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Air Conditioning Systems 47

Chapter 4

Air Conditioning Systems

S tandard Air Conditions (sea level):


Temperature: 70°F
Density: 0.075 lb/cf
Specific Volume: 13.34 cf/lb
Specific Heat: 0.24 Btu/lb°F
Density and Specific Volume are reciprocals.

D = 1/SpV 1 ÷ SpV (1 ÷ 13.34 = 0.075)


SpV = 1/D 1 ÷ D (1 ÷ 0.075 = 13.34)

Barometric Pressure: 29.92" Hg (inches of mercury) (rounded to 30)


14.7 psia (pounds per square inch absolute)
(rounded to 15)
1 psi = 2.035" Hg (rounded to 2.0)
1" Hg = 0.491 psi (rounded to 0.5)

Barometric Pressure Rule of Thumb:


Barometric pressure drops 1" for every 1000’ increase in altitude
or 0.1" for every 100’ increase in altitude.
Example: 5000’ altitude is approximately 25" Hg (30"- 5" = 25")
Actual barometric pressure is 24.89" Hg. (at 70°F)

Specific Humidity is the amount of moisture (measured in grains


or pounds) in a pound of air. Example: 60 grains of moisture per pound
of air (60 gr/lb).
Relative Humidity (RH) is the ratio of the amount of moisture
(water vapor) present in the air to the total amount of moisture that the
air can hold at a given temperature. Relative humidity is expressed as a
percentage. Human comfort range is approximately 40% to 60% RH.

47
48 HVAC Fundamentals

Example of the relationship between specific humidity, temperature


and relative humidity:

Specific Humidity Temperature Relative Humidity


60 gr/lb 100°F 21%
60 gr/lb 70°F 54%
60 gr/lb 55°F 94%

AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEMS

Brooklyn, New York, was the place, and 1902 was the year
the first truly successful air conditioning system for room tem-
perature and humidity control was placed into operation. But first
it took the engineering innovations of Willis Carrier to advance
the basic principles of cooling and humidity control and design
the system. Cooling air had already been done successfully but it
was only part of the air conditioning problem. The other part was
how to regulate space humidity. Carrier recognized that drying
the air could be accomplished by saturating it with chilled water
to induce condensation. In 1902, Carrier built the first air condi-
tioner to combat both temperature and humidity. The air condi-
tioning unit was installed in a printing company and chilled coils
were used in the machine to cool the air and lower the relative
humidity to 55%. Four years later, in 1906, Carrier was granted a
patent for his air conditioner the “Apparatus for Treating Air.”
However, Willis Carrier did not invent the very first system to
cool an interior structure nor interestingly, did he come up with
the term “air conditioning.” It was Stuart Cramer, a textile engi-
neer, who coined the term “air conditioning.” Mr. Cramer used
“air conditioning” in a 1906 patent for a device that added water
vapor to the air.
In 1911, Mr. Carrier, who is called the “father of air condi-
tioning,” presented his “Rational Psychrometric Formulae” to the
American Society of Mechanical Engineers. Today, the formula is
the basis in all fundamental psychometric calculations for the air

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