idea Factory (http://www.c-span.org/video/?305445-1/book-discussion-idea-factory) – a
video interview with Jon Gertner, author of "The Idea Factory: Bell Labs and the Great Age of
American Innovation, by Dave Iverson of KQED-FM Public Radio, San Francisco

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