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Unit-II Part II PDF

The document discusses various techniques for line coding in digital communication systems. It describes several line coding schemes including unipolar binary, polar binary, and bipolar coding. It explains the properties and power spectral densities of different line codes. The document also covers topics like synchronization, scrambling, and frame synchronization techniques used in digital transmission.

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Harshali Mane
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30 views

Unit-II Part II PDF

The document discusses various techniques for line coding in digital communication systems. It describes several line coding schemes including unipolar binary, polar binary, and bipolar coding. It explains the properties and power spectral densities of different line codes. The document also covers topics like synchronization, scrambling, and frame synchronization techniques used in digital transmission.

Uploaded by

Harshali Mane
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Unit II: Baseband Digital

Transmission

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Line Codes or Data Formats

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Introduction
• Digital output of the PCM coder is converted
to an appropriate waveform for transmission
over channel  line coding or transmission
coding
• Different line codes have different attributes
• Best line code has to be selected for a given
application and channel condition

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Line Coding
• Line coding is the procedure used to convert an
incoming bit stream, bk to symbols ak which are
then sent as pulses akhT(t-kT) on to the channel
• The line coding technique affect the properties of
the transmitted signal
• Desirable properties are
– Self Synchronisation. There should be sufficient
information in the transitions and zero-crossings to
permit symbol timing clock regeneration
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– Spectrum suited to the channel
The PSD of the transmitted signal should be compatible
with the channel frequency response Hc(w),
• Many channels cannot pass dc (zero frequency) owing to ac
coupling
• Low-pass response limits the ability to carry high frequences

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Properties of a line code
• DC component
• Transmission bandwidth
• Power efficiency
• Error detection and correction capability
• Favorable power spectral density
• Adequate timing content for self-synchronization
• Transparency-Faithful operation independent of
data

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Line coding schemes

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Line Coded Waveforms

NRZ – Non Return to Zero


-Level

NRZ – Non Return to Zero


-Mark (0no change,
1 change)

NRZ – Non Return to Zero


-Space (1no change,
0 change)

Bipolar Return to Zero

AMI – Alternate Mark Inversion


(zero  zero,
1 alternating pulse)
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Type of line codes
• Unipolar Binary
– binary symbols transmitted
– pulse weightings, ak=0 or A Volts, eg, ‘0’ and ‘1’
– no guarantee of transitions (for timing
regeneration)
– transmitted signal has non-zero mean, so the
channel must be able to pass dc. If not, errors will
occur with long runs of ‘1’s in the data

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Unipolar Binary

1 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 1

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• Polar Binary (do not confuse with bipolar)
– binary symbols transmitted
– pulse weightings, ak=-A or A Volts, eg, ‘0’ and ‘1’
– no guarantee of transitions (for timing
regeneration)
– transmitted signal is zero mean (provided data is
equiprobable), but there is still a high PSD at low
frequencies, therefore still a problem with
channels which do not pass dc

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Polar Binary

1 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 1

-A

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• Bipolar (or Alternate Mark Inversion (AMI))
– ternary (3 level) symbols transmitted
– pulse weightings, ak=0 or either -A or +A Volts, eg,
‘0’ or ‘1’, that is,
• ‘0’ sent as ak=0
• ‘1’ sent as ak=-A or +A alternately
– no guarantee of transitions (for timing
regeneration)
– signal mean is always zero (independent of data)
– Spectral null at dc means there is no longer a
problem if channel does not pass dc

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Bipolar (AMI)

1 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 1

-A

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Autocorrelation Method to find PSD
• Random signals- Statistical information known
• Autocorrelation R(Ʈ) -Time average parameter
• R(Ʈ) and PSD form a Fourier Transform Pair for a
random signal
• E.g. For polar line code, assuming random data
autocorrelation function is triangle function and
its FT is sinc2 function.

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PSD of various line codes

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Summary of line coding schemes

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Synchronization
• Art of making clocks tick together
• Clock-timing information at Tx and Rx
• Clock signal-coordination of events
• Consideration: Allowance for transmission
time delay

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Synchronization Techniques
• Bit or symbol synchronization
# Open loop Polar to unipolar conversion
# Closed loop bit synchronization with VCC
# Early-Late bit synchronizer
• Frame synchronization

• Carrier synchronization-To be covered in


passband transmission

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Early-Late Bit Synchronization
• Approach independent of zero crossings
• Relies on fact that filtered signal has peaks at
the optimum sampling times and is
reasonably symmetric on either side
• VCO generates the clock signal
• VCO gets the control voltage based on v(t)
• V(t)=|y(tk-d)|-|y(tk+d)|
Early Late
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Scramblers and un-scramblers
• Scrambling-Coding operation applied at Tx to
randomize a bitstream
• Eliminates long strings of like bits that might
impair Rx synchronization
• Some bit synchronizers require zero crossings
in signal for their operation
• Avoids production of undesirable discrete
frequency components and DC in the power
spectrum
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Scramblers and un-scramblers
• Implemented using Tapped shift registers
• Exact operation depends upon SR
configuration
• Unscrambler has the reverse structure of the
scrambler
• Susceptible to error propagation.

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Scrambling and unscrambling

At Tx At Rx

5 5

4 4

XOR XOR
3 3

2 2

1 1
S T T R
XOR XOR

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Frame Synchronization
Need-
• Identifying the start of the message
• Identifying the subdivisions or frames within
the message

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Frame Synchronization
Common frame synchronization schemes are:
• Framing bit: In a bit stream, framing bits indicate the
beginning or end of a frame. They occur at specified
positions in the frame, do not carry information, and
are usually repetitive.
• Syncword framing: Some systems use a special
syncword at the beginning of every frame.
• CRC-based framing: Some telecommunications
hardware uses CRC-based framing.

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Sync Word frame synchronization
• Message transmission includes special N-bit
sync word
• Prefix consists of several repetitions of the
sync word which marks the beginning of
transmission
• Frame synchronizer calculates the cross-
correlation between the bit stream and the
sync word
• PN sequence used as sync word
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References
• Communication Systems by A B Carlson and
Paul Crilly
• Principles of communication systems by Taub
and schilling
• B P Lathi, Zhi Ding “Modern Analog and Digital
Communication System”, Oxford University
Press, Fourth Edition.
• Google search engine

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Thank You!

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