Contents

 Cooling load calculation (Manually)

 HVAC system types & selecting appropriate method
 Duct Sizing
 Air outlets sizing & selection
 Mechanical ventilation design
 Fans types & selection
 Cooling load calculation (HAP)
 Contents
 Chilled water system
 Chilled water system hook up
 Chillers selection
 Cooling towers selection
 Pumps types and selection
 VRF system
 VAV boxes.
 BMS
 Design of project.
 Psychrometric Chart
 The science which deals with the study of the behavior of air and water
vapor mixture is known as psychrometry. The properties of water vapor
and air mixture are known aspsychometric properties.
 Properties Of Moist Air
Dry Bulb Temperature
 The temperature of air measured by ordinary
temperature thermometer is known as dry-bulb
temperature.
 Properties Of Moist Air
Wet Bulb Temperature
 The temperature recorded by a thermometer when its
bulb is covered with wet cloth and is exposed to a
current of moving air is known as wet bulb
temperature.
 WBT≤DBT
 WBT=DBT (If air is 100% saturated)
 Properties Of Moist Air
Dew Point Temperature
 it is the temperature at which the air can no longer
"hold" all of the water vapor which is mixed with it,
and some of the water vapor must condense into liquid
water.
 Properties Of Moist Air
Specific humidity (humidity ratio)
It is the weight of water vapor present per kg of dry
air.
Relative Humidity (RH)
 It is defined as the ratio of actual weight of water
vapor in a given volume to the weight or water
vapor contained in the same volume at the same
temperature when the air is saturated.
 Properties Of Moist Air
Sensible Heat
 The quantity of heat that can be measured by
measuring the dry bulb temperature of the air.
Latent Heat
 Is the energy released or absorbed by a body or a
thermodynamic system during a constant-temperature
process.
Total Heat
 The total heat of the humid air is the sum of the
sensible heat of the dry air and latent heat of water
vapor associated with dry air.
 Heat Transfer
 Heat transfers in three ways:
 Conduction
 Convection
 Radiation
 Heat Transfer
Conduction
When you heat a metal strip at one end, the heat travels to
the other end.

As you heat the metal, the particles vibrate, these

vibrations make the adjacent particles vibrate, and so on
and so on, the vibrations are passed along the metal and
so is the heat. We call this conduction.
Convection
What happens to the particles in a liquid or a
gas when you heat them?

The particles spread out and

become less dense.

This effects fluid movement.

The third method of heat transfer

How does heat energy get

from the Sun to the Earth?
There are no particles
between the Sun and the
Earth so it CANNOT
travel by conduction or
by convection.

RADIATION
?
 HVAC Units
 English units is the common used in HVAC design
systems.
 We must be able to covert from S.I units to English
units
 BTU/HR .....… BRITSH TEMPRETURE UNIT
 KW ………….. Kilo watts
 T.R ………….. Tons Refrigerant
 KJ ………….. Kilo joules
 HVAC Units
 CFM (gases) ………….. Cubic Feet Per minute
 GPM (liquids) …………… Gallon Per Minute
 Pa …………… Pascal
 i.w.g …………… Inch Water Gauge
 ft …………… Feet
 F° ……………. Fahrenheit
 HVAC Units
Unit B.U S.I Conversion
Temperature F° C° C° = (F°-32) * (5/9)
F = (9/5)*C° + 32
Energy BTU CAL. BTU = 352 CAL
Length ft m m= ft*3.3

Area ft2 m2 m2= ft2*10.8

Volume ft3 m3 m3= ft3*36
Pressure psi = Ib/in2 kg/cm2 bar = 1.03 kg/cm2
equal 10.7 m
equal 100000 pa
Inh2o = 250 pa
Psi = fth2o *0.433
Bar = 14.7 psi
Flow rare CFM (gases) m3/hr

gpm(liquid) L/s
Q BTU/hr kcal/hr TR = 12000 BTU/HR
TR or KW TR = 3.5 KW
Cooling load calculation (Manually)
Source of Heat
 • Transmission load through walls, celling and roof.
 • Solar heat gain.
 • Heat gain through windows, and doors.
 • Occupants heat gain (sensible, latent).
 • Appliances heat gain (sensible and latent).
 • Light heat gain.
 • Ventilation load (sensible and latent).
Cooling load calculation (Manually)
Cooling load calculation (Manually)
Before starting any project we must be sure that we have this
data :
 Project Name & location
 North direction
 Outdoor dry & wet bulb temperature
In Cairo ……DBT= 104 F°
WBT = 78 F°
 http://www.weatheronline.co.uk/weather/maps/city?LANG=en&CEL
=C&SI=mph&MAPS=over&CONT=afri&LAND=EG&REGION=0011&W
MO=62366&UP=0&R=0&LEVEL=150&NOREGION=1
 Indoor temperature
people comfort zone ……….DBT = 75 F°
RH = 50 %
Cooling load calculation (Manually)
Inside dry bulb temperature and relative humidity are
depend on the application
 residential (24°C / 50%)
 Textile (24°C / 65%)
 Printing (27°C / 45%)
 Swimming pools (28°C / 60%)
 Leather (32°C / 75%)
Cooling load calculation (Manually)
Notes
 Load calculations for each space in project.
 Central means chilled water system.
 We must make calculation sheet for each space.
 We must define the space and in which floor it locates.
 We must study the outdoor condition and indoor condition according to
application.
 We must define if I want to reach the comfort zone for people or for machine such
as textile machines which needs high RH .
 Some industries RH=30 % is a must (choc.).
 Some applications RH is not important but dry bulb temp. is very important such as
electronics rooms (it & server) the temp is 68 F not 75 F .
 Generally any machine we must check its catalogue and the condition which need.
 After defining our application ,conditions we need and the minimum Two point
which enable us enter psychrometric chart we start load calculations.
Cooling load calculation (Manually)
Internal Loads
People Loads
Cooling load calculation (Manually)
Cooling load calculation (Manually)
Lighting Load (sensible only)
Ordinary Light (Spot)
 Qlight = watt*3.4 (BTU/HR)
Fluorescent Light
 Qlight = watt*4.2 (BTU/HR)
 Example
Cooling load calculation (Manually)
Cooling load calculation (Manually)
Appliances heat gain (sensible and latent)
 Qapp = watt*3.4 (BTU/HR)
 Heat dissipated from computer = 350 W.
 Qmotor = KW*3400 (BTU/HR)
= HP * 2545 (BTU/HR)
Cooling load calculation (Manually)
Cooling load calculation (Manually)
Cooling load calculation (Manually)
Cooling load calculation (Manually)
Solar heat gain
 Difference between walls and partitions.
 If wall must be exposed directly to sun to calculate the solar
heat gain ?
 If the amount of absorbed solar heat is equal at all exposed
walls?
Cooling load calculation (Manually)
Factors affect on solar heat gain:
 Direction (defined by ARCH)
 Material (glass or brick)………resistance
 Month
 Hour
 Shade (color and location)
Cooling load calculation (Manually)
Notes before starting solar heat gain calculations
 If the wall contain glass we will calculate the glass heat gain
separated than wall heat gain.
 Each wall direction will calculated separated than the wall
in another direction.
 Sky light. (horizontal direction)
Cooling load calculation (Manually)
Solar heat gain
a)Glass
Q= A * S.H.G * S.C
Where :
Ag : glass(window) area
S.H.G : solar heat gain
S.F : shading coefficient
Cooling load calculation (Manually)
Cooling load calculation (Manually)
Cooling load calculation (Manually)

Generally
S.C = 0.56 (with shade)
S.C = 0.81 (without shade )
U = 0.81 (BTU/h. ft2.F°) (with shade)
U = 1.13 (BTU/h. ft2.F°) (without shade )
Cooling load calculation (Manually)
Transmission heat gain
a)Glass
 If the direction important in this load?
 Q= U* Ag * ∆T
Where :
Ag : glass(window) area
U : glass overall heat transfer coefficient (BTU/h. ft2.F°)
∆T = temperature difference (To-TR)
Cooling load calculation (Manually)
b)Wall
 Q= U* Aw * ∆T equivalent
Where :
Aw : wall area
U : wall overall heat transfer coefficient (BTU/h. ft2.F°)
= (0.3-0.33)
∆T equivalent = equivalent temperature difference
∆T equivalent = ∆T + correction factor
Cooling load calculation (Manually)
Cooling load calculation (Manually)
Cooling load calculation (Manually)
c)Partitions
 Q = U* A * ∆T
Where :
A : partition area
U = 0.4 (BTU/h. ft2.F°)
∆T = temperature difference (F°)
=(0:5) ‫الجار مكيف‬
= (To-10) - TR ‫الجار غير مكيف‬
= (To-TR) ‫الجار غير مكيف وساخن‬
Cooling load calculation (Manually)
d)Floor and ceiling
 Q = U* A * ∆T
Where :
A : partition area
U = 0.4 (BTU/h. ft2.F°)
∆T = temperature difference (F°)
=(0:5) ‫الجار مكيف‬
= (To-10) - TR ‫الجار غير مكيف‬
= (To-TR) ‫الجار غير مكيف وساخن‬
Cooling load calculation (Manually)
e)Roof
 Q= U* Ar * ∆T equivalent
Where :
Ar : roof area
U : roof overall heat transfer coefficient (BTU/h. ft2.F°)
= (0.12)
∆T equivalent = equivalent temperature difference
∆T equivalent = ∆T + correction factor
Correction factor table (mentioned above)
Cooling load calculation (Manually)
Cooling load calculation (Manually)
Roof Cases
A) Exposed to sun
B) Coverage with water
C) Sprayed by water
D) shade
Cooling load calculation (Manually)
Ventilation load
CFM = (space volume in cubic feet)/60
Or
CFM = no of persons * (CFM required /person)
Factors affect on fresh air quantity:
- people activity
- Smoking
 Qs = CFM * ∆T * 1.08 (BTU/h)
Where ∆T is the temp. diff. between o/d & i/d condition.
 QL = CFM * 0.68* ((gr/ib)o– (gr/ib)R) (BTU/h)
Where Ib = 7000 grain
gr/ib from Psychrometric Chart
Cooling load calculation (Manually)
Cooling load calculation (Manually)
Cooling load calculation (Manually)
Cooling load calculation (Manually)
Cooling load calculation (Manually)
From above
Collect all sensible load Qs
Collect all latent load QL
A/C unit = GSH + GLH (BTU/hr)
TR = (BTU/hr) / 12000

AC = √ T.R
Take f.o.s 10 %
Cooling load calculation (Manually)
AC CFM calculations
ESHF = effective sensible heat factor
= (RSH / (RSH+RLH))
B.F = bypass factor
= 0.05 : 0.35
Take it = 0.1
TADP= Apparatus Dew point Temperature > or = 48 F°
the minimum temp. which air reach it.
CFM = (RSH+0.1 FASH)/(1.08*(1-BF)*(TR–TADP))
Where FASH = fresh air sensible heat
Cooling load calculation (Manually)
Cooling load calculation (Manually)
If ADP< 48F°
This means that effective sensible heat factor small value
ESHF= ((RSH+0.1FASH)/ (RSH+RLH+0.1(FASH+FALH)))
ESHF < 0.74 in this case.
We use reheater to solve this problem
To calculate the reheater capcity
ESHF=0.74 at ADP=48F°
0.74 = (RSH+0.1 FASH+RE)/(RSH+RLH+0.1(FASH+FALH)+RE))
RE= √ BRU/HR
CFM = (RSH+0.1 FASH+RE)/(1.08*(1-BF)*(TR–TADP))
A/C = GSH+GLH+RE
 Cooling load calculation (Manually)
Example
The room shown below is to be maintained at a constant environmental temperature of 24oC for a plant operation
of 12 hours per day.
The room is on the intermediate floor of an Library located in cairo.
The internal construction is lightweight demountable partitions, lightweight slab floors and suspended
acoustically treated ceilings, shading is intermittent.
Calculate the maximum sensible & latent cooling load in the room in July
The outside air temperature (to) may be found from whether online website.
 DATA:
Occupants = 100
Building classification = lightweight,

External wall colour = light.

Glass type & 'U' value = clear 6mm, double glazing,

Lighting = 30 Watts / m2 floor area

Heat gain from machinery and equipment = 4000 Watts
Cooling load calculation (Manually)
HVAC Systems Types
HVAC Systems Types
 HVAC Systems Types
Q cond = U*A* ∆T
∆T = T fr – T0
 From above we find that the outdoor condtion is a
very important factor during selecting any system.
 So we have three factors
A) T.R
B) CFM
C) T0
Nominal capacity of any HVAC Equipment at 95 F
 HVAC Systems Types

A/C Systems divided to

a) DX (direct expansion ) systems
b) Chilled water system.
 HVAC Systems Types
DX (direct expansion ) systems
1- Package units
a) Window units
b) Central package
 HVAC Systems Types
a) Window units
Package unit, decorative ductless
 Cooling capacity (Up to 4 TR)
 Residential applications
 Easy to install
 Easy maintenance
 Noisy
HVAC Systems Types
HVAC Systems Types
 HVAC Systems Types
b) Central package
Package unit, Roof top ducted
 Cooling capacity (up to 70 TR)
Applications
 Banks
 Small administrative buildings
HVAC Systems Types
 HVAC Systems Types
Package unit, Vertical ducted
 Cooling capacity (up to 70 TR)
Applications
 Banks
 Small administrative buildings
HVAC Systems Types
 HVAC Systems Types
2- Split units
a)Mini split
b)Central Split
 HVAC Systems Types
a) Mini split
 Split unit, Decorative ductless.
 Cooling capacity (Up to 5 TR)
 Residential applications
 Easy to install
 Easy maintenance
 Less expensive to operate than central units.
 Their efficiency is generally lower than that of central air conditioners.
 Its maintenance cost is very low compared by central or mini central.
 Split units is more preferable than window units in term of noise and
shape.
HVAC Systems Types
HVAC Systems Types
HVAC Systems Types
 HVAC Systems Types
Split unit, Ducted terminal (small capacity, mini central)
 The outdoor metal cabinet contains the condenser and
compressor, and an indoor cabinet contains the evaporator.
 Capacity of (1-5 TR)
 Its common name is (ceiling concealed ducted CCD)
Applications
 Banks
 Residential (villas)
 Small administrative building
 Retails
HVAC Systems Types
 HVAC Systems Types
b) Central Split (AHU)
 Capacity up to 70 TR.
 Used in special air requirement.
 Clean rooms.
 Special industrial applications.
 Comfort applications of special requirement.
HVAC Systems Types
HVAC Systems Types
 HVAC Systems Types
b) Chilled water system
In chilled water system we use
- FCU (fan coil units) for small spaces up
to 5 TR.
- AHU (air handling units) for high
capacity spaces.
 HVAC Systems Types
Notes
- Chilled water system reduce number of compressors
used and ELEC power.
- Chilled water system works up to 50 years.
- If the cooling capacity higher than 100 T.R chilled
water system will be the best.
Air Outlets
 Air Outlets
Notes
- Difference between grill and diffuser.
- Effect of velocity on air outlets selection.
- Effect of application on air outlets selection.
- Distance between diffusers.
- Air outlets sizing.
 Air Outlets
Slot diffuser
Air Outlets
Duct Sizing
Duct Sizing
Duct Sizing
 Duct Sizing
Air duct design (steps)
 Building drawings.
 Select air outlet positions (supply and return and
distances).
 Select air outlets types based on air volume and
distribution.
 Reselect air outlet positions if required.
 Duct routing (the simplest and shortest).
 Find duct dimensions.
 Find the total pressure drop to select the proper fan
section.
Duct Sizing
 Duct Sizing
Duct fittings
 Takeoff.
 Reducer.
(L/X) = 4
 Elbow
Rh = Rth + H
Rh = heel radius
Rth = throat radius
Rth = 6 “ inch if H < 18 “
Rth = 10 “ “ inch if H ≥ 18 “
 Turning vanes
H≤10 ---------- non
H = 12 “ : 16 “ -------1
H = 18 “ : 30 “ --------2
H = 32 “ : ∞ -----------3
Duct Sizing
Duct Sizing
Duct Sizing
Duct Sizing
Duct Sizing
 Duct Sizing
Fire damper
 Normally in closed position.
 Installed in the return duct before air enter AHU.
 Prevent the air from return to AHU in case of fire.
Duct Sizing
 Duct Sizing
NOTES
 Canvas is used between AHU and air plenum To
reduce AHU vibration.
 Sound insulation
 Plenum sound insulation
with material to reduce noise.
 Duct insulation after plenum
at 3 mt distance after plenum
 Duct Sizing
Thermal insulation
 Using fiberglass material
internal insulation = 1 inch
external insulation = 2 inch
Duct Weight
= 0.4 * (W+H) * t * L
W = duct width (inch)
H = duct depth (inch)
t = duct thickness (mm)
L = duct length (m)
Insulation Area
= 0.05 * (W+H) * L
Duct Sizing
 ‫‪Duct Sizing‬‬
‫‪Check‬‬
‫لفة العزل طولها ‪ 20‬متر وارتفاعها ‪ 1.2‬متر ‪.‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫عدد لفات العزل = مساحة العزل ‪24 /‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫نزود ‪ % 15‬هالك ‪.‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫عدد لفات العزل ‪ /‬وزن الصاج بالطن = ‪ 7.5 : 6‬لفة لكل طن ‪.‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
 Duct Sizing
Test
Smoke Test.
Light Test.
Pressure Test.
Mechanical Ventilation
 Mechanical Ventilation
Ventilation
 Ventilation is to reduce high latent heat, Co2, odors,
contaminants and toxic gases in the space by means of
supplying fresh air to keep the minimum permissible
concentration of each in the space. That to obtain a
healthy place.
 Mechanical Ventilation
Ventilation types:
 Central ventilation (mechanical)
It is allow air change all over the space and not spotted
at the contamination point (garage and factories). The
supply air point is preferable to be lower than exhaust
air points.
 CFM =( A * H * ACH )*0.588
A = space Area (m2).
H = Space Height (m).
ACH = Air Change Per Hour.
 Mechanical Ventilation
This table provides suggested air changes per hour (ACH)
 Mechanical Ventilation
 Air Extraction from parking.
 Amount of CFM from high level and from low level.
 How we can reduce fresh air fan CFM by using air
louver at velocity 300 fpm.
Q=A*V
 Mechanical Ventilation
 Local ventilation (mechanical):
The ventilation spot at the point of harmful gases
generation using hoods. That to avoid the spread of
gases in the space
(kitchens and workshops).
 Mechanical Ventilation
Hood Section
Q=A*V
A = Area of hood
A = (a + 30cm) * (b + 30cm)
V = velocity
= 0.5 m/s = 100 fpm
 Mechanical Ventilation
Hood types
 Single Hood
only extract air from kitchen equipment.
 Double Hood
air extracted from kitchen equipment and
balanced with fresh air.
 Mechanical Ventilation
Notes
 Hood duct rise up to 90 cm from roof level.
 Drainage in elbows is required to avoid Clogging the
duct using oil drain.
 Hood duct calculations at velocity 1800 fpm.
 Filters used in hood entrance to avoid oil Deposition.
 Non-galvanized black duct is used with thickness 1.5
mm or 2 mm.
 Duct insulation is required to avoid heat transfer to
room.
 ‫‪Mechanical Ventilation‬‬
‫‪ ‬في حالة تكييف المطابخ خصوصا في الفنادق الكبيرة كيف يتم عمل توازن‬
‫للهواء داخل المطبخ في حالة استخدام الهود‪:‬‬
‫‪ ‬في حالة استخدام ‪double hood‬‬
‫حدث اتزان داخل الهود وبالتالى يتم توزيع الهواء المكيف دون تعارض مع‬
‫الهود‪.‬‬
‫‪ ‬في حالة استخدام ‪Single hood‬‬
‫في هذة الحالة يجب عمل توازن في توزيع الهواء داخل المكان‪.‬‬
 ‫‪Mechanical Ventilation‬‬
‫‪ ‬اذا كان لدينا ‪ single hood‬يسحب هواء داخل المطبخ قيمتة ‪3000‬‬
‫‪ cfm‬فكيف يتم عمل اتزان في الحاالت االتية ‪:‬‬
‫‪ -‬اذا كان حمل المكان ‪ cfm 2000‬فقط ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬اذا كان حمل المكان ‪.cfm 3000‬‬
‫‪ -‬اذا كان حمل المكان ‪.cfm 4000‬‬
 Mechanical Ventilation
Air fans
Provides the pressure difference to moves the air
through the duct system, dampers and outlets with a
proper velocity.
 To define a fan we need this data :
CFM.
Static pressure.
Type.
Fans Types
Fans Types
CHILLED WATER SYSTEM
CHILLED WATER SYSTEM
CHILLED WATER SYSTEM
 CHILLED WATER SYSTEM
Requirements

GPM (flow rate).

Pipe size.
Pressure drop.
 CHILLED WATER SYSTEM
GPM Calculation
 GPM = Water flow rate (gallon per minute)
 ECWT = Entering chilled water temperature = 54 F.
 LCWT = Leaving chilled water temperature = 44 F.
 GPM = (cooling load/(500*∆T))
 Load in BTU/hr.
 ∆T = ECWT – LCWT
 (2.4 GPM) for each T.R.
 CHILLED WATER SYSTEM
Pipe Sizing
 Chilled water pipe material is black steel.
 Chilled water system is a closed loop.
 Sizing according to schedule 40 .
 Minimum allowable flow velocity = ( 2 – 10 )ft./s.
the best velocity at 5 ft./s.
 pressure drop through pipes = 4 feet / 100 feet.
CHILLED WATER SYSTEM
CHILLED WATER SYSTEM
 CHILLED WATER SYSTEM
Pressure Drop calculation
 Pressure drop = friction loss + chiller cooling coil P.D + AHU(FCU) cooling coil P.D.

Where :
Friction loss = pipe length + fittings and valves equivalent length.
 chiller cooling coil P.D from catalogue.
 AHU(FCU) cooling coil P.D from catalogue.
 Take factor of safety 10 %.
CHILLED WATER SYSTEM
CHILLED WATER SYSTEM
 CHILLED WATER SYSTEM
Flow Control Methods
 Balancing valve on each unit return.
 Common reversed return (hotel).
Part Load Control
 Three way valve.
 Two way valve.
CHILLED WATER SYSTEM
CHILLED WATER SYSTEM
CHILLED WATER SYSTEM
CHILLED WATER SYSTEM
 CHILLED WATER SYSTEM
 Available units cooling capacity from 10TR
to 1500TR.
 Chilled water system, Ducted FCU
 Chilled water system, AHU
 Chilled water system, Decorative ductless.
 CHILLED WATER SYSTEM
Chilled water system design parameters
 Chilled water flow rate = 2.4 GPM/TR
 Condenser cooling water flow rate (water cooling)
= 3 GPM/TR design cooling.
 Chilled water supply temperature = 44°F.
 Chilled water return temperature = 54°F.
 Minimum allowable flow velocity = 2 – 10 ft./s.
 Allowable pressure drop through pipes = 4 feet / 100 feet.
 Reselect your model based on ambient design conditions.
 CHILLED WATER SYSTEM
Design steps
1. Find the cooling load for each zone.
2. Select the suitable cooling coil for each zone (do not extra overestimate
or underestimate the apparatus).
3. Refine your cooling load based on the selected units, however the
chilled water system works based on the zone demand not on the coil
capacity.
4. Multiply the new cooling load by the diversity factor to find the chiller
capacity.
5. Select the chiller based on the cooling capacity and the ambient
temperature.
6. Select the riser positions.
7. Connect the coils to the main branches and then to the riser.
8. Start the pipe sizing including the riser.
9. Start to connect the pumps, expansion tank and chillers.
CHILLED WATER SYSTEM
CHILLED WATER SYSTEM
CHILLED WATER SYSTEM
CHILLED WATER SYSTEM
 CHILLED WATER SYSTEM
 No of pumps = no of chillers + 1
 100 % standby chiller in hospital & pharma.
Comp.
 (50-75) % standby in less important
applications.
 No of cooling towers = no of chillers.
 No of cooling tower pumps = no of cooling
towers + 1
 CHILLED WATER SYSTEM
Chillers selection
Factors affect air cooled chiller selection:
 Ambient temperature.
 Leaving chilled water temperature (LCWT).
Ex
Selction of air cooled Reciprocating chiller
LCWT =44F at ambient temp = 105 F (Cairo)
 CHILLED WATER SYSTEM
Cooling tower selection
Factors affect cooling tower selection:
 EWT = Entering water temperature = 95 F = 35 C.
 LWT = Leaving water temperature = 85 F = 30 C.
 WBT = Wet bulb temperature.
 Flow rate.
 Range = EWT – LWT = 35 – 30 = 5 C.
 Approach = LWT – WBT = 30 – 24 = 6 C.
 Nominal load (KW) = flow rate (L/S) * range * 4.186
 CHILLED WATER SYSTEM
Expansion tank
 Installed in pump suction line on header.
 Protect the system from over pressure.
 Compensates pump with water in case of leakage.
 0.5 m3 …………………. 300 TR.
 3/4 m3 …………………. 600 TR.
 1 m3 …………………. 1000 TR.
VARIABLE AIR VOLUME
VARIABLE AIR VOLUME
VARIABLE AIR VOLUME
VARIABLE AIR VOLUME
 VARIABLE AIR VOLUME
Fan Powered VAV: The addition of a fan to a VAV box
improves air movement at times when a space is near its
design temperature and supply air volumes are low
Advantages:
 High efficient and not very high initial cost.
 Independent thermostat base space control.
 High grade of flexibility.
 BMS
BMS
 All buildings have mechanical and electrical service. These
services need to be controlled by some means (BMS) in
order to ensure comfort conditions.
 BMS is doing the followings:
• Central controlling facilities.
• Automatically control various operation.
• Manage and coordinate various systems.
• Provides a comfortable conditions in efficient way.
• Systems to be controlled (lighting, fire fighting, smoke
management, HVAC and attendance reporting)
 BMS
 Gas sensors monitor the gases concentrations and
control the
 ventilation systems.
 Occupancy sensor / people schedule in various areas
gives signals in order to operates HVAC systems and
ventilation in such spaces.
 Temperature sensors in chilled water systems control
the pump speed against the load.
 Space heat and smoke sensors control the operation of
fire fighting, smoke management and HVAC systems.
 BMS
 Smoke managements is to pressurize the staircase and
escape paths and exhaust the smoke from the required
space.
 In case of fire the elevators have to be stopped and
directions signs should be operate.
 In case of electric shut down, the backup system has to
operate the system partially with minimum hazardous
requirements.
 END

BEST
REGARDS