CoFT EC FDTD Rennings
CoFT EC FDTD Rennings
CoFT EC FDTD Rennings
Outline
Basics
• Maxwell‘s Equations
• Spatial discretisation/Time discretisation
• Equivalent Circuit for FDTD
• Stability
• Ports
Simple Examples
Accuracy and Losses
Speedups on modern Computers
Conclusions
Magnetic Field
Parameters
Excitation
Hyperbolic partial differential equation, initial
boundary value problem
Time domain tracking of the electromagetic field
Passive component analysis
Port
DUT
Simulation Box
Graded Mesh
Boundary Condition
Hz Hz
Hx
Hx
Spatial discretization
EyEz Hy
Hy
Ez
Ey
Ex
Ex
Spatial Discretisation
Hz
Kirchhoffsche Knotenregel
Kirchhoffsche Maschenregel
Hz
Time Discretisation
Time step = Δt
H0 Hn-1 Hn Hn+1
Initial
steady
values ∂ ∂ ∂ ∂
state
∂t ∂t ∂t ∂t
E0
Hz
Stability (1)
⎡ ⎤
⎢ ⎥
⎢ ε 1 ⎥
Δ t ≤ min ⎢ r ⋅ ⎥
2
⎢ c0
2 2
⎛ 1 ⎞ ⎛ 1 ⎞ ⎛ 1 ⎞ ⎥
⎢ ⎜ ⎟ + ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ + ⎜ ⎟ ⎥
⎣ ⎝ Δx ⎠ ⎝ Δy ⎠ ⎝ Δz ⎠ ⎦
Hz
Hx
Ez Hy
Ey
Magnetic Loop
1:1 Inductivity L
Ex Transformer
Electric Node
Capacity C
Stability (2)
Absorbing Ports
boundary
Transmission
Line-Ports
15 cell extension
Boundaries
Boundary Condition
absorbing hard
20
Wire example (1)
Magnetic Wall
(open)
Htan= 0 Electric Wall
(short)
Etan= 0
Etan= 0
R ut1
V
⎡ ⎛ t − t0 ⎞ 2 ⎤
et = exp⎢ − ⎜ ⎟ ⎥
⎢⎣ ⎝ τ ⎠ ⎥⎦
Timesteps
First Reflection
(from short)
Im{Z1.in}
Linear Range
First
Resonance at
24 GHz
Frequency
F=0 F = 10 GHz
Impedance at port
Inductance L = Im{Z1.in}/(jω) for low frequencies (linear range)
Time Domain Simulation: Digital Pulse
Port 2
voltage in V
5
./sub-1/ut1
./sub-1/ut2
0 ./sub-1/ut3
./sub-1/ut4
Excitation -5
@Port1 -10
-15
-20
-25
-30
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000
Nov-07 © IMST GmbH - All rights reserved
timesteps
Absorbing
Boundary
Condition
Current
measurement
Box
Etan= 0
Voltage
Electric Wall Flat Metal measurement
Excitation (GND) (one grid plane enclosed) Boxes
Cell size
width w
48
46
44
Nominal width
42
40
5 10 15 20 25 30
MSL width (Cells)
f = 1 GHz
f = 5 GHz
f = 25 GHz
Excitation
1. Resolve Material
• Fine discretisation.
Transmission Line • Long simu time
Resolved Material:
S21 /dB
4 cells 200.000 steps
8 cells 400.000 steps
12 cells 600.000 steps
16 cells 800.000 steps
Excitation frequency / Hz
Metal dipole
source
≈ λ/2
Speed Optimization
Usage of the new processors (Pentium IV, Athlon 64, Athlon XP, Xeon) 3D
calculation extensions (SIMD)
multiple floating point operations each processor cycle
usage of multi-level processor cache
Optimized C-code generated for each simulation / structure
only the necessary equations are solved in the specific simulation region
Efficient parallel computing on Multicore CPU’s
Innovative usage of multiple core / CPU cache for parallel FDTD calculations
simulation time reduced by the factor 10 … 20
movaps 239904(field),xmm0 ⎛ n−
1
n− ⎞
1
movaps 240176(field),xmm6 Ex ' nk = Ex ' nk −1 + c k d k ⎜⎜ Δ Hz ' k 2 + Δ Hy ' k 2 ⎟⎟
subps xmm6,xmm0 ⎝ ⎠
movaps 119952(field),xmm1
k = l , l + 1, l + 2, l + 3
movaps 125664(field),xmm7
subps xmm1,xmm7
addps xmm0,xmm7
Sum up 4x4 H-components
movaps 48(coeff ),xmm3
movaps 48(denorm),xmm4
mulps xmm4,xmm3 Denormalize Node Capacities
(less RAM access)
mulps xmm3,xmm7
movaps 359856(field),xmm2
addps xmm7,xmm2
movaps xmm2,359856(field) Update 4 E-components
Computer Performance
-5
s11 / dB
-10
-15
3D farfield
a with -20
ay Antenn
ear Arr -25 s1_1_Measured
trip Lin
Micros
s1_1_EMPIRE
-30
s1_1_FEKO
-35 s1_1_HFSS
Results from ACE benchmark comparison: -40 s1_1_MWS 5
The ACE – Network of Excellence is funded within the 6. Frame Programme of
The European Union. ACE concentrates on Antenna Theory and Technology.
Results of the work are published and disseminated. Please refer for detailed results 5 5.2 5.4 5.6 5.8 6 6.2 6.4
at http://www.antennasvce.org -> Softlab -> Run1) frequency / GHz
Software EMIPRE CST MWS Ansoft FEKO MR/FDTD IETR IMELSI FP-TLM LEAT IE3D
v. 4.2 5 HFSS v. 9 Rennes IETR
Total CPU time 10 min 105 min 1879 min 91 min 222 min 780 min 75min 8 min * * use of
infinite
Simulation Setup 3D 3D 3D 3D 3D 3D 3D 2.5D * dielectric
substrate &
Type of machine Desktop PC Desktop PC Desktop PC Desktop Desktop PC Desktop PC Parallel CPU Desktop PC infinite metal
PC WS planes to
reduce
CPU PIV 3.4 GHz PIV 1.7 GHz PIV 2.4 PIV 3 GHz AMD Athlon PIV 3 GHz 16 x 1.3 GHz PIV 3 GHz simulation
GHz 3500+ time
Method FDTD FITD FEM MOM FDTD FDTD TLM MOM
Conclusions
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