ENGLISH 4th Grading supremely aware of courtesy and the

lack of it,
Capulet
>ROMEO AND JULIET
 The patriarch of the Capulet family,
 Tragedy
father of Juliet, husband of Lady
 Written by WILLIAM Capulet, and enemy, for unexplained
SHAKESPEARE reasons, of Montague
 Believed to be written in the late 1591-
1595
 Other books of Shakespeare are
o HAMLET
o KING LEAR Montague
o THE MERCHANT OF
 Romeo’s father, the patriarch of the
VENICE
Montague clan and bitter enemy of
o RICHARD III
Capulet
CHARACTERS: Lady Montague
Romeo
 Romeo’s mother, Montague’s wife. She
 The son and heir of Montague and Lady dies of grief after Romeo is exiled from
Montague Verona.

Juliet Paris

 The daughter of Capulet and Lady  A kinsman of the Prince, and the suitor
Capulet. A beautiful thirteen-year-old of Juliet most preferred by Capulet.
girl Benvolio
Friar Lawrence
 Montague’s nephew, Romeo’s cousin
 A Franciscan friar, friend to both Romeo and thoughtful friend, he makes a
and Juliet. Kind, civic-minded, a genuine effort to defuse violent scenes
proponent of moderation, and always in public places, though Mercutio
ready with a plan accuses him of having a nasty temper in
private
Mercutio
Prince Escalus
 A kinsman to the Prince, and Romeo’s
close friend.  he Prince of Verona. A kinsman of
Mercutio and Paris
The Nurse
Friar John
 Juliet’s nurse, the woman who breast-
fed Juliet when she was a baby and has  Franciscan friar charged by Friar
cared for Juliet her entire life Lawrence with taking the news of
Juliet’s false death to Romeo in Mantua.
Tybalt Friar John is held up in a quarantined
house, and the message never reaches
 A Capulet, Juliet’s cousin on her
Romeo.
mother’s side. Vain, fashionable,
Balthasar in love with Juliet Capulet, who is due to
marry her father’s choice, the Count
 Romeo’s dedicated servant, who brings
Romeo the news of Juliet’s death, Paris. With the help of Juliet’s nurse, the
unaware that her death is a ruse. women arrange for the couple to marry
the next day, but Romeo’s attempt to halt
Sampson and Gregory a street fight leads to the death of Juliet’s
 Two servants of the house of Capulet, own cousin, Tybalt, for which Romeo is
who, like their master, hate the banished. In a desperate attempt to be
Montagues. At the outset of the play reunited with Romeo, Juliet follows the
Friar’s plot and fakes her own death. The
Abram
message fails to reach Romeo, and
 Montague’s servant, who fights with believing Juliet dead, he takes his life in
Sampson and Gregory in the first scene her tomb. Juliet wakes to find Romeo’s
of the play. corpse beside her and kills herself. The
The Apothecary grieving family agree to end their feud.

 An apothecary in Mantua. Had he been

wealthier, he might have been able to Voices of Verbs
afford to value his morals more than
money, and refused to sell poison to Voice
Romeo.
 Doer/receiver of the action
Peter  The doer is the subject or the main
 A Capulet servant who invites guests to idea or topic and must be a:
Capulet’s feast and escorts the Nurse to  Noun (name of: place, things,
meet with Romeo. He is illiterate, and a events, person, animal)
bad singer.  Pronoun (subtitles a noun: she,
Rosaline her, he, him, I, me, myself, you,
they, the, us, them)
 The woman with whom Romeo is  (common noun – general and
infatuated at the beginning of the play. proper noun – specific)
The chorus
Two Kinds of Voice
 The Chorus is a single character who, as
1. Active Voice
developed in Greek drama, functions as
a narrator offering commentary on the 2. Passive Voice
play’s plot and themes. Active Voice
Summary  Subject is the doer of the action
An age-old vendetta between two powerful Passive Voice
families erupts into bloodshed. A group of
masked Montagues risk further conflict by  Subject is the receiver of the action
gatecrashing a Capulet party. A young
lovesick Romeo Montague falls instantly
The Pattern The blue wall(S) of his
room has just been
Subject - Verb – Direct Object in Active
painted(V) by him. (D.O)
Subject (Direct Object in Active) – Verb –
 Past Tense
Direct Object (Subject in Active) in
 Simple Past
Passive
(Active = past) (Passive = was +
 Voices of verb has tenses of past)
verb: Active
1. Present The postman(S)
2. Past delivered(V) the mail (D.O)
3. Future yesterday.
Passive
 Present Tense The mail(S) was delivered
 Simple Present (V) yesterday by the
(Active = resent) (Passive = past) postman. (D.O)
Active
 Past Progressive
The postman(S) delivers(V)
(Active = was + gerund) (Passive =
the mail. (D.O)
was + being + past)
Passive Active
She (S) was cooking(V)
The mail(S) delivered(V) by
lasagna (D.O) for her
the postman. (D.O)
mother.
 Present Progressive Passive
(Active = gerund(-ing) (Passive =
being +past) The lasagna (S) for her
Active mother was being cooked
She(S) is cooking(V) (V) by her. (D.O)
lasagna (D.O)
Passive
Lasagna(S) is being
cooked(V) by her (D.O)
 Present Perfect
(Active = has + past) (Passive = has  Past Perfect
+ just + been + past) (Active = had + past) (Passive =
Active had + been + past)
He(S) has painted(V) the Active
blue wall (D.O) of his room. He (S) had painted (V) the
blue
Passive
wall (D.O) of his room.
 Passive
>VOICES OF VERBS
The blue wall (S) of his
room had been painted (V)  VOICE is the doer or receiver of the
by him. (D.O) action
 Future Tense
 Simple Future ACTIVE VOICE
(Active = will + present) (Passive =
will be + past) S-V-DO
Active Subject is the doer of the action
The postman (S) will deliver
(V) the mail (D.O) Ex. She is cooking lasagna.
tomorrow. S V DO
Passive
The mail (S) will be
delivered (V) by the PASSIVE VOICE
postman (D.O) tomorrow.
DO-V-S
 Future Progressive Subject is the receiver of the action
(Active = will + be + gerund)
(Passive = will be + past) Ex. Lasagna is being cooked by her.
Active DO V S
She (S) will be cooking (V)
lasagna (D.O) for her
mother. SIMPLE RESENT

Passive A- The postman delivers the mail

The lasagna (S) for her P- The mail is delivered by the postman
mother will be cooked (V) PRESENT PROGRESSIVE
by her. (D.O)
A-she is cooking lasagne
 Future Perfect
P- lasagna is being cooked by her.
(Active = will + have + past)
(Passive = have + been + past) PRESENT PERFCT
Active A-she has cooked lasagna
He (S) will have painted (V)
the blue wall (D.O) of his P-the lasagna has just been cooked by her
room.
Passive
The blue wall (S) of his SIMPLE PAST
room have been painted (V)
A-the postman delivered the mail yesterday
by him. (D.O)
P-the mail was delivered by the postman graduation (if applicable) and also
yesterday include awards received, if any
PAST PROGRESSIVE
A-she was cooking lasagna for her mother
P-the lasagna fr her mother was being cooked by
her 4. You can also put your school
activities, extracurricular
PAST PERFECT
activities, volunteer activities work
A-the postman had delivered the mail yesterday experience, special skills, and
references
P- the mail had been delivered by the postman
yesterday Cover Letter
Date:
SIMPLE FUTURE
Name, Designation, Address of
A-the postman will deliver the mail tomorrow Recipient of Letter:
P-the mail will be delivered by the postman Saturation: Dear, Mr./Ms./Mrs.
tomorrow.
First Paragraph: Get to the point.
FUTURE PROGRESSIVE State why you are writing the letter.
A-the postman is going to deliver the mail Include how you were able to find out
tomorrow about what you are applying for. If
you were referred by someone in the
P- the mail is going to be delivered by the company, include it here.
postman tomorrow
Second Paragraph: Briefly state your
FUTURE PERFECT
accomplishments and qualifications
A-the postman will have delivered the mail which should show that hiring you or
tomorrow. giving you the scholarship is beneficial
P-the mail will have been delivered by the to them. Use strong and direct
postman tomorrow. statements.

Resume Third Paragraph: Connect your

accomplishments and qualifications
1. Heading includes name, address, with what you are applying for. Show
date of birth, email, address, and how enthusiastic you would be should
contact number you be successful in your application.
2. Objective states what your resume
is for Fourth Paragraph: Invite them to
3. The education portion presents the contact you for an interview or
school(s) you have attended. further questions.
Include the address(es) of your Fifth Paragraph: A thank you
school(s), dates of attendance and statement.
 Closing and Signature: Yours truly, o HEADING- name, address,
sincerely yours, under this your full date of birth, email address, and
name and include the signature above contact number
your name. o OBJECTIVE states that your
resume is for
Formal Request Letter o EDUCATION- portion that
presents the schools you have
Date:
attended
Name, designation, and address of
recipient of letter
>COVER LETTER
Salutation: Dear, Mr./Miss/Mrs.
Followed by a colon  is a letter of introduction that
accompanies a resume
First Paragraph: As in the cover letter  Parts:
go straight to the point. State the o DATE-Name, designation, and
purpose of your letter of request. address of the recipient of letter
o SALUTATION
Second Paragraph: Here, you make
o FIRST PARAGRAPH –state
your request. Use polite words and why you are writing the letter
phrased. You may use modals to o SECOND PARAGRAPH –
express requests. state your accomplishments
Third Paragraph: It would be o THIRD PARAGRAPH –
connect your accomplishments
practical to put your contact info
to what you are applying for
should any inquiries or a confirmation
o FOURTH – invite them to
arise.
contact you
Fourth Paragraph: A thank you o FIFTH – a thank you statement
statement. o CLOSING AND
SIGNATURE
Closing and Signature: Say yours truly,
sincerely yours and under this, your full
name and include your signature above
your name.

>Formal Letter of Request. Request letters 

o are typically required for job
>RESUME interviews, for a raise or a
promotion or may be an
 is a brief account of a person’s
approach to a company or
education, qualifications, and previous
business colleague for specific
experience, typically sent with a job
information.
application.
o The formal
 Resume includes:
letter of request should have
the complete details of yourself
 and also the person you are world around of how they may also find
addressing. comfort, courage and strength.

The Pardoner’s Tale

The Praying Hands
Summary: Prologue to the Pardoner's Tale.
About 1490 two young friends, Albrecht Durer After getting a drink, the Pardoner begins his
and Franz Knigstein were struggling young Prologue. He tells the company about his
artists. Since both were poor, they worked to occupation—a combination of
support themselves while they studied art. itinerant preaching and selling promises of
salvation. His sermon topic always remains the
Work took so much of their time advancement same: Radix malorum est Cupiditas, or “greed
was slow. Finally they reached an agreement: is the root of all evil.”
they would draw lots, and one of them would
work to support both of them while the other There Will Come Soft Rains
would study art. Albrecht won and began to
study, while Franz worked at hard labour to The irony of the story "There Will Come Soft
support them. They agreed that when Albrecht Rains" is strong. The poem within the story
was successful he would support Franz who describes how happy nature will be when man
would then study art. has destroyed himself, but the truth is that
nature has been decimated by the war. The dog
Albrecht went off to the cities of Europe to that comes in to die is lean and covered with
study. As the world now knows, he had not only sores. The rest of the city is "rubble and ashes."
talent but genius. When he had attained success,
he went back to keep his bargain with Franz.
But Albrecht soon discovered the enormous
price his friend had paid. For as Franz worked Robert Frost
at hard manual labour to support his friend, his
fingers had become stiff and twisted. His Born: March 26, 1874 (San Francisco, USA)
slender, sensitive hands had been ruined for life.
He could no longer execute the delicate brush Died: January 29, 1963 @ 88 (Boston,
strokes necessary to fine painting. Though his Massachusetts)
artistic dreams could never be realised, he was
Title: Poet Laureate (1958-1959)
not embittered but rather rejoiced in his friend’s
success. Achievement: Four-Time Pulitzer Prize in
Poetry Winner
One day Durer came upon his friend
The Road Not Taken
unexpectedly and found him kneeling with his
gnarled hands intertwined in prayer, quietly Theme: It is impossible to see where a life-
praying for the success of his friend although he altering decision will lead
himself could no longer be an artist. Albrecht
Durer, the great genius hurriedly sketched the Central Message: Chose and Continue Life’s
folded hands of his faithful friend and later Journey
completed a truly great masterpiece known as
‘The Praying Hands”. Figurative Meaning: Metaphor (Life)
Today art galleries everywhere feature Albrecht
Literal Meaning: Randomly Choose a Road
Durer’s works, and this particular masterpiece
tells an eloquent story of love, sacrifice, labour Symbolism:
and gratitude. It has reminded multitudes the
Yellow – unsure
Black – untouched
Road – journey
Point of view = TRAVELER