SUBMITTED BY

Sajan Dumaru

A Research Proposal on Use of Artificial Intelligence in Health care

Fourth Semester

“B”

SUBMITTED TO

Saurav Lamsal
 A Research Proposal on Use of Artificial Intelligence in Health care 2019

Abstract
Artificial intelligence (AI) aims to mimic human cognitive functions. It is bringing a paradigm shift
to healthcare, powered by increasing availability of healthcare data and rapid progress of analytics
techniques. We survey the current status of AI applications in healthcare and discuss its future. AI
can be applied to various types of healthcare data (structured and unstructured). Popular AI
techniques include machine learning methods for structured data, such as the classical support vector
machine and neural network, and the modern deep learning, as well as natural language processing
for unstructured data. Major disease areas that use AI tools include cancer, neurology and
cardiology. We then review in more details the AI applications in stroke, in the three major areas of
early detection and diagnosis, treatment, as well as outcome prediction and prognosis evaluation. We
conclude with discussion about pioneer AI systems, such as IBM Watson, and hurdles for real-life
deployment of AI.

Sajan Dumaru (HND / Fourth Semester)

1
 A Research Proposal on Use of Artificial Intelligence in Health care 2019

Contents
Abstract..................................................................................................................................................1

Introduction............................................................................................................................................2

Research Aims and Objectives...............................................................................................................3

Problem Statement.................................................................................................................................3

Significance of research.........................................................................................................................4

Literature Review...................................................................................................................................4

Methodology..........................................................................................................................................5

Research methodology...........................................................................................................................5

Ontology.............................................................................................................................................5

Epistemology......................................................................................................................................6

Axiology.............................................................................................................................................6

Propose methodology.............................................................................................................................6

Data analysis..........................................................................................................................................7

Time-frames...........................................................................................................................................8

Conclusion..............................................................................................................................................9

References..............................................................................................................................................9

Introduction
Sajan Dumaru (HND / Fourth Semester)
2
 A Research Proposal on Use of Artificial Intelligence in Health care 2019

Artificial Intelligence is an approach to make a computer, a robot, or a product to think how smart
human think. AI is a study of how human brain think, learn, decide and work, when it tries to solve
problems. And finally this study outputs intelligent software systems.The aim of AI is to improve
computer functions which are related to human knowledge, for example, reasoning, learning, and
problem-solving.

The intelligence is intangible. It is composed of

 Reasoning
 Learning
 Problem Solving
 Perception
 Linguistic Intelligence

The objectives of AI research are reasoning, knowledge representation, planning, learning, natural
language processing, realization, and ability to move and manipulate objects. There are long-term
goals in the general intelligence sector.

Approaches include statistical methods, computational intelligence, and traditional coding AI.
During the AI research related to search and mathematical optimization, artificial neural networks
and methods based on statistics, probability, and economics, we use many tools. Computer science
attracts AI in the field of science, mathematics, psychology, linguistics, philosophy and so on.

Research Aims and Objectives

Sajan Dumaru (HND / Fourth Semester)

3
 A Research Proposal on Use of Artificial Intelligence in Health care 2019

The primary objective of taking up this proposal is to analyze various aspects of artificial
intelligence, and to reveal the working process of AI in health care, and also a broad overview of AI
in medicine, dealing with the terms and concepts as well as the current and future applications of AI.
It aims to develop knowledge and familiarity of AI among primary care physicians. To recommend
solutions or strategies to increase the accuracy and performance of AI technologies in Health care.

Problem Statement
Since the introduction of Artificial Intelligence in the 1950s, it has been impacting various domains
including marketing, finance, the gaming industry, and even the musical arts. However, the largest
impact of Artificial Intelligence is in the field of Healthcare. According to the latest report by PwC,
AI will contribute an additional $15.7 trillion to the world economy by 2030 and the greatest impact
will be in the field of healthcare.

Doctors, nurses, and other care providers all have to spend a lot of time doing paperwork and dealing
with administrative tasks that burn a lot of their valuable time. AI can assist them in these arduous
tasks: an example of such support may be computer-assisted documentation. A company called
Nuance developed a solution that helps physicians to capture all necessary information about the
patients. Their Computer-Assisted Physician Documentation provides real-time clinical
documentation guidance and ensures consistent recommendations.

Solutions such as voice-to-text transcriptions can save a lot of doctors’ time to help order tests,
prescribe medications or make notes.

What’s more, with the help of AI, physicians can access processed patient history. This means that
they wouldn’t have to go through the entire history to make sense of it, they could access well-
organized patient information whenever they need it.

Significance of research

Sajan Dumaru (HND / Fourth Semester)

4
 A Research Proposal on Use of Artificial Intelligence in Health care 2019

The main purpose of research is to inform action, to prove a theory, and contribute to developing
knowledge in a field or study. This article will highlight the significance of research with the
following points:

 A Tool for Building Knowledge and for Facilitating Learning

 Means to Understand Various Issues and Increase Public Awareness
 An Aid to Business Success
 A Way to Prove Lies and to Support Truths

Literature Review
Artificial intelligence (AI) has been increasingly used in health care research. One primary area of
application is literature review. Literature reviews are a key element of evidence-based healthcare
and policy but they are often time consuming. Traditional guidelines on literature reviews are based
on human searches and screening, which may be subject to biases, a lack of transparency and
reproducibility, and human errors.

With the development of AI, Machine Learning (ML), combined with Natural Language Processing
(NLP) techniques, can be applied in literature reviews, enabling more transparent and efficient
approaches, and more reproducible, reliable, and accurate results. They may potentially improve the
way literature reviews are conducted in the future. However, it is critical to ensure that the new
methods produce a high quality literature review that meets or exceeds the standards established by
the research community and for health technology assessments. Therefore, it is important to establish
standards on how to apply the NLP methods in literature reviews and have appropriate criteria to
evaluate the quality of the reviews.

In this presentation, we will discuss the key considerations in establishing the criteria, including the
number of abstracts used in the training phase of the algorithm, the goodness of fit measures and the
cross validation methodology, and the sensitivity and specificity thresholds for the classification of
abstracts. In addition, we will also discuss how these criteria can be adjusted based on the type of
literature review and whether the classification is performed for a single criterion (e.g. RCTs) or
global criteria for relevance. Through these discussions, we hope to identify key criteria for
implementing AI-assisted literature reviews and facilitate broader application of the methods through
standardized approaches.

Methodology
Research methodology

Sajan Dumaru (HND / Fourth Semester)

5
 A Research Proposal on Use of Artificial Intelligence in Health care 2019

As a research methodology research onion as systematic and detailed presentation of research

process. There are three elements outside of the main onion it is based upon three philosophies i.e.
Ontology, Epistemology and Axiology.

Ontology
Ontology is a part of metaphysics, a branch of philosophy that looks at the very nature of things,
their being, cause, or identity. As it is indicated in the title, this chapter includes the research
methodology of the dissertation. In more details, in this part the author outlines the research strategy,
the research method, the research approach, the methods of data collection, the selection of the
sample, the research process, the type of data analysis, the ethical considerations and the research
limitations of the project. The research held with respect to this dissertation was an applied one, but
not new. Rather, numerous pieces of previous academic research exist regarding the role of DMOs in
promoting and managing tourist destinations, not only for Athens in specific, but also for other
tourist destinations in Greece and other places of the world.

Epistemology
Epistemology, the philosophical study of the nature, origin, and limits of human knowledge. The
term is derived from the Greek epistēmē (“knowledge”) and logos (“reason”), and accordingly the
field is sometimes referred to as the theory of knowledge. Epistemology has a long history within
Western philosophy, beginning with the ancient Greeks and continuing to the present. Along with
metaphysics, logic, and ethics, it is one of the four main branches of philosophy, and nearly every
great philosopher has contributed to it.

Axiology
Axiology is the study of values and how those values come about in a society. Axiology seeks to
understand the nature of values and value judgments. It is closely related to two other realms of
philosophy: ethics and aesthetics. All three branches deal with worth. Ethics is concerned with
goodness, trying to understand what good is and what it means to be good. Aesthetics is concerned
with beauty and harmony, trying to understand beauty and what it means or how it is defined.
Axiology is a necessary component of both ethics and aesthetics, because one must use concepts of
worth to define “goodness” or “beauty,” and therefore one must understand what is valuable and
why. Understanding values helps us to determine motive.

Propose methodology
The research problem in this paper requires the use of both qualitative and quantitative methods. For
instance, the conceptualization of a construct entails close examination of meanings, awareness of
Sajan Dumaru (HND / Fourth Semester)
6
 A Research Proposal on Use of Artificial Intelligence in Health care 2019

peoples’ everyday understanding of the concept, and analysis of the literature and relevant
knowledge bases to determine the dimensions to be included in the construct. The operationalization
and empirical validation involve assessing validity and reliability through techniques such as
exploratory factor analysis and reliability analysis. Keeping in view the objectives and the nature of
the research problem, this research methodology draws on the positivist research paradigm and uses
techniques involving both qualitative (substantive) and quantitative (structural) aspects.

Diagram.1

Data analysis
In this data analysis, the data are collected in a table to see the list of patient with diseases.

Sajan Dumaru (HND / Fourth Semester)

7
 A Research Proposal on Use of Artificial Intelligence in Health care 2019

Data Analysis is the process of systematically applying statistical and/or logical techniques to
describe and illustrate, condense and recap, and evaluate data. hile data analysis in qualitative
research can include statistical procedures, many times analysis becomes an ongoing iterative
process where data is continuously collected and analyzed almost simultaneously. Indeed,
researchers generally analyze for patterns in observations through the entire data collection phase.

Table: Profile of the respondents

Years of
Respondents Name Diseases Ward/Roo Doctor Experience
m no Name
Hira Bahadur Tuberculosis 210 Ram Prasad
Respondent 1
Basnet Sharma 9 Years
Prakash Cancer 215 Hari Kumar
Respondent 2
Thapa Bhadari 10 years
Suman Raj Celiac Narayan
Respondent 3 201 11 years
Regmi Disease. Shrestha
Heart 206 Vijay Thapa
Respondent 4 Hari Lama 12 years
Disease.
Bipin Allergies & Bipin
Respondent 5 209 10 years
Timalsina Asthma. Chhetri
The table provides all the data collection and proper information about the diseases of patient with
the doctor name for checking it.

Time-frames

S.N Topic Name Duration Start Finish

1 Topic Selection for research 7 days 01/08/2019 09/08/2019

Sajan Dumaru (HND / Fourth Semester)

8
 A Research Proposal on Use of Artificial Intelligence in Health care 2019

2 Preparing Proposal 6 days 11/08/2019 17/08/2019

3 Submission of Proposal and approval 3 days 02/09/2019 05/09/2019

4 Conducting the research and preparing report 40 days 29/09/2019 16/10/2019

Conclusion
We reviewed the motivation of using AI in healthcare, presented the various healthcare data that AI
has analyzed and surveyed the major disease types that AI has been deployed. We then discussed in
details the two major categories of AI devices: ML and NLP. For ML, we focused on the two most
popular classical techniques: SVM and neural network, as well as the modern deep learning
technique. We then surveyed the three major categories of AI applications in stroke care.

Information need is central to our professional practice and is important to understanding users and
their information behavior. However, despite its centrality, there is still lack of understanding as to
what really information need is and what its dimensions are. There is a significant body of research
on information needs, including its assessment in different user populations, processes involved in
satisfying user needs, and analyses of research on information needs.

References
https://svn.bmj.com/content/2/4/230

https://becominghuman.ai/introduction-to-artificial-intelligence-5fba0148ec99

http://www.informationr.net/ir/22-3/paper761.html

Sajan Dumaru (HND / Fourth Semester)

9
 A Research Proposal on Use of Artificial Intelligence in Health care 2019

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/317880442_Artificial_intelligence_in_healthcare_past_pre
sent_and_future

Sajan Dumaru (HND / Fourth Semester)

10