w a v e m e t r e s im l

cavity
AND TEmnp MODES
5.5 FIELD EXPRESSIONS FOR TMmnp
RESONATOR
IN A RECTANGULAR CAVITY
can be obtained by
Case 1. TM field
waves: The expressions
resonator as shown in Fig. 5.5.
considering a rectangular cavity

Fig.5.5
For a TM wave
H, = 0 and E, * 0
The wave equation is given by
E 0B E, = -

uEE,
E 0EE. IÝ + oue) = 0 .5.7)

Let +wue = h*
Equation 5.7 becomes
 E :
h' E, = 0
dx
This is a partial differential equation of 2nd order. The solution
be obtained
can

by separation of variables method

Let E, XY be the required solution .(58)
XY XY
+h'XY = 0

where, X is a function of x
only,
Y is a function of y only.

ydXX h'XY =0 .(5.9)

dy
Dividing throughout by XY we get
1 d'X1 dY, =0o (5.10)
dty dh
=

1dX -B 1d'Y
Let and
-

A ...5.11)

ddr
X r Y dy'
. Equation 5.10 becomes

- A' -

B* +h' = 0

or h A*+ B
The solution for Eqs in 5.11 are given by
X C cos Bx + Ca sin Bx|
. (5.12)
Y = Ca cos Ay +Ca sin Ay
the application of
The constants C, Ca, Ca, C, can be determined by
boundary conditions.

required solution is
From Eq. 5.8 the
E, = XY

and Y from Eq. 5.12

Substituting for X
cos Bx + Ca sin Bx)
(C1 (Ca cos Ay + C sin Ay)...(5.13)
E, =

We shall now apply Boundary conditions to determine the constants

and C.
Ci, Ca, Ca
Boundary condition (Bottom wall)
Applying 1st
E,- 0, for y = 0 and all values of x varying from 0 to a.
Substituting these
values in Eq.5.13, we get
0 C cos Bx +Ca sin Bx) (Ca cos 0 +C sin 0
0 (C cos Bx + Ca sin Bx) C,

of x varying from 0 to a
For all values
 MICROWAVE AND RADAR ENGINEERING
164
cos Bx z 0, and sin Bx * 0
Ca = 0
Only
Substituting C3 0 in Eq. 5.13 =

E, =(C cos Bx +Ca sin Bx) (C, sin Ay)

..5.14)
is the intermediate solution.

Applying 2nd boundary condition (Left side wall)

E, 0 for x = 0 and all values of y varying from 0 to b.

Substituting these in Eq. 5.14, we get

0 (C cos 0+Ca sin 0) C, sin Ay)
0 C,C sin Ay
Since sin Ay * 0 for all values of
C
y varying from 0 to b, only
0. With C1 =
0, Eq.5.14 becomes
E, Ca sin Bx C sin Ay.
=

.5.15)
This is the intermediate solution

Applying 3rd boundary condition

E, 0 fory =b and for all values
=

of x varying from 0 to a.
Putting these values in Eq. 5.15.
0 Ca sin Bx C, sin Ab.
sin Bx 0
sincex varies from 0 to a.
CG and C 0, therefore only sin Ab =0
or Ab =
multiple of n radian
Ab nn where n =
0, 1,2, 3,...
A
.5.16)
where, b height of the waveguide.
=

Applying 4th boundary condition:

i.e., E. =
0 atx =
a andy varies from 0 to b.
Putting these values in Eq. 5.15
0 C2 C sin Ba sin Ay
C2 0 and Ca * 0 and also
sin Ay * 0
therefore only sin Ba =0
Ba = m
where m = 0, 1,2,3, ..
B mT
a
.5.17)
where, a = the width of the
waveguide.
 5.15 we get,

E, =
Ca C, sin |x sin |y e (5.18)
a

for the wave propagating along the positive z direction.

Similarly, E, =
Ca C sin|
mn
siny ..5.19)
a

for the wave

propagating in the negative z direction.
We also know when the wave propagates, y = jB. Adding the fields
oftwo travelling waves i.e., one in positive 2' direction and the other in
the negative 2' direction, we obtain,
E, CC sin mT x sin nT veMtp2)
.(5.20)
a

Let A" be the amplitude constant for the wave propagating in the
positive z direction and A be the amplitude constant for the wave
propagating in the negative direction
Then, E, = [A'e"+Ae]...(5.21)
To make E, vanish atz = 0 we must choose A = A', so that the Eq
5.21 reduces to

E, =
A'e +Ae] CC sin (masin
sinye
a
.(5.22)

In order that E, vanishes at z = 0 and z =d, choose

A A = A

Then Eq. 5.22 reduces to

Ca C,A le+eM] sin x sin b

ye
V e /

.5.23)
B, =

But e+e =2 cos

i d 4 e j = 2 cos Bd

the Eq. 5.23 becomes

With these values,

C2C 2A cos Bd sin mt sin (nt * ..5.24)

E, =

the surface of the

resonator. Eq. 5.24 becomes.
E, =0 all along
Bd sin| sin y e
0 =C2 Ca 2A cos

Since CC 0
and sin * 0 and A * 0 only cos Bd =

sin x
a
166 MICROWAVE AND RADAR ENGINEERING

d pT .5.25)

Now, Eq. 5.24 becomes (with this value of B)

E, =
C sin sir
a

where C 2 Ca C,A
2e
B, =

Cainineos
E. (TM) = C
sin iny cosd 2 e- ..(5.26)
where
m 0,1, 2,3,.. represents the number of halfwave variations in the
x direction
n = 0, 1, 2,3,.. represents the number of half wave variations in the y
direction
p =1,2,3, ... represents the number of half wave variations in the z
direction
Case 2. For TE Waves: TEmnp mode of propagation in a rectangular
waveguide is shown with components in Fig. 5.6

b Ex
Hx

Fig. 5.6

For TEmn wave to propagate B, = 0 and H, + 0. We know from

Maxwell's equation.
VH, = - wueH

0 H.*H *H, =
- ueH, ...5.27)
dx dz
 167

CAVITY RESONATORS

an operator.

But
= 0

H, d,+7H,+o'ueH,
..(5.28)
0
*HH,+H, t?+ ojuel
=

or

Let +o'ue h* =

Now Eq. 5.28 becomes

0
H +h'H, =

2nd order.
differential equation of ...(5.29)
This is a partial
H. = XY
Let function of y alone.
function of x alone,
Y is a
where X is a

y Xd4h*XY =0
d2

throughout,
Dividing by XY
1 d'X 1 d'Y+ h = 0
X da?Y dy?
...5.30a)
d 1 dX= -A
-42

Let
..(5.306)
1 dY -B
Y dy
constants.
where A and B' are

h
-A* -B*
-
=

or
h= A+B*
The solutions for
Eqs. 5.30a, b are
above

X =C1 cos Bx + C2 sin Bx

Y = Ca cos Ay +C sin Ay ...(5.31)

The constants C1, C2, Ca and Ca are determined by applying

Boundary Conditions.

Condition (Bottom Wall)

Ist Boundary
0 and all values of x
varying from 0 to a. We know.
= 0 for y =

E, = d B -jou 3H

But E, = 0 for a TE wave

 MICROWNAVE

165
E, h
5.29.

H , = XY
fromEq. to
.5.32)
But reduces
sin Ay)
Eq. 5.31,
Hz
cos Ay + C
Using Bx) (Ca
Br + C sin
+Csin Ay)...5.33)
Br)\C; cos Ay
cos

H, =
(C C2 sin
JoNC, cosBr
+

from 0 to a .
E. =
dy values o f r varying
0 and all with
differentiating
fory
=

0 5.33 after
But E,= values in Eq.
these
Substituting
becomes
5.33
Eq.
respect toy,
sin Bx) (-AC; sin Ay +
AC, cos Ay)]
(C, cos Bax + C2
0 =
...(5.34)
h2
0
C and Ca
Since x takes a value from 0 to a,
0 and y = 0.
cos Bx and sin Bx *

Eq. 5.34 becomes

With these values

0 (C, cos Bx +C2 sin Bx) AC1

h
0 since x has a value 0 to a
Therefore only condition is that C =

intermediate solution is.

Therefore, the
Bx C2 sin Bx) (C3 cos Ay) ..5.35)
H =
(C1 cos +

2nd Boundary Condition (Left Side Wall)

andy varying from 0
0 to b.
E, =0 forx =

We know that,
B,
E 2dyh joyu d H
B, ax
But E, = 0 for a TE wave, and substituting for H, from Eq. 5.35, we
et
E=
hdx
(C cos Bx +Ca sin Bx) C3 cos Ayl

hI-C, cos Bx) Cs cos Ay]

E, =
sin Br +B C2 ..(5.36)

Substituting the Boundary condition,

E, = 0 for x = 0 andy varying from 0 to b, Eq. 5.36 becomes,

0 =E [(0+ BC2) Ca cos Ayl

h
CAVITY RESONATORS

Now, cos Ay and C3 0

Therefore only solution is C2 = 0
With this, the intermediate solution Eq. 5.35 becomes
....5.37)
H, =(C cos Bx Ca cos Ay)

3rd Boundary Condition (Top Wall)

E = 0 for y = b and x varies from 0 toa.

We know that,

-Y 0 E -jou dH,
E,
E, =
xhdy
But, E, = 0 for TE wave

oy
From Eq. 5.37,
H. = Ci cos Bx Ca cos Ay

.(5.38)
E, =-
E. =h? Cdy cos Bx Ca cos Ay

Substituting the boundary condition,

E, = 0 for y = b and x varies from 0 to a in Eq. 5.8, we get

0 -C, C3A cos Bx sin Ayl

Here, cos Bx * 0 and C, Ca * 0

Therefore, only sin Ay = 0

But y b. Putting y =b we get,

sin Ab = 0 or Ab = nt where n = 0, 1, 2, 3,..

or
A

4th Boundary Condition (Right Side Wall)

E, = 0 for x = a and y varying from 0 to a.

dEjo dH,
B, dyh d
Since, E, = 0 for TE wave, and H, = Ci cos Bx Cs cos Ay, we have

E, jodC,
dx cos Bx C cos Ayl
i.e., E, =
-C,B sin Bx C cos Ayl
Substituting Boundary Condition,
 MICROWAVE AND RADAR ENGINEERING
170
from 0 to b, we get
0 for - and y varying
a

0 1-C B sin Ba Ca cos Ayl

0.
Here, C 0; C 0 and also cos A,
Therefore only sin Ba -0
where, m = 0, 1, 2 .
Ba=nt

or a

Therefore, the solution for Hz is given by Eq. 5.37. The values of A

and B are substituted to give,
m nT -y)
H, =
C Ccos coh ...(5.39)

Since y = JB for a wave propagating along the positive z direction

H, = C cos mn x cos y- ...5.40)

a

where, C =CC
and for the wave propagating along the negative z direction,

H, ==C cos CosT e +Je)

a ..5.41)
Theamplitude constant along the positive '?' direction is
represented by A", and that along the negative2 direction by A". Adding
the two travelling waves to obtain the fields of
from Eqs. 5.40 and Eq. 5.41.
standing wave we have

H, (Ae+Ae*) cos mT
x cos
=
V ey
a b ..5.42)
To make E, vanish at z 0 and =
d
z =
we must make A* = -

A or
A =-A' and also we know that

E,
For TE waves, E, =
0,
E, = OL dH,
h2dx
E, =

Ae+Ae) cosxcos a
Since E, vanishes at z 0 and
=
z =
d, we have
0 (A'e +A-|Sinmt
.5.43)
a a

But mT
sin
xand cos nt y0
a
 171

CAVITY RESONATORS

0
Ee
=

Therefore only A'e +Ae' 5.43,

We

these in Eq.
Putting
A'.
0 choose A
-

make E,
=
O

A'e) = A'le - e"]

0 = (A'eM-
-2i sin 0
We know that (e - e") =

0=-2jA' sin z
with = d
since A* * 0 only sin Bd = 0 z

or

p =1, 2,3,
- . .

=
where
or
B =

d
nt pr va

H, =
-2jA' cos
mT
|xcos b
y sin
d ze
a

Putting-2jA* =
C, another constant,
pT
m nT
y sin
Y2)
ze
H, =
C cos a x cos
b d

For TEmnp mode,

mT nT
=Ccos x cos y sin ..5
H, b d