WK10 Answers

WK10 ANSWERS
Objectives:
● Understand and appreciate various forms of osmotic regulation and waste excretion
● Understand the importance of the immune system and vaccinations
● Describe the features of the innate and adaptive immune systems
● Compare B cell and T cell receptors
MCQ:
1) Which of the following is true?
a) Diffusion is the passive movement of solutes from regions of low concentration to
regions of high concentration
b) High osmolarity = a high concentration of water
c) Plant cells lyse in hypotonic solution
d) Animal cells are crenated in hypertonic solution
2) Osmoconformers:
a) Use energy to adjust their internal solute concentration
b) Passively adjust their internal solute concentration
c) Do not adjust their internal solute concentration
d) Use osmosis to absorb solutes from the environment
3) Which is correct of tubular excretory systems?
a) Filtration > Reabsorption > Secretion > Excretion
b) Filtration > Reabsorption > Excretion > Secretion
c) Excretion > Filtration > Reabsorption > Secretion
d) Filtration > Secretion > Reabsorption > Excretion
4) What disease has now been eradicated through vaccinations?
a) Smallpox
b) Measles
c) Tetanus
d) Hepatitis B
Eradicated 1979 - milk maid observation lead to vaccine
5) Which of the following correctly matches the type of vaccine with what is in it?
a) Attenuated - a modified component of the pathogen
b) Heat-killed - the dead pathogen
c) Recombinant - one of the proteins produced by the pathogen
d) Toxin - a live but non-pathogenic strain
6) Which of the following is not an autoimmune disease?
a) Type 1 diabetes
b) Heart disease
c) Multiple sclerosis
d) Rheumatoid arthritis
Auto-immunity = mistaking ‘self’ as foreign and building an immune response against it
7) Antibodies:
a) Recognise protein in the groove of MHC class I.
b) Release granzymes and perforin, inducing cell death.
c) Migrate to the lymph node via the afferent lymphatic vessel.
d) Can bind to toxins to prevent cell entry.
8) Which of the following characteristics applies to the innate immune system?
a) Generates memory
b) Involves lymphocytes
c) Cells originate in the thymus
d) Response develops quickly
9) B cell receptors …
a) Contains 1 antigen binding site
b) Contains alpha and beta chains
c) Made of 4 protein chains
d) Can bind 2 different antigens
SA:
1) What is the role of cytoxic T-Cells (CD8) in apoptosis?

CD8 T-cells recognise antigens in the MHC class I groove of virally- infected cells and induces
apoptosis (programmed cell death).
o CD8 T-cell releases perforin to form pores in the infected-cell’s membrane
o CD8 activates granzymes – proteases which activate the cell death pathway
2) Compare and contrast gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria

Gram Positive Gram Negative
o Purple in gram stain o Red in gram stain
o Contain a thick peptidoglycan layer (cell o Contains a thin peptidoglycan layer (cell
wall) wall) between membranes
o Single membrane o Two membranes
o No lipopolysaccharide o Outer membrane composed of lipids,
lipoproteins and lipopolysaccharides
o No teichoic acids
3) How do we know that the immune system is important? Use an example to illustrate.
Deficient immune systems lead to disease
SCID - severe combined immune deficiency
- No T or B cell production
AIDS - acquired immune deficiency syndrome
- Viral infection that targets immune cells leading to a compromised immune system
- Susceptible to opportunistic infections
4) What was the first vaccine ever made and what observation lead to its development?
Vaccine for smallpox - eradicated 1979
5) What are antibody isotypes and where might each type be found in the body?
Changes to the ‘body’ of the antibody (constant region)
gives rise to different isotypes. These isotypes are found in
different areas of the body and are specialised for different
pathogens.
o IgG - serum and other extracellular fluids (lymph),
neonate. Used to neutralise toxins
o IgM – serum. Coat pathogens (opsonisation) and
stimulate phagocytosis
o IgA - serum and secretions across mucosal surfaces,
such as the gut and breast milk (specific transport)
o IgE - beneath epithelial surfaces (respiratory,
gastrointestinal, skin)
6) Illustrate the association between pathogen, antigen presenting cell, T cell and B cell.
7) Fill in the following table outlining the main characteristics of the innate and adaptive
immune systems:
INNATE ADAPTIVE
Time taken for Minutes - hours (EARLY) Days - weeks (LATER)
response to
develop
Memory generation No Yes
Cells / components Lymphocytes:
involved ● Phagocytes (neutrophil,
macrophage, dendritic cell) ● Humoral immunity —> B cells,
● Eosinophils, basophils, NK cells antibodies
● Complement system ● Cellular immunity —> T cells
Where do these Bone marrow - HSCs (haematopoietic Bone marrow - HSCs (haematopoietic stem
cells originate? stem cells) cells)
● Myeloid progenitor ● Lymphoid progenitor

● Lymphoid progenitor (NK cells) ● B cell
Thymus →T cell
8) What are the differences between a B cell receptor and a T cell receptor? Draw and describe
the structures of each.
Extension:
1) Explain where cells of immune system arise from. Include a labelled diagram, indicating
which cell are part of the innate and adaptive immune systems.
● All originate from a common precursor - the HSC
● HSCs are self renewing
● Found in adult bone marrow
● Haematopoiesis

WK10 Answers

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

WK10 Answers

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

WK10 Answers

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

WK10 ANSWERS

1) What is the role of cytoxic T-Cells (CD8) in apoptosis?

2) Compare and contrast gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria

● Myeloid progenitor ● Lymphoid progenitor

You might also like

Pfad - The Proxy pFad of © 2024 Garber Painting. All rights reserved.