CHAPTER 1

ELLIPTIC STRUCTURE

‘Pemendekan dua kalimat atau lebih dengan menghilangkan kata yang sama untuk menghindari pengulangan
kata(pemborosan kata)”

MACAM-MACAM ELLIPTIC STRUCTURE

1. Dengan menggunakan Adverb

a. Positive
Adverb: so and too

…, and So + aux + subject

…, and Subject + Aux + Too
E.g.:

Mr. Potter is studying magic, Mr. George is studying English
Mr. Potter is studying magic, and so is Mr. George/ and Mr. George is too
 Mss Granger entered Gravindor class, Mss Ginny entered Gravindor class
Mss Granger entered Gravindor class, and so did Mss Ginny/ and Mss Ginny did too
b. Negative
Adverb: Either and Neither
…, and neither + aux + subjectt
…, and Subject + Aux + not + either

E.g.:
 George does not have a book, Fred does not have a book
George does not have a book, and Fred does not either/ and neither does Fred

2. Dengan memakai Conjunction

a. But (+), (-)

“Digunakan untuk kalimat yang bertolak belakang”

But + S + Aux (not)

E.g.:
 Mr. Potter is studying magic, Mr. George isn’t studying English
Mr. Potter is studying magic, but Mr. George isn’t
 John isn’t studying Arabic, Ariel is studying Arabic
John isn’t studying Arabic, but Ariel is
 Fandy would have been calling me, Adis wouldn’t have been calling me
Fandy would have been calling me, but Adis wouldn’t

b. And (+), (+)

“Digunakan untuk kalimat yang setara dan keduanya tercapai”

S and S + V and V + O and O

(Verb Jamak)

E.g.:
 Mr. Potter takes a book, Ms Granger takes a book
Mr. Potter and Ms Granger take a book
 Nelly called her father, Nelly wrote her father
Nelly called and wrote her father
 He is reading book, he is reading novel
He is reading book and novel
c. Both….and…(baik …atau…)
“Digunakan untuk kalimat yang setara dan keduanya tercapai”

Both S and S + both V and V + both O and O

(Verb Jamak)
E.g.:
 Mr. Potter takes a book, Ms Granger takes a book
Both Mr. Potter and Ms Granger take a book
 Nelly called her father, Nelly wrote her father
Nelly both called and wrote her father
 He is reading book, he is reading novel
He is reading both book and novel

d. Not only…but also…(tidak hanya…tetapi juga)

“Digunakan untuk kalimat yang setara dan keduanya tercapai”

Not only S but also S + not only V but also V + not only O but also O
(Verb mengikuti Subject yang belakang)
E.g.:
 Mr. Potter takes a book, Ms Granger takes a book
Not only Mr. Potter but also Ms Granger takes a book
 Nelly called her father, Nelly wrote her father
Nelly not only called but also wrote her father
 He is reading book, he is reading novel
He is reading not only book but also novel

e. Either…or… (Kalau tidak… ya….)

“Digunakan untuk kalimat yang setara dan salah satunya tercapai”

Either S or S + Either V or V + Either O or O

(Verb mengikuti Subject yang belakang)
E.g.:
 Mr. Potter takes a book, Or Ms Granger takes a book
Either Mr. Potter or Ms Granger takes a book
 Nelly called her father, Or Nelly wrote her father
Nelly Either called or wrote her father
 He is reading book, he is reading novel
He is reading either book or novel

f. Neither…nor….(baik…atau…tidak…)
“Digunakan untuk kalimat yang setara dan keduanya tidak tercapai”

Neither S nor S + Neither V nor V + neither O nor O

(Verb mengikuti Subject yang belakang)
E.g.:
 Mr. Potter doesn’t take a book, Ms Granger doesn’t take a book
Neither Mr. Potter nor Ms Granger takes a book
 Nelly didn’t call her father, Nelly didn’t write her father
Nelly neither called nor wrote her father
 He isn’t reading book, he isn’t reading novel
He is reading neither book nor novel
 CHAPTER 2

MODAL

“kata kerja Bantu yang mempuanyai arti dan fungsi tertentu”

1) Aturan-aturan dalam Modal

No Aturan Contoh
1. M + V1 (asli) I can do it
2. M + similar Modal (SM) I must be able to do it
3. SM + SM I have to be able to do it
4. Tidak boleh modal bertemu modal (M+M) She must can do it (incorrect)
Moda tidak boleh diikuti to infinitive, V3, V2, V s/es,
5. She can to do it (incorrect)
Ving
Modal tidak boleh ditambah s/es,-ing,-ed atau di
6. She cans do it (Incorrect)
awali to ataupun to Be
7. SM tidak boleh bertemu Modal (SM+M) She have to can do it (incorrect)

2) Tenses dalam Modal

No Tenses Rumus Contoh

1. Present/future S + M + V1 I can finish it
2. Present/future continuous S + M + be + Ving I can be finishing it
3. Past S + M + have+ V3 I should have done it
4. Past continuous S + M + have + been+Ving I should have been doing it
5 Present/Future nominal S + M + be + C I can be the best
6 Past nominal S + M + have+ been + C She should have been the best
Untuk bentuk tenses dalam past dalam beberapa fungsi  She could swim when
7 Modal mempunyai bentuk past yang berbeda, bentuk yg she was child
diatas adalah bentuk umum dari tenses dalam modal  She had to do it

3) Macam-macam Modal

Bentuk (Form) Fungsi (Function)

No.
Ordinary Modal Similar Modal Conclusion Spontanity
1. Can Possibility Wishes (harapan)
Be able to
2. Could Impossibility Ability (Kemampuan)
3. Will Be going to Necessity (Keharusan)
4. Would Used to Prohibition (larangan)
5. Shall Advisability (Nasehat 1 solusi)
6. Should Be supposed to Suggestion (nasehat lebih dari 1)
7. May Expectation (Pengharapan)
8. Might Habitual action in the past
Have to/have got to (Kebiasaan dimasa lampau)
9. Must
Be to Preference (Kesukaan)
10. Ought to Request (Permintaan)
11. Had better Permission (Perizinan)
1. Conclusion
a. Possibility

Modal yang digunakan:

No. Modal Persen Meaning Tenses

1. Will 100% Pasti Future
2. Must 95% Pasti Present/Past
3. Should
90% Kemungkinan besar Future
4. Ought to
5. May
6. Might
Less than 50% Mungkin All Tenses
7. Can
8. Could

E.g.:
 Do you know where Eva is?
She may be at her house
 Have you noticed that he always wears green clothes?
I know, He must like green color

b. Impossibility

No. Modal Persen Meaning Tenses

1. Can’t
99% Tidak mungkin
2. Couldn’t
3. Mustn’t 95% Pasti tidak All Tenses
4. May not
Less than 50% Mungkin tidak
5. Might not
E.g.:
 Yuko has flunked every test so far this semester
She mustn’t study hard
 He couldn’t be hungry because I’ve just seen him eating two plates of rice

2. Spontanity

a. Wishes
Modal:
May: Semoga
Form:
May + S + V1 + O/Adv

E.g.:
 May you get what you want
 May you be happy

b. Ability
Modal:
 Can :Bisa/dapat
 Could : Bisa/dapat
(bentuk past)
 Be able to : Bisa/dapat
Present: is/am, are able to
 Past: was/were able to
E.g.:
 He can lift the heavy box
 He can hear what I have said
 I could play football when I was child
 I was able to reach the top of mountain yesterday

c. Necessity
Modal:
 Must : Harus
 Has/have to : Harus

Note: 1. Bentuk Past: Had to

2. Bentuk Negative: do/does/did not have to (Am)
Needn’t (Br)
E.g.:
 She must meet me, I need her
 She doesn’t have to meet me/ she needn’t meet me
 She had to come to my house last night

d. Prohibition
Modal:
 Mustn’t : dilarang / tidak boleh
E.g.:
 You musn’t come late
 She musn’t touch anything here
e. Advisability
Modal:
 Should :Seharusnya
 Ought to :Seharusnya
 Had better :Sebaiknya
Note: Had better adalah nasehat yang berupa ancaman karena akan ada konsekuensi buruk
kalau tidak dilaksanakan
E.g.:
 You should study harder
 She ought to express her love
 The tank is empty, so we had better stop at the gas station
f. Suggestion
Modal:
 Could :Seharusnya
E.g.:
* My friend has no money,
Solusi:
 You could ask me, or
 You could borrow your friends, or
 You could be patient
g. Expectation
Modal:
 Be supposed to :Seharusnya
E.g.:
 The class is supposed to begin at 08:00 AM
 The children are supposed to put away their toys before they go to bed

h. Habitual Action in the Past

Modal:
 Would :Dulu terbiasa
 Used to : Dulu terbiasa/dulu pernah
E.g.:
 My father would read me a story when I was child
  I used to have a car

i. Preference
Modal:
 Would Rather…than…: Lebih suka
E.g.:
 I would rather go to cinema than study grammar
 I would rather eat rice than banana
 I would rather not eat banana than rice

j. Request
Modal:
 Will : maukah
Would : maukah
 Can : bisakah (less polite)
Could : bisakah
 May : bolehkah (only for subject I/We)
Might : bolehkah (only for subject I/We)
Note: Request yang lebih sopan:
Would you like + To + V1 :Sudikah kiranya kamu
Would you mind + Simple Past:Keberatankankah kamu (Asking permission)
Would you mind + Gerund : Keberatankankah kamu (Asking someone to do
something)
E.g.:
 Will you close the window?
 Could you get out please?
 Can you help me?
 Would you like to invite me to your paty?
 Would you mind if I closed the window?
 Would you mind losing the window?

k. Permission
Modal:
 Can : Bsa
 Could : Bisa
 May : Boleh
E.g.:
 You may leave the class
 You can take it here

*SEMI MODAL
“Beberapa kata yang bisa berfungsi sebagai Modal, Verb, dan Noun”
2. Need
 As Modal : Butuh
 As Verb : Membutuhkan
 As Noun : Kebutuhan
E.g.:
 I need buy my daily need, because I need it
M N V
3. Dare
 As Modal : Berani
 As Verb : Menantang
 As Noun : Tantangan
E.g.:
 Dare you dare may dare?
M V N
 CHAPTER 3
DIRECT – INDIRECT
(Kalimat langsung dan tidak langsung)

 Dalam direct-indirect, ada 2 istilah yang akan sering muncul, yaitu Main Clause dan Sub clause.
 E.g.: 1. D : He said “you are my friend
MC SC
ID : He said that I was his friend
1. Aturan-aturan dalam direct-indirect;

1. Aturan Perubahan
a. Perubahan pronoun
 Jika dalam sub clause ada pronoun (I, Me, My, Mine, myself) maka akan berubah ke
subjet di Main Clause
 Jika dalam sub clause ada pronoun (You, you, your, yours, yourself/selves) maka akan
berubah ke object di Main Clause.
E.g.:
D :”you are smart” I say to him
ID : I say to him that he is smart

b. Perubahan Tenses

11.Future 12.Future
1. Simple 2. present 3. present 4. present 9.S. future 10.Future
perfect perfect cont
present continuous perfect perfect cont continuous

15.past 16. past

5.simple 6.past 7. past 8. past 13.S. past 14.past
Future Future
past continuous perfect perfect cont future Future cont
perfect perfect cont

Note: untuk s. past berubah ke past perfect, past cont berubah ke past perfect continuous,sedangkan
smple past future berubah ke past future perfect dan past future continuous berubah ke past future perfect cont
E.g.:
D : He said,” You will be my friend”
ID : He said that I would be his friend

c. Perubahan Adverb

DIRECT INDIRECT
Now Then
Today That day
Yesterday The day before
Tomorrow The next day
Next Following
Here There
The day after tomorrow In two day’s time
This week That day

2. Aturan dalam Main clause

a. Jika dalam main clause tensesnya berupa Simple Present, simple future, dan Present perfect
maka hanya terjadi satu perubahan di Sub Clause yaitu perubahan pronoun saja
 E.g. D : ”you are smart,” I say to him
ID : I say to him that he is smart
b. Jika dalam main clause tensesnya berupa simple past dan Past perfect maka hanya terjadi tga
perubahan dalam Sub Clause (Pronoun, Tenses, Adverb)

e.g.: D : He said,” You will be my friend”

ID : He said that I would be his friend”

2. Macam-macam Direct-Indirect
a. Statement
Conj: That
E.g.:
 D : He said,” I don not have enough money for you”
ID : He said that he did not have enough money for me
 D : “I can hear your voice,” He said to me
ID : He said t me that he could hear my voice

b. Yes/no Question
Conj: If/Whether
Note: bentuk pertanyaan akan berubah menjadi statement, dan biasanya kata Say berubah menjadi Ask
E.g.:
 D : He said,” Do you love me?”
ID : He asked if I loved him
 D : “Can you help me?” He said to me
ID : He asked to me if I could help him

c. WH- Question
Conj: WH-Question itu sendiri
Note: bentuk pertanyaan akan berubah menjadi statement, dan biasanya kata Say berubah menjadi Ask
E.g.:
 D : He said,” Where are you from?”
ID : He asked where I was from
 D : “when will you come here?” He said to me
ID : He asked to me when I would come there

d. Imperative
1. Positive
Conj: “to”
Kata say bisa dirubah menjadi: advise, ask, beg, order atau request.
E.g.:
 D : He said,” Help me please!”
ID : He asked to help him
 D : “Be careful!” He said to me
ID : He advised to me to be careful

2. Negative
Conj: “not to”
Kata say bisa dirubah menjadi forbid, warn, atau remind. Kalau memakai forbid tidak usah
memakai “not”
E.g.:
 D : He said,” don’t forget me!”
ID : He forbade to forget him
 D : “don’t be careless!” He said to me
ID : He warned me not to be careless.
 CHAPTER 4
DEGREE OF COMPARISON
“tingkat perbandingan yang membandingkan 2 hal atau lebih dan yang dibandingkan adalah adjective
dan adverb

1. ATURAN PERUBAHAN
a. One syllable
Ditambah er/est

Positive Comparative Superlative

Thick Thicker Thickest
Low Lower Lowest
Big Bigger Biggest
Dry Drier Driest
Free freer Freest

Exception:
Positive Comparative Superlative

Wrong More wrong Most wrong

Kind More kind Most kind
Glad More glad Most glad
fond More fond Most fond

b. Two syllable

1. Ditambah er/est
Positive Comparative Superlative
Fussy Fussier Fussiest
Lazy Lazier Laziest
Naughty Naughtier Naughtiest
Happy Happier Happiest
Crazy Crazier Craziest
Simple simpler Simplest
Humble Humbler Humblest

2. Ditambah more/ most

Positive Comparative Superlative
Boring More boring Most boring
Bored More bored Most bored
Careful More careful Most careful
Foolish More foolish Most foolish
Useless More useless Most useless
Famous More famous Most famous

3. Bisa ditambah more/most atau er/est

Positive Comparative Superlative
Clever More clever/cleverer Most clever/cleverest
Mellow More mellow/mellower Most mellow/mellowest
handsome More handsome/handsomer Most handsome/handsomest

c. Three syllable
Ditambah more/most

Positive Comparative Superlative

Beautiful More beautiful Most beautiful
Diligent More diligent Most diligent
Interesting More interesting Most interesting
 d. Irregular form

Positive Comparative Superlative

Old Older/elder Oldest/eldest
Bad Worse Worst
Many/much More Most
Far Farther/further Farthest/furthest
Near Nearer Nearest
Good Better Best
Late Later Latest
Little Less Least

2. MACAM-MACAM DEGREE OF COMPARISON

a. Positive Degree of Comparison
“Digunakan untuk membandngkan 2 hal yang setara atau tidak setara”

As + adj/adv + as + Sentence (+/-)

So + adj/adv + as + Sentence (-)
(Not) in the same + Noun + as + sentence (+/-)
E.g.:
 Tono is 23 years old
Tini is 23 years old
 Tono is as old as Tini (is)
 Tono is in the same age as Tini (is)

b. Comparative Degree of Comparison

1. Comparative “than”

…….. Comparative + than + sentence

E.g.:
 I am 30 years old
She is 23 year old
 I am older than she (is)
 He is more handsome than his brother (is)

2. Double comparative
a. General double comparative

The comp, the comp

The comp + sentence, the comp + sentence
E.g.:
 The longer, the better
 The farther she is, the more I miss her
b. gradual double comparative
Sentence+ comp and comp
E.g.:
 He is getting better and better
 Day by day, she is more and more beautiful

c. Superlative Degree of Comparison

…..the superlative + noun + in/of/among + ………

E.g.:
 He is the most handsome student in the class
 He is the smartest students of his friends
 CHAPTER 5
WORD ORDER
“Teori menyusun kata menjadi phrase, atau sentence dalam tata bahasa inggris”

 Phrase : gabungan beberapa kata yang sudah mempunyai arti tapi beum sempurna.
 Sentence : gabungan beberapa kata yang sudah sempurna.

1. Noun Phrase
“Phrase yang head (intinya) adalah kata benda”
e.g.:
The handsome boy
M H
M: Modifier (penjelas)
H: Head (Inti kalimat)
Susunan Noun Phrase

M H M
Determiner Prepositional Phrase
Ordinative Adjective
Epithet Adjective Clause
Classifier To Infinitive
a. Determiner
“Kata yang menjelaskan kata yang masih umum”
 Pre Determiner
 Quantifier : All, both, half, etc.
 Fraction : three-fourth, two-third, etc.
 Multiple : once, twice, three times, etc
 Exclamation : what, such, how, etc.
e.g.:
All students
Pre-D H
 Central Determiner
 Article : a, an, the
 Possessive : my, our, their, your, Tono’s etc
 Demonstrative : this, these, that, those
(Tiga hal diatas tidak bisa bertemu dalam satu phrase)
 Quantifier : Some, any, ,any, much, several, etc
e.g.:
All my students
Pre-D C-D H
 Post Determiner
 Ordinal : first, second, third, etc
 Cardinal : one, two, three, etc.
e.g.:
All my first students
Pre-D C-D Post-D H
b. Ordinative
“kata sifat yang diawali oleh very, so, too, rather, enough, fairly atau kata sifat yang berbentuk
comparative atau superlative”
e.g.:
A most handsome students
D O H
c. Epithet
“kata sifat yang masih asli”

Quality/
Size Age Temperature Participle Shape Colour
Character
Handsome Big New Hot Interesting Square Red
Clever Small Old Warm Annoying Round White
 Young Triangle
Honest High Cold Bored Green
Etc.
Kind Thin Fresh Interesting Yellow
Etc. Etc. Etc. Etc.
e.g.:
My two very sweet tall interesting friends
D D O E E H

d. Classifier
“kata benda yang menjelaskan kata benda lain”

Origin/location Material Gerund/noun adjunct Head

Indonesia Gold Living
American Sand Meeting
Germany Silver Book All nouns
Spanish Stone Medal
Etc. Etc. Etc.

e.g.:
A very thick square red Germany writing book
D O E E C C H
2. Prepositional Phrase

“Phrase yang diawali oleh preposition”

Prep + Noun
Prep + Noun Phrase

e.g.:
The beautiful girl in my room
D E H Prep D H
Prep. Phrase
 CHAPTER 6
COMPLEX SENTENCE

Simple sentence kalimat yang terdiri dari satu kata kerja inti
Compound sentence kalimat yang terdiri dari dua kata kerja inti
Complex sentence kalimat yang terdiri dari satu kata kerja inti dan satu kata kerja anak yang
dihubungkan oleh Sub-rdinative conjunction
Compound complex sentence Gabungan antara complex sentence dan compound sentence (2 kata kerja
inti 1 kata kerja anak yang dihubungkan sub-ordinative conjunction)

A. MACAM- MACAM COMPLEX SENTENCE

1. Adjective Clause
2. Noun Clause
3. Adverbial Clause

1. ADJECTIVE CLAUSE
“Klausa yang berfungsi sebagai kata sifat”

a. Relative Pronoun as Subject

Conj:
 Who : Untuk Orang
 Which : Untuk benda
 That : Umum
E.g.:
 I thanked the woman
 She helped me
I thanked the woman who helped me
 The book is mine
 It is on the table
The book which is on the table is mine

b. Relative Pronoun as Object

Conj:
 Whom : Untuk Orang
 Which : Untuk benda
 That : Umum
E.g.:
 The man was Mr. Jones
 I saw him
The man whom I saw was Mr. Jones
 The movie wasn’t very good
 We saw it last night
The movie which we saw last night wasn’t very good
NB:
 Reducing : Menghilangkan conjunction dan merubah verbnya menjadi verb-ing
E.g.:
 I thanked the woman who helped me
I thanked the woman helping me

 Omitting : Menghilangkan conjunction dan to be

E.g.:
 The book which is on the table is mine
The book on the table is mine

Conj + To be = Omitting
Conj + Verb/auxiliary selain to be = Reducing
c. Relative Pronoun as Object of Preposition
Conj:
 Whom : Untuk Orang
 Which : Untuk benda
 That : Umum
E.g.:
 She is the woman
 I told you about her
She is the woman whom I told you about, or
She is the woman about whom I told you
 The music was good
 We listened to it last night
The music which we listen to last night was good, or
The music to which we listen last night was good

d. Relative Pronoun as Possessive

Conj:
 Whose : Umum
 Of Which : Untuk benda
E.g.:
 I know the man
 His bicycle was stolen
I know the man whose bicycle was stolen
 Mr. Catt has a painting
 Its value is expensive
Mr. Catt has a painting whose value is expensive
Mr. Catt has a painting value of which is expensive
e. Relative Adverb
1. Relative Adverb of Place
Conj:
 Where (tidak bisa di Omitting)
 Prep + Which (tidak bisa di Omitting)
 Which + Prep (Bisa di Omitting)
 That + Prep (Bisa di Omitting)
E.g.:
 The city was beautiful
 We spent our vocation there (in that place)
The city where we spent our vocation was beautiful
The city in which we spent our vocation was beautiful
The city which we spent our vocation in was beautiful
The city that we spent our vocation in was beautiful
The city we spent our vocation in was beautiful

2. Relative Adverb of Time

Conj:
 When (Bisa di Omitting)
 Prep + Which (tidak bisa di Omitting)
 That (Bisa di Omitting)
E.g.:
 I’ll never forget the day
 I meet you then (on that day)
I’ll never forget the day when I met you
I’ll never forget the day on which I met you
I’ll never forget the day that I met you
I’ll never forget the day I met you
3. Relative Adverb of Manner
Conj:
 Whose : Untuk Orang
 E.g.:
 I’ll never forget the way
 How to go to my school
I’ll never forget the way how to go to my school
4. Relative Adverb of Reason
Conj:
 Whose : Untuk Orang
E.g.:
 I never forget his reason
 Why did she leave me?
I never forget his reason why she left me

f. Expression of Quantity
Conj:
Some of, A lot of, a few of, one of etc. + Whom, Whose, Which
E.g.:
 In my class, there are 20 student
 Some of them are from China
In my class, of there are 20 students, some of whom are from China

g. Whole Sentence
Conj:
 Which
E.g.:
 He was late
 That was surprised me
He was late, which was surprised me

2. NOUN CLAUSE
“Klausa yang berfungsi sebagai kata benda”
Fungsi kata benda;
a. As subject
b. As Object of Verb
c. As object of Preposition
d. As subjective complement
e. After anticipatory “it”

Macam-macam Noun Clause

a. STATEMENT
Conj:
 That
Note: THAT selain di posisi subjek bisa di buang.
1) As subject
E.g.:
 That the world is round is the fact
 That she cannot speak English is surprising

2) As Object of Verb
E.g.:
 I think that the world is round
 I don’t know (that) she never loves me

3) As object of Preposition
E.g.:
 I think of that she is very kind
 She is never afraid of that he will fail
4) As Subjective complement
E.g.:
 The first reason is that I have to study
 Another problem is that I do not have enough money

5) After anticipatory “it”

E.g.:
 It is a fact that the best student is my friend
 It is my theory that the new machine works well

b. YES/NO QUESTION
Conj:
 If/whether (….or not)

1) As subject
E.g.:
 Whether he will come or not is not the problem for me
 If there is life in other planets is still being researched

2) As Object of Verb
E.g.:
 I don’t know whether she will love me or not
 I wonder If there is life in other planets

3) As object of Preposition
E.g.:
 I don’t think of whether she will love me or not
 The astronaut is still concerned If there is life in other planets

4) As Subjective complement
E.g.:
 My question is whether she will love me or not
 My question is if there is life in other planets

c. WH – QUESTION
Conj:
 WH-Question

1) As subject
E.g.:
 What she said surprised me
 Where she comes from is unimportant

2) As Object of Verb
E.g.:
 I don’t understand what she said
 I didn’t ask where she comes from

3) As object of Preposition
E.g.:
 I don’t think of what she said
 I am curious with where she comes from

4) As Subjective complement
E.g.:
 My surprising is what she said
 My question is where she comes from
3. ADVERBIAL CLAUSE

a. Adverbial clause of Time (Keterangan waktu)

Conj:
 After  Since  So long as
 Before  Until  Whenever
 When  Till  Every time
 While  As soon as  The first time
 As  Once  The last time
 By the time  As long as  The next time

E.g.:
 After she graduates, she will get a job
 Before he came, I had left my home
 While I was studying English, my sister called me
 We stayed there until we have finished our job

b. Adverbial clause of Reason/ cause and effect (Keterangan alasan)

Conj:
 Because
 Now that (karena sekarang) : Used for present/future
 Since
Preposition:
 Because of
 Due to
E.g.:
 Because the weather was cold, I didn’t go swimming
 We can go swimming everyday now that the weather is warm
 Since all the students had done poorly on the test, the teacher decided to give it again
Note:
 Reducing: menghilangkan conj dan subjek dan mengganti dengan V-ing, dengan syarat
subjeknya sama
 Abridgement: menghilangkan subjek dan mengganti dengan V-ing, dengan syarat
subjeknya sama
E.g.:
 Before I came, I had left my home
 Before coming, I had left my home (Gerund)
 Coming, I had left my home (Participle)

 When I was in London, I visited some stadiums

 When in London, I visited some stadiums
 Being in London, I visited some stadiums

c. Adverbial clause of Place

Conj:
 Where
E.g.:
 I will study where my father studied

d. Adverbial clause of Purpose

Conj:
 So that
  In order that/in order to
E.g.:
 I will take my umbrella so that I won’t get wet
 I turned on the TV in order that I can watch football match, or
I turned on the TV in order to watch football match

e. Adverbial clause of Result

Conj:
 So Adj/Adv that
 Such Noun/Noun phrase that
E.g.:
 The coffee was so hot that I can’t drink it
 It was such a hot coffee that I can’t drink it
Note:
 So many/few/much/little+Noun that
E.g.:
 I have so many mistakes that I have to apologize to her

f. Adverbial clause of Contrast

`Conj:
 Even though despite
 Although In spite of
 Though (Preposition)
 While
 Whereas
 But
E.g.:
 Although it is cold, I will go swimming
 Even though it is cold, I will go swimming
 Enzo is rich, while Jono is poor
 I will go swimming despite cold wheather

g. Adverbial Clause of Condition

`Conj:
 If
 Even if
 Whether or not
 In case
 Only if
 Unless
 Providing/provided that
E.g.:
 If it’s cold tomorrow, I’m going to stay at home
 I’m going to go swimming even if the weather is cold
 I’ll be in my uncle’s house in case you need to reach me
h. Adverbial clause of Comparison
`Conj:
 As/so+ adj/adv+ as
 The comp+ than
 Similar to
E.g.:
 Tono is as old as Tini (is)
 His house is similar to my house

i. Adverbial clause of Manner

Conj:
  As
 As though
 Like
E.g.:
 You can do like what I do
 CHAPTER 7
PARTICIPLE
“KAta kerja V-ing atau V3 yang berfungsi sebagai Verb, Adjective, ataupun Adverb”

MACAM-MACAM PARTICIPLE

1. Present Participle
a. as Verb
1. Tenses Continuous
E.g.:
 I am studying English

2. After Perception Verb

 
See Observe
 
Feel Leave
 
Find Hear/listen to
 
Notice Keep
 
Watch Catch
 
Smell Look at

E.g.:
 I saw my friend sleeping outside the room

3. After sit, lie, stand, spend, waste

E.g.:
 She sat a her desk writing a novel
 She is standing in front of me smiling beautifully
 I spend my lifetime loving you

b. as Adjective
1. As modifier of Noun
E.g.:
 Boiling water (dalam proses masak)
 Interesting girl
2. As Subjective complement
E.g.:
 She is very Interesting
 He is boring
3. Hasil Reducing atau omitting dari Adjective Clause
E.g.:
 I thanked the woman who helped me
I thanked the woman helping me

c. As Adverb
1. Hasil reducing dari Adverbial clause
E.g.:
 Before I came, I had left my home
(before) Coming, I had left my home (Participle)

 When I was in London, I visited some stadiums

 (when) in London, I visited some stadiums
2. Past Participle
a. as Verb
1. Tenses Perfect
E.g.:
 He has done it well

2. Dalam Passive Voice

E.g.:
 It has been done by him well

3. Dalam Causative Passive

E.g.:
 I have it translated by you
b. as Adjective
1. As modifier of Noun
E.g.:
E.g.:
 Boiled water (sudah matang)
 Depressed girl
2. As Subjective complement
E.g.:
 She is very Interested
 He is annoyed
3. Hasil Reducing atau omitting dari Adjective Clause
E.g.:
 I look at the woman who is helped by me
I look at the woman helped by me

c. as Adverb
1. Hasil reducing dari Adverbial clause
E.g.:
 After it had been pressed, I put it in my cup board
Having been pressed, I put it in my cup board
 After he was forgotten by everyone, he is crazy now
Forgotten by everyone, he is crazy now
 CHAPTER 8
GERUND
“ Kata kerja V-ing yang berfungsi sebagai kata benda tapi masih memiliki karakter kata kerja”

FUNGSI-FUNGSI GERUND
1. As Subject
E.g.:
 Playing golf is my hobby
 Living with you is my dream

2. As Subjective complement
E.g.:
 My hobby is playing golf
 My dream is living with you forever

3. As object of preposition
E.g.:
 I am afraid of loving you

4. As Modifier of Noun (yang menunjukkan alat atau tempat)

E.g.:
 Meeting hall
 Living room
 Opening ceremony

5. As Head of phrase
E.g.:
 My smiling is only for you

6. After “Go” yang menunjukkan rekreasi

E.g.:
 Go hiking
 Go shopping
 Go climbing
 Go fishing

7. After “No” yang menunjukkan larangan

E.g.:
 No camping area
 No smoking
 No parking area

8. After certain Verb yang bisa diikuti Gerund

E.g.:
 I enjoy reading book

Note:
 Perbedaan antara Gerund dan Verbal Noun

Gerund Verbal Noun

Tidak bisa dijamakkan Bisa dijamakkan
Building my house is my purpose I have two buildings
Terpengaruh tenses Tidak terpengaruh tenses
Having been called makes me tired I hear someone’s screaming
Tidak bisa diterangkan oleh adjective Bisa diterangkan oleh adjective
Building new house is my dream The new building is mine

CHAPTER 9
INFINITIVE
A. Bare Infinitive
1. Pada tenses Simple Present
E.g.:
 I study English

2. After Modal
E.g.:
 I can do it

3. Sebagai alternative dari participle yang jatuh setelah Percepcion Verb

E.g.:
 I saw my friend sleep outside the room

4. After Causative active

E.g.:
 I saw my friend sleep outside the room

B. To Infinitive
1. As subject
E.g.:
 To play football is my hobby

2. As subjective complement
E.g.:
 My hobby is to play football

3. As Object of Verb
E.g.:
 They agree to help us

4. After Adjective
E.g.:
 I am glad to see you

5. After certain Verb yang bisa diikuti gerund atau To Infinitive tanpa merubah makna
E.g.:
 I like to go to movie, or
 I like going to movie
(mempunyai arti yang sama)

The verbs are:

 
Begin Start
 
Like Can’t stand
 
Love Can’t bear
  
Hate Prefer

Continue

6. After certain Verb yang bisa diikuti gerund atau To Infinitive tapi merubah makna

1. Remember/Forget
 Remember/Forget + To Infinitive (Ingat atau lupa melaksanakan tugas atau
tanggung jawab)
E.g.:
I always remember to lock the door
She often forgets to lock the door

 Remember/Forget + Gerund (Ingat atau lupa melaksanakan sesuatu dimasa

lampau)
E.g.:
I always remember seeing Venice for the first time
She will never forget seeing Venice for the first time

2. Regret
 Regret + To Infinitive (Menyesal untuk memberi tahu hal yang jelek atau bad
news)
E.g.:
I regret to tell you that you failed the test

 Regret + gerund (Menyesal telah melaksanakan sesuatu dimasa lampau)

E.g.:
I regret lending him some money. He never paid me back

3. Try
 Try + To Infinitive (berusaha dengan keras)
E.g.:
I’m trying to learn English

 Try + gerund (melakukan beberapa eksperimen)

E.g.:
The room was hot. I tried opening the window, I tried turning on the fan, but it
didn’t help.

4. Stop
 Stop + To Infinitive (Berhenti dari hal satu untuk melakukan hal baru)
E.g.:
I stop to smoke

 Stop + gerund (Berhenti melakukan sesuatu)

E.g.:
I stop smoking

7. Hasil reducing dari complex sentence yang mengandung modal

E.g.:
 I have something that I can eat
I have something to eat

8. Jatuh setelah too dan enough

E.g.:
 I have enough money to buy a car
 It’s hard to believe