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    ELECTRONICS-II Mubbshr

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    Muhammad Mubashar Awaisi
    The frequency response of an amplifier describes how its gain and phase shift change over a range of input signal frequencies. At lower frequencies, the capacitive reactance of coupling and bypass capacitors affects gain and phase shift. The three high-pass RC circuits in an amplifier's input, emitter, and output further reduce gain at lower frequencies, with the gain rolling off at -60 dB per decade below the critical frequency where each circuit's reactance equals its resistance. Miller's theorem shows how an amplifier's internal transistor capacitances increase the effective input capacitance at higher frequencies.

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    ELECTRONICS-II Mubbshr

    Uploaded by

    Muhammad Mubashar Awaisi
    66 views16 pages
    The frequency response of an amplifier describes how its gain and phase shift change over a range of input signal frequencies. At lower frequencies, the capacitive reactance of coupling and bypass capacitors affects gain and phase shift. The three high-pass RC circuits in an amplifier's input, emitter, and output further reduce gain at lower frequencies, with the gain rolling off at -60 dB per decade below the critical frequency where each circuit's reactance equals its resistance. Miller's theorem shows how an amplifier's internal transistor capacitances increase the effective input capacitance at higher frequencies.

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    Electronics

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    ELECTRONICS-II mubbshr

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    The frequency response of an amplifier describes how its gain and phase shift change over a range of input signal frequencies. At lower frequencies, the capacitive reactance of coupling and bypass capacitors affects gain and phase shift. The three high-pass RC circuits in an amplifier's input, emitter, and output further reduce gain at lower frequencies, with the gain rolling off at -60 dB per decade below the critical frequency where each circuit's reactance equals its resistance. Miller's theorem shows how an amplifier's internal transistor capacitances increase the effective input capacitance at higher frequencies.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    66 views16 pages

    ELECTRONICS-II Mubbshr

    Uploaded by

    Muhammad Mubashar Awaisi
    The frequency response of an amplifier describes how its gain and phase shift change over a range of input signal frequencies. At lower frequencies, the capacitive reactance of coupling and bypass capacitors affects gain and phase shift. The three high-pass RC circuits in an amplifier's input, emitter, and output further reduce gain at lower frequencies, with the gain rolling off at -60 dB per decade below the critical frequency where each circuit's reactance equals its resistance. Miller's theorem shows how an amplifier's internal transistor capacitances increase the effective input capacitance at higher frequencies.

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    Amplifier Frequency

    Response
     frequency response of an amplifier is the change in
    gain or phase shift
     over a specified range of input signal frequencies
    In amplifiers, the coupling and bypass capacitors appear
    to be shorts to
    ac at the midband frequencies. At low frequencies the
    capacitive reactance,
    XC, of these capacitors affect the gain and phase shift of
    signals, so they
    must be taken into account.
     􀃆At lower f (10Hz for example) the XC is higher,
    and it decreases as f increases 􀃆 more signal voltage
    is dropped across C1
    and C3 in amplifiers
    circuits less
    voltage gain
     is used to simplify the analysis of inverting amplifiers at
    high frequencies, where the internal transistor
    capacitances are important
     Miller’s theorem states that C
    effectively
    appears as a capacitance from
    input to ground, as
    shown in Figure (b), that can
    be expressed as
     The figure below shows the effective input and output capacitance
    appears in the actual ac equivalent circuitin parallel with Cbe (or Cgs).
    Cin(Miller) formula shows that Cbc (or Cgd) has a much greater
    impact on input capacitance than its actual value. For example, if Cbc
    6 pF and t
    he amplifier gain is 50, then Cin(Miller) = C(Av+1) = 306 pF.
     As stated before, The decibel (dB) is a unit of logarithmic gain
    measurement and is commonly used to express amplifier response.
     􀃆 The decibel is a measurement of the ratio of one power to another or
    one voltage to another.
    The power gain in dB is:

    The voltage gain in dB is:

     If Av > 1 􀃆 dB gain is positive.


     􀃆 If Av < 1􀃆 dB gain is negative (attenuation
     For frequency below midrange frequency 􀃆 low frequency ac equivalent
    circuit will contain the capacitors C1, C2, and C3
     􀃆 There are three high-pass RC circuits that affect its gain;
    A high-pass RC circuit an RC circuit passes high-frequency signals but
    attenuates reduces the amplitude of signals with frequencies lower than
    the cutoff frequency (midrange frequency)
     The three high-pass RC circuits are:
    RinC1 , Rin(emitter)C2, and RoutC3
    Resistance looking
    at the collector
     BJT Amplifier: The Input RC Circuit

    due to XC1, Vbase is less than


    voltage at midrange frequency
    (Vbase = Vin when XC1≈0)
     Lower Critical Frequency
    Critical point in the amplifier’s
    response occurs when the Vout is 70.7% of
    its midrange value. This may occurs at Vbase = 0.707 Vin (when Rin =
    XC1)
     The Input RC Circuit: Lower Critical Frequency
     Example: For the circuit shown, calculate the lower critical
    frequency due
    to the input RC circuit. Assumed r’e= 9.6Ω and β = 200.
    Notice that a
    swamping resistor, RE1, is used.
     The lower critical frequency of the bypass equivalent RC circuit is

     If a swamping resistor is used, the equation for Rin(emitter) becomes

     Example: for same circuit in the previous example, calculate the lower
    critical frequency
     At midrange frequency of an amplifier, the effects of the coupling and
    transistor internal capacitors are minimal and can be neglected.
     If the frequency is increased sufficiently, a point is reached where the
    transistor’s internal capacitances begin to have a significant effect on the
    gain.
     BJT Amplifiers
     The high frequency ac equivalent circuit of BJT amplifier with
    transistor
     By applying Miller’s theorem to the inverting amplifier
    Looking in from the signal source, the capacitance Cbc appears in
    the Miller input capacitance from base to ground.

    and the Miller output capacitance appears in parallel with Rc

    where Av is the voltage gain at midrange


     BJT Amplifiers: input RC circuit
     The input circuit shown below can be thevinized to have the
    equivalent input RC circuit
     At the critical frequency, the gain is 3 dB less than its midrange value.
     􀃆 upper critical high frequency of the input circuit,

     As the frequency goes above fcu (input), the input RC circuit causes the
    gain to roll off at a rate of -20 dB/decade just as with the low-frequency
    response.
     The phase shift angle is
     BJT Amplifiers: output RC circuit
     Example:Determine the upper critical frequency of the amplifier in
    previous Example due to its output RC circuit
     Total Low-Frequency Response
     If all RC circuits have the same critical frequency, the response curve
    has one
    break point at that
    value of fcl, and
    the voltage gain
    rolls off
    at -60 dB/decade below
    that value

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