Experiment 4: DATE: 27/8/20

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Rajvi Shah (U17EC017)

EXPERIMENT 4
DATE : 27/8/20

AIM : To Design and Implement a circuit to linearize wheat-stone bridge for better
performance using Op-Amp.
APPARATUS : IC 741, Resistors, DC Power supply, DMM, Bread Board, connecting wires.

THEORY :
Wheatstone bridge circuits measure an unknown electrical resistance by balancing two legs—
one with the unknown component—of a bridge circuit. These long-established circuits are
among the first choices for front-end sensors. Whether the bridges are symmetric or
asymmetric, balanced or unbalanced, they allow you to accurately measure an unknown
impedance. Since bridge circuit are so simple yet effective, they’re very useful for monitoring
temperature, mass, pressure, humidity, light, and other analog properties in industrial and
medical applications.

The Wheatstone bridge has a single impedance-variable element that, when away from the
balance point, is inherently nonlinear. Bridge circuits are commonly used to detect the
temperature of a boiler, chamber, or a process situated hundreds of feet away from the actual
circuit. Usually a sensor element, typically a resistance temperature detector (RTD),
thermistor, or thermocouple, is situated in the hot/cold environment to provide information
about resistance change to temperature.

To linearize the output of the bridge, a differential amplifier circuit using op-amps can be
used.
Rajvi Shah (U17EC017)

a. Single Op-Amp

The single op amp, differential amplifier is shown in Figure 2. Its input impedance is relatively
low and requires the source impedance of the sensor be considered in the gain calculation.

b. Instrumentation Amplifier
The three op amp instrumentation amplifier, or in-amp, uses three op amps. The circuit, shown in
Figure 5, has high input impedance, and source impedance does not play a role in calculation of gain.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM :
a. Using Single Op-Amp
Rajvi Shah (U17EC017)

b. Using Instrumentation Amplifier

CALCULATIONS :
a. Single Op-Amp

R6 = 1k Ω R7 = 100k Ω
So Gain = R7/R6 = 100
b. Using Instrumentation Amplifier
R10 = 25kΩ R9 = 1kΩ
Rf = 1.5kΩ Rg = 1kΩ
𝑅10 2𝑅𝑓
Gain = ∗[ + 1]
𝑅9 𝑅𝑔
Gain = 25 * ( 3+1) = 25 * 4
Gain =100
Rajvi Shah (U17EC017)

OBSERVATIONS :
a. Using Single Op-Amp
R2=R4=250 Ω R3=2kΩ R1=2kΩ

Resistance Output Voltage (V)


δR α = δR/ R2
R2 % α = δR/ R2 x 100
(Ω)
(Ω) Theoretical Practical

250 0 0 -2.12 -2.118 0

252 2 0.008 -1.37 -1.369 0.8%

254 4 0.016 -0.63 -0.627 1.6%

256 6 0.024 0.11 0.112 2.4%

258 8 0.032 0.85 0.85 3.2%

260 10 0.04 1.6 1.588 4.0%

262 12 0.048 2.33 2.323 4.8%

264 14 0.056 3.06 3.057 5.6%

266 16 0.064 3.8 3.79 6.4%

268 18 0.072 4.53 4.521 7.2%

270 20 0.08 5.26 5.25 8.0%

272 22 0.088 5.99 5.978 8.8%

274 24 0.096 6.71 6.705 9.6%


Rajvi Shah (U17EC017)

b. Using Instrumentation Amplifier


Rf=1.5kΩ Rg=1kΩ R01=R02=200Ω Rstrain1=Rstrain2=2kΩ

Resistance Output Voltage (V)


δR α = δR/ R2
R2 % α = δR/ R2 x 100
(Ω)
(kΩ) Theoretical Practical

2 0 0 0 0 0

2.05 50 0.025 2.1 2.098 2.5%

2.10 100 0.050 4.0 3.98 5%

2.15 150 0.075 5.8 5.76 7.5%

2.20 200 0.100 7.6 7.58 10%

2.25 250 0.125 9.3 9.301 12.5%

2.30 300 0.150 11.0 10.899 15%

2.35 350 0.175 12.5 12.03 17.5%

2.40 400 0.200 13.2 12.03 20%

2.45 450 0.225 14.7 12.03 22.5%

2.5 500 0.250 15.6 12.03 25%


Rajvi Shah (U17EC017)

GRAPH :
a. Single Op-Amp
Output Voltage vs Resistance Change

8
7
6
5
Output Voltage (V)

4
3
2
1
0
-1 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24
-2
-3
Resistance Change (Ohm)

Output Voltage (V)

b. Instrumentation Amplifier

18
16
14
Output Voltage

12
10
8
6
4
2
0
50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500
Resistnace Change (Ohm)

Output Voltage (V)


Rajvi Shah (U17EC017)

RESULT :
The graph between resistance change and output voltage for both circuits came out to be
linear i.e. the bridge has been linearized.

CONCLUSION :
Hence we have performed experiment to linearize wheat-stone bridge output using
differential amplifier using single op-amp and instrumentation amplifier.
We observe that the graph between resistance change and output voltage is linear i.e. the
bridge has been linearized.

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