agents that causing cancer:

initiator vs promoter

polycyclic hydrocardon-lung cancer

genotoxic aniline dye: bladder cancer

chemicals asbestos: mesothelioma

non-genotoxic hormone: oestrogen [breast cancer]

UV-B- skin cancer

radiation
ionizing radioation: lymphoma, leukemia

carcinogenesis Hep B/Hep C: hepatocellular carcinoma

EBV: Burkitt lymphoma

oncogenic viruses
HHV-8: kaposi sarcoma

HPV: Cervical cancer

INfection

Schistosomiasis: bladder cancer

Aetiology/ causes of neoplasm Parasite
clnorchus sinesis: bile duct cacinoma
geography/ race others: Helicobacter pylori: Stomach cancer

stomach cancer in Japan

occupational exposure

aniline dye in transitional cell carcinoma of bladder

age

Prostate cancer in older men

inherited

familial retinoblastoma
familial polyposis coli
multiple endocrine neoplasia

preneoplastic lesion- chronic

inflammation

cirrhosis
ulcerative colitis
Barret's oesophagus
Definition
Immunosuppression

lymphoma
uncontrolled cell proliferation
leading to mass or nodule
Treatment

Surgical excision
Chemotherapy MACROSCOPIC: well
circumscribed, encapsulated,
hormonal-tamoxifen, finasteride rarely necrosis and
non-hormonal haemorrhage
newer/ biological
therapy squamous papilloma

Immunotherapy-azathioprine, Epithelial cells adenoma

methoxtrexate transitional papilloma
radiotherapy
lipoma [fat]
lymph node clearance
Neuroma [neuron]
angioma [blood vessel]
histological assessment of Benign Connective tissue chondroma [cartilage]
degree of differentiation of
osteoma [bone]
tumor
muscle leimyoma/fibroid [uterus]
cytological, architectural,
functional benign cystic teratoma
ovary Microscopic appearance
germ cells
well differentiated
[more pronounce in
malignant]
moderately differentiated
Grade Macroscopic: haemorrhage,
poorly differentiated necrosis, poorly demarcated, hyperchromasia [chromatin become
invasive & metastasis dense, nuclear darker]
the extent of tumor spread
pleomorphism [variable shape]
[clinically, radiologically, squamous cell carcinoma
pathologically] adenocarcinoma nuclear/cytoplasmic ratio
Neoplasm
Prognostic features carcinoma transitional cell carcinoma disotortion of architecture

small cell carcinoma [lung] loss of maturation

TNM staging [size,no nodals,no. metastasis] anaplastic carcinoma mitotic activity
Dukes staging Stage
Classification liposarcoma
larger worse prognosis [e.g: tumor in rhabdomyosarcoma
the brain and space occupying effect] sarcoma
angiosarcoma
size
leimoysarcoma
skin tumor on the face detects earlier
site nodal

seminoma better prognosis than extra nodal

non-seminoma Cancer
lymphoma hodgkin
type
B-cell
host response non-hodgkin
adequacy of treatment T-cell
leukemia
primary
Clinical Signs & symptoms malignant melanoma
Malignant
skin cancer Basal cell carcinoma
general effects Radiology non-melanoma skin cancer
Squamous cell carcinoma

malaise, weight loss, athralgia, fever X-ray mixed tumor

seminoma
primary effect CT scan
teratoma
PET-scan
mass Investigation germ cell tumor embryonal tumor
mammogram non-seminoma
obstruction yolk sac tumor
loss of function sestamibi scan [parathyroid]
choriocarcinoma
bleeding Laboratory radioisotope scanning
carcinoid tumor
effect of metastasis small cell carcinoma
Full blood count [anaemia] Pathologically
pancreatic islet cell
bone pain [mets to bone] Neuroendocrine tumor
urine and electrolytes [blood in
parathytroid carcinoma
haemoptysis [mets to lungs] urine, hypercalcaemia] Cytologically
medullar carcinoma of thyroid
effect of hormone secretion/ ectopic Liver function test, thyroid function test and etc.
biopsy pahemochromoctyoma
hormone production
secondary/metastasis
cushing syndrome [ACTH] incisional biopsy

hypercalcaemia [squamous cell diagnosis excisional biopsy

carcinoma of lung]
tru cut biopsy
gynaecomastia [oestrogen] Tumor marker fine needle aspiration
insulin excess [insulinoma]
complete removal of lump
Paraneoplastic effect Epithelial tumor
Sentinel lymph node biopsy

Peripheranl neuropathy Keratin [squamous cell]

smear
myopathy: eaton-lambert syndrome mucin/glands [adeno]
dermatomyositis Pap smear [cervical cancer]
germ cell
cerebellar deg.
pyrexia of unknown origin B-HCG [chrirocarcinoma]

Haematological effects/ anaemia alpha-fetoprotein

others: PLAP
iron def [bleeding]
Others: CA-125 [ovarian tumor],
megaloblastic [cytotoxic drugs interrupt DNA] PSA [prostate]
aplastic anaemia [infiltration of bone lymphoma
marrow by tumor
haemolytic anaemia [immune mediated: destruct RBCs] cyclin-D1

CD-15, CD-30

sarcoma: vimentin

melanoma: HMB-45, S-100, melanin

Neoplasm (4).mmap - 11/02/2012 - Mindjet