Structure 202

“A Mystery Unveiled”
Version 1.0 | 17 Apr 2018

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 1

WHAT IS
STRUCTURE
IN TELECOM

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 STRUCTURE DEFINITION

WHAT IS STRUCTURE?
Structure is an
arrangement and
organization of
interrelated elements in a
material object or system,
or the object or system so
organized.
Superstructure

SUBSTRUCTURE
Substructure is the lower
portion of the building which
transmits the dead load, live
loads and other loads to the GL = Ground Level
underneath sub soil.

SUPERSTRUCTURE
GL
In Buildings, the portion of
the structure that is above
ground level that receives the
live load is referred to
as Superstructure. Substructure
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 TYPES OF TELECOM STRUCTURES AND FUNCTION
▪ Suitable for Hub or collector sites
4-Legged Angular Tower - higher capacity requirements
▪ Macro coverage requirements

3-Legged Tubular Tower Macro coverage requirements

GBT
▪ High load capacity
Monopole
▪ Coverage in urban areas

▪ Mobile structure with rapid deployment

Rapole
▪ Coverage in urban areas

Rooftop Tower Macro coverage requirements

RTT
Rooftop Pole / Unipole Coverage in urban areas

Lampole Coverage at street level

SPECIAL
Aesthetic Monopole Coverage in urban areas
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 TYPES OF TELECOM STRUCTURES AND FUNCTION
4-L GBT Angular 3-L GBT Tubular
GBT

Rural Area

Coverage Distance 25km

4-L RTT Angular RT Unipole/pole

RT T/P

Urban Area, Suburban Area, Street Level

Coverage Distance 3 – 5km

Small Cells, IBS

Lamp pole
Street Lamp Small cell
To enhance 3G/4G

Urban Area, Suburban Area, Street Level

Coverage Distance <1km 5

SELF SUPPORT TOWERS

3 Legged Tubular Tower

Feature • Lattice configuration
• 3 legged structure, Slim & lighter
• Leg and bracing consist of pipe
(CHS) sections
• Macro coverage requirements
Space size 7m x 7m
Height Range 30m – 50m

Number of 3 tenants
tenants
• Most used ground based tower type.
• Served as End or link sites
SELF SUPPORT TOWERS

4 Legged Angular Tower

Feature • Lattice configuration
• Leg and bracing consist of angular
section
• Suitable for Hub or collector sites -
higher capacity requirements
• Macro coverage requirements
Space size 10m x 10m
Height Range 50m – 100m
Number of 5 tenants
tenants
• Hub / Collector site – Site that serves as a transmission link
aggregator
MONOPOLES

Monopole
Feature • Hollow tubular or polygonal tubes with
decreasing diameters
• Flange joint or slip in joint assembly
• Slim design
• High load capacity
Space size 6m x 6m
Height Range 20m – 45m

Number of 3 to 4 tenants
tenants * 5 tenants possible for fiberized sites
• Smaller foot print, better aesthetics for urban areas
• Used for coverage in urban areas
MONOPOLES

Rapid Assembly Pole (Rapole)

Feature • Hollow tubular or polygonal tubes with
decreasing diameters
• Flange joint or slip in joint assembly
• Compact, light weight structure with high
strength and small wind resistance
• Mobile structure with rapid deployment

Space size 6m x 6m
Height 15m – 30m
Range
Number of 3 tenants
tenants
• Smaller foot print, portable & quick deployable foundation
• Coverage in urban areas
SPECIAL STRUCTURES

Lamp Pole
Feature • Hollow tubular or polygonal tubes
with decreasing diameters
• Flange joint or slip in joint assembly
• Slim design & Concealed as light
poles
• Compact, light weight structure with
high strength and small wind
resistance
• Reduced visual impact to the
environment
Space size 6m x 6m
Height Range 16m – 30m
Number of 3 tenants
tenants
• Smaller foot print, deployed street side
• Coverage in urban areas street level
SPECIAL STRUCTURES

Aesthetic Monopole
Feature • Hollow tubular or polygonal tubes
with decreasing diameters
• Flange joint or slip in joint assembly
• Slim design
• Concealed as a tree
• Reduced visual impact to the
environment
Space size 6m x 6m
Height Range 20m – 45m
Number of 3 tenants
tenants
• Used when need to comply aesthetic requirement
• Coverage in urban areas
ROOFTOP STRUCTURES

Rooftop Tower
Feature • Lattice configuration
• 4 legged structures
• Leg and bracing consist of pipe
(CHS) or angular section
• The base width shall be of minimum
dimension since the structure is
roof mounted
• Marco coverage requirements
Height Range 12m – 20m

Number of 3 tenants
tenants
• Urban area where GBT site is not possible uneconomical
• Used for coverage in urban areas
ROOFTOP STRUCTURES

Rooftop Mast / Minimast

Feature • Lattice configuration
• 3 legged or 4 legged structures
• Leg and bracing consist of pipe (CHS)
or angular section
• The base width shall be of minimum
dimension since the structure is roof
mounted
Height Range 6m – 15m

Number of 2 tenants
tenants
• Urban area where GBT site is not possible uneconomical
• Used for coverage in urban areas
ROOFTOP STRUCTURES

Rooftop Pole / Unipole

Feature • Pipes in circular or multisided
configuration with minimum
thickness of 4mm
• Flange joint or slip in joint assembly
• Slim design
• Coverage in urban areas

Height Range 6m – 12m

Number of 2 tenants
tenants
• Deployed in dense urban areas
• Used for coverage or capacity in residential & commercial
areas
 EDOTCO MOBILITY SOLUTION
Why Cell on Wheel…
Fair, festival sports etc. Backup for disaster Temporary site for
Drive & deploy site event coverage recovery critical location

Portable Pole/Tower

15m~27m Height

With/without DG

Up to 3 Tenants Capacity

Telescopic Pole Telescopic Tower

 CAMOUFLAGE SOLUTIONS

Why Camouflage… 1st site: Bangladesh

Uttara, Dhaka
Blend in aesthetic design

Appealing to local community

Coverage requirement at public areas / street level

Enables to build site in restricted areas

Boat Club, Dhaka, Bangladesh

Bukit Tunku, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia Masjid Jamiul Ehsan,

Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
 CAMOUFLAGE SOLUTIONS
Used Materials
1st site: Bangladesh
Uttara, Dhaka
Fibre Reinforced Panel
Permissible to Telecom frequencies

Mouldable as required shape

Sustainable in adverse weather

Decorative Materials

Foliage Berks Leaves

EDOTCO CAMOUFLAGE SOLUTION
Blending with existing design
EDOTCO CAMOUFLAGE SOLUTION
Installing on existing infrastructure
 STREET FURNITURE SOLUTION FOR SMART CITY

Why Street Furniture …

Component used

High capacity uninterrupted connectivity • Existing/new street light poles

• Sitting benches from bus stop
• Recycle bin
Camouflaged in city design
• Signage board
• Signal light post
Coverage at public areas / street level • Advertisement/bill board

Street Light Solution Bus Stop with Bin Solution

STREET FURNITURE SOLUTION FOR SMART CITY

Bus Stop with

Smart Poles

Beautification of Walkway
with Street Light Solution
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DESIGN OF TOWER

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TOWER DESIGN

Exposure
Design Codes Category /
Terrain Category

Design
Parameters

Safety Factor Topographic

Category

Load
Combination
DESIGN CODES
A design code is a document that sets rules for the design of a new development

BS5950 & BS6399 TIA-222-G

Structural use of Structural standard
steelwork & for antenna
Loading in building supporting
structures

British Standard Design American National

Codes Standards Institute (ANSI)

TIA-222-F
BS8100 & BS8110 Structural standard
Lattice Towers / for antenna
Masts & Concrete supporting
structures
EFFECT OF LAND EXPOSURE
IMPACT OF TOPOGRAPHY
DESIGN WIND SPEED

NTC Wind Speed 1 Wind Speed 2 Wind Speed 3 Wind Speed 4

Malaysia 120 km/h

Bangladesh 185 km/h 210 km/h 260 km/h

Sri Lanka 160 km/h

Cambodia 160 km/h

Myanmar 130 km/h 160 km/h 195 km/h 225 km/h

Pakistan 160 km/h 185 km/h

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WIND MAP : CAMBODIA

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WIND MAP: BANGLADESH

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TOWER GEOMETRY
Most used

Truss design
Transmits twisting
force as tension
towards the tower
leg

More complex
geometry give more
capacity

Only by changing the

geometry can
increase tower
capacity

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STEEL MEMBERS SECTION

Most used

Equal Angle Channel Pipe Tube

I-Beam Round Plate Flat Bar

Double Equal Angle

Schifflerized Angle
LOAD CALCULATION & SAFETY FACTOR

Refer to TIA-222-G Clause 2.3.2, Load Combination should be use in the Tower
analysis:

1.2DL+1.6WL and 0.9DL+1.6WL

Note:
a) DL = Dead Load on structures (i.e. connection plate, platform, antenna mount)
b) WL = Wind Load

Safety Factors considered 20% for dead load and 60% for wind load to handle
uncertainty condition for example:
a) Additional load for dead load which is not considered in the analysis
b) Design error
c) Construction error

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INTERPRETATIONS OF DIFFERENT LOADS

Wind flow How affects on foundation

Compression
Uplift Force Force

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Overturning
 1

COMPONENTS
OF STRUCTURE

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COMPONENTS OF A SITE

Structure

Fencing

Equipment
cabinet

Plinth Diesel generator

COMPONENTS ON A TOWER

Microwave
antenna

Panel antenna

Cable bridge

Equipment cabinet
 COMPONENTS ON A TOWER
Lightning Arrestor Aviation light
Electrical power system and Requirement of International
telecommunications system civil aviation authorities for
to protect the insulation and obstruction lighting
conductors of the system equipment used to increase
from the damaging effects of conspicuity of structures to
lightning permit early obstruction
recognition by pilots. RRU placed
behind the Panel
antenna
Panel antenna

RRU
 COMPONENT OF A TOWER
Leg
Received the load from the tower
loading and distribute to the bracing
and horizontal members

Bracing
Received the load from the tower
leg and distribute to the redundant
members
Climbing
Ladder
Anchor Bolt
Provide an
access to climb Received the load from the tower
the tower members and loading and
transferred to the foundation
 COMPONENT OF A TOWER FOUNDATION

Pile Cap

Pile
Anchor Bolt

Pedestal Pile Cap or Raft

Foundation

Pedestal, Anchor Bolt & Template

Pole Foundation
MATERIAL USED FOR TOWER

Carbon Fibre Fibre Reinforced Panel

Bamboo Steel
Material
used on
tower

Concrete Monopole Aluminium

Wooden Monopole Zinc

 ALTERNATIVE MATERIAL FOR STRUCTURES
Carbon Fiber

What is it?

• Fibre, 1/10 th thickness of a human hair !!

• Bundled, woven and shaped into tubes and sheets
• Gives high strength to weight ratio
• 70% Lighter than steel
• 40% lighter than aluminium
• High corrosion resistance

Usage

Aero industry Automobile Sporting Goods Home

 ALTERNATIVE MATERIAL FOR STRUCTURES
Carbon Fiber

Why carbon fibre structures…

Reduced load on building

Lower installation cost

Lower carbon emission

50% reduction in the foundation

1st site: Malaysia 2nd site : Bangladesh

Taman Tasik Prima, Puchong Mirpur, Dhaka
 ALTERNATIVE MATERIAL FOR STRUCTURES
Bamboo

• Locally available low cost material

• 60% Lighter than steel
• High strength to weight ratio
• Lower installation cost
• Environment friendly: biodegradable

Commonly used as
Building Material

Commonly used as
Building Material

Rainforest observation tower, Brazil

 ALTERNATIVE MATERIAL FOR STRUCTURES
Bamboo
1st site: Bangladesh
Uttara, Dhaka

Why bamboo structures…

Reduced load on building

Lower installation cost

70% Lower carbon emission

Sustainable
 ANTENNA EVOLUTION: TECHNOLOGY CHANGE CHALLENGE

Yagi-Uda Antennas

Horn Antennas Single band Panel Antennas Multiband Antennas

Modern Antennas

Massive MIMO Small Cell

ANTENNA EVOLUTION: IMPACT ON TOWER

6 Dual Band Antennas

converted to 3 Tri
band Antennas

Bigger Surface Area

Higher weight on tower

Massive
Impact on Towerco revenue
MIMO
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SITE SELECTION &
DESIGN PROCESS

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DEFINING TOWER CAPACITY

Single Tenant Capacity

5 sq. m 15 sq. m So on

Two Tenant Capacity

10 sq. m 15 sq. m
Three Tenant Capacity

How & What Capacity to Design

Depends on:
Anchor customer requirement of site type: End/HUB/BSC Site
Technology to be used on that site: 2G, 3G, 4G or all, Tx Type fibre/MW
Nearby other operator’s site distance
Future requirement forecast by edotco presales/sales

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DEFINING TOWER CAPACITY

Antenna Number or Square Meter

1x MW Antenna of 0.6m Dia ( 0.36 sq.m)

1x MW Antenna of 0.3m Dia ( 0.09 sq.m)

3x GSM Antenna 2.6x0.26x0.16 m (3 sq.m)

3x RRU 0.6x0.3x0.16 m ( 0.81 sq.m)

Total Effective Projected Area (EPA) = 4.30 Sq. m ≈ 5sq.m

Single Tenant Capacity

+ 5 sq. m = 10 sq. m
Two Tenant Capacity

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 DESIGN ANTENNA LOAD

Item Structure
Type Load Case-1 Load Case-2 Load Case-3 Load Case-4 Load Case-5

1 Self Support
Tower 5sqm @ Top 6m 10sqm @ Top 6m 15sqm @ Top 10m 24sqm @ Top 10m 30sqm @ Top 10m

2
Monopole 5sqm @ Top 6m 10sqm @ Top 6m 15sqm @ Top 10m N.A. N.A.
Ground Base
3 RaPole ( Rapid
Assembly Pole) 2.5sqm @ Top 1.5m 5sqm @ Top 1.5m 10sqm @ Top 6m N.A. N.A.

4
Lamp Pole 2.5sqm @ Top 1.5m 5sqm @ Top 1.5m 10sqm @ Top 6m N.A. N.A.

5
Tower 5sqm @ Top 6m 10sqm @ Top 6m N.A. N.A. N.A.
Roof Top
6 Base
Minimast 5sqm @ Top 6m 8sqm @ Top 6m N.A. N.A. N.A.

7
Unipole 5sqm @ Top 6m 8sqm @ Top 6m N.A. N.A. N.A.
Notes :
1) N.A.- Not Applicable
2) Except self support towers, all structures shall be designed for 1 degree deflection at operational wind speed
3) Self support towers shall be designed for both 0.5 degree & 1 degree deflection at operational wind speed
4) Refer clause A1.1.10 and Tables- 1 to 4 (under Appendices) for country specific details.

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 ROOFTOP SITE DESIGN CRITERIA
Basic Standard Followed for RT Site Selection

1 Planning Provides Height & Location Requirement

2 Tower Height varies from 12m, 15m, 20m (23m in some special cases)

3 Pole Height varies from 3m, 4m, 5m, 6m, 8m and 10m (Box Pole)

Tower is designed under 3 category based on Wind Speed of the area (according to BNBC):
• 260 kph
4 • 210 kph
• 185 kph (introduced from RY-2010)

250 mm
(10 inch)

Minimum Reinforcement Details are ensured for Existing Column as below:

5 • 10” x 10” Column, 6-16mm dia rebar (210 kph) 16mm
250 mm
• 10” x 10” Colum, 8-16mm dia rebar (260 kph) Rebar
(10 inch)

6 Minimum 4.5” Existing Slab Thickness or more is ensured. (Considering 40 psf capacity for
10’ x 10’ slab which is general practice, Carrying load is considered 4 ton)

7 No Brick Structure is selected, only Frame (RCC) structure is selected

 ROOFTOP SITE DESIGN CRITERIA
Basic Standard Followed for RT Site Selection

Maximum Span Length: Column to Column distance can be maximum 15’ x 15’. But in
general taken 12’ x 12’. However, in case of Govt. school building 20’ x 12’ is allowable.
8 Normally 6 columns is taken for 15m and 20m tower except in Gov’t school building.
Normally 4 column is taken for 12m Tower

Nos. of Grids (in both direction): Minimum 3 x 3 column in each direction. Middle Grid is
9 preferable compare to corner Grid

10 Access stair should be spacious enough for Equipment lifting up to Rooftop

Tower Foundation is designed by BUET Teacher or MIEB Member in relevant field with
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Frame Analysis of Total Building
GBT SITE DESIGN CRITERIA
Basic Standard Followed for GF Site Selection
1 Height is determined from Planning Requirement

2 Tower Height varies from 23m, 25m, 32m (42m, 55m and 75m in some special cases)

3 Mono Pole Height varies from 27m , 34m, 41m (used in special cases)

Tower is designed under 3 category based on Wind Speed of the area (according to
BNBC):
4 260 kph
210 kph
185 kph (introduced from RY-2010)

5 Location should be as near as possible to the road

6 Level difference in between Road and land should be less than 1m

Should avoid the site which is water logged/low land or have possibility to go under water
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during rainy season where water depth is more than 1m

Electric pole/power source should be within 50ft (not more than 100ft) from the
8 demarcation line

9 Soil Test need to be conducted before Agreement signing to asses foundation cost

10 Tower Foundation is designed by Member in relevant field with Frame Analysis of Total
Building
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TOWER FAILURE &
RESOLOUTION

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 TYPICAL FAILURES
Tower Foundation Failure Tower Structure Failure

Why Failure Happens

Actual antenna load> design load

Faulty Design, Poor Quality Material
Tower Preventive Maintenance (TPM) not Done
Unusual High wind speed etc.
HOW WE RESOLVE

Foundation Upgrades Guy Strengthening

HOW WE RESOLVE

Tower Relocation Strengthening

TOWER STRENGTHENING
Incremental Loading
Murwillumbah, NSW Murwillumbah, NSW Murwillumbah, NSW

Upgraded Upgraded

2006: 2G loading from 2010: Extended for 3G 2014: LTE -New Tower
omni antennas panel antennas outside existing tower
ADDING MORE TENANTS TO A STRUCTURE

Add rings

Add platforms

Extend structure
Thank You