Energy

Energy-Is the capacity to do work

Simple machines

 Lever
 Inclined plane
 wedge
 Screw
 Wheel and axle
 pulley

Lever-Is a simple machine that has a pivot point called fulcrum and two point ends

Wheel and axle-Is a simple machine where wheel in center is attached in an object that causes an axle to
rotate.

Inclined Plane-Is a plane surface at a given angle

Wedge-Is a combination of two inclined plane

Screw-Is shaft with an inclined groove

Pulley-Is a wheel with a groove in its edge

The simple machines are characterized by the following ideas:

Multiplying the force and not the work.

Its output force can never exceed its input force.

In a frictionless world, simple machines input and output force are equal.

The efficiency of machines is always less than 100% because of friction

Forms of energy Nuclear energy

Mechanical energy Thermal energy

Solar energy Sound energy

Electrical energy Light energy

Chemical energy
Mechanical E. -Is an energy created by any moving object or tool

Solar E.-Is the energy coming from the sun

Electrical E. -Is an energy produced by the attraction of charges

Chemical E.-Is the energy coming from chemical reaction

Nuclear E. -Is an energy that is produced from power of radioactive element

Thermal E.-Is also known as heat energy coming from geothermal sources and fossil fuel/coal burning

Sound E. -Is the energy that enables us to hear

Light E.-Is the energy that enables us to see and in which plants are able to undergo the process of
photosysnthesis

Transformation of Energy-is the change of energy from one form to another.

The law of conservation of energy states that energy is always conserved in the universe and simply
changes from one form to another, many energy transformations are taking place constantly.

Mechanical Energy

Potential Energy

Kinetic Energy

Gravitational Potential Energy-is energy an object possesses because of its position in a gravitational

The most common use of gravitational potential energy is for an object near the surface of the Earth
where the gravitational acceleration can be assumed to be constant at about 9.8 m/s2.

Kinetic energy- is the energy of motion, observable as the movement of an object, particle, or set of
particles.

Any moving object has Kinetic Energy (Ek).

The kinetic energy of an object will increase if mass increases.

The kinetic energy will increase if speed increases.

where m is the mass of the object and v is the speed.

What is force?

It is defined as the push or pull of a thing.

It measures and describes the interaction between two object.

Balanced Force-two or more forces acting on the same object cancel each other.

Unbalanced Force-Two forces that do not cancel each other

Net Force-The combination of all the forces acting on an object.

What are the Types of Force?

Contact force

Non-Contact Force

Contact Force-A kind of force that must have a direct contact to objects to have a push or pull motion

Non-Contact Force-A type of force where to push and pull motion is observed without direct contact.It is
also known as the field force that is naturally present on earth.These forces has the ability to move an
object at a distance.

Types of Non-contact force

Force of gravity

Electrical force

Magnetic force

Force of gravity-A force that tends to pull everything on Earth to the center.

Electrical Force-A force that is present on charged particles that enables like charges repel while unlike
charges attract one another.

Magnetic force-A force present between magnet to magnet and magnet to metals.

What are the characteristics of force ?

1. State of motion of an object can be changed when external or outside force is applied.

2. State of motion of an object can be changed when a non-contact force is exerted or applied in an
object.
3. There are always two forces present on a moving object: one coming from the source of force, and
one coming from the receiver of force.

4. The two forces present will always have opposite direction.

LAWS OF MOTION

Law of Motion-Famous scientist who made contributions in the development and establishment of the
laws of motion.

Aristotle observed that an object with greater mass falls faster and the force is to be exerted for an
object to move but if this force is taken off, moving object will stop.

Galileo also had an experiment on a rolling ball. He concluded that a rolling ball going down will speed
up; a rolling ball going up will slow down.

Isaac Newton was able to see the leap that holds Aristotle and Galileo’s observations by refiring the idea
and called the three laws of motion.He published his ideas in his book Principia Mathematica in 1687.

Law of Inertia

Inertia-Is the tendency of an object to remain at rest unless acted upon by an outside force and the
tendency of an object to remain in constant motion unless acted upon by an outside force.

1st Law of Motion/ Law of Inertia

A body in motion will always be in motion and a body at rest will always be at rest unless acted upon by
an external force

Law of Acceleration

The unbalanced force acting on an object equals the object’s mass times its acceleration.

Acceleration-Is directly proportional to force and inversely proportional to mass.

F=ma

Law of Interaction
For every action of force upon an object, that object in return will exert an equal and opposite force
upon the other object

power

power-The quantity that describes how much work is done in a period of time.

P= W/t

Where:

P=power

W= work done

t= time it takes for the work to be done.

P= Fd/t

Where:

P=power

F= force

d=distance

t=time

The SI unit for power is joule/second.

It is simply called watt (W)

This unit is named after Scottish inventor James Watt.

Another unit commonly used is horsepower (hp) which is equal to 746 W.

Situation of power:

Work is done, if displacement is parallel to the direction of the force.

Power is the rate of work done.

Weight-The force on an object due to gravity.

Mass-Is a measure of the amount of matter in an object and is constant.

FRICTION-It is a force that opposes motion between two surfaces

Sliding Friction-Is also known as kinetic friction.Is a type of friction when surfaces move relative to each
other

Static Friction-It involves surfaces that are relatively fixed with each other.It occurs when force is
exerted to an object but does not cause the object to move.

Uniform Circular Motion-Is the motion of an object moving at a constant speed in a circular path.

is motion along a circular path in which there is no change in speed, only a change in direction.

Constant velocity tangent to path.

Constant force toward center.

Is there an outward force?

The question of an outward force can be resolved by asking what happens when the string breaks!

Centripetal Force

An acceleration directed toward the center of the circular path

Examples of Centripetal Force

You are sitting on the seat next to the outside door. What is the direction of the resultant force on you
as you turn? Is it away from center or toward center of the turn?

Car going around a curve.

Force ON you is toward the center.

Centripetal Acceleration
 o Work happens when a net force causes an object to move with distance in the direction of the
force.
o The unit for work is joule.

W=Fdcos0

Work is done when there is actual motion and exhibits the following conditions:

 The force acts on an object

Some situations where work is done:

 Pushing a cart
 Climbing a coconut tree
 Pulling a wagon
 Throwing a baseball
 Rolling down a ball

Some situations where no work is done:

 Book on both hands as punishment

Formula for work:

W=Fd

Where:

W= work
F=force in newton
d= DISTANCE IN METERS