NAME : ARDELIANDA AUGESLA

STUDENT NUMBER : 1810117320005

SUBJECT : INTRODUCTION TO LINGUISTICS

CLASS : A1

2. SEBUTKAN DAN JELASKAN ISTILAH-ITSTILAH DALAM MORPHOLOGY!

i. Morphology is the study of words, how they are formed, and their relationship to other
words in the same language. Morphology also looks at parts of speech, intonation and
stress, and the ways context can change a word's pronunciation and meaning.
ii. Morphemes are the smallest units of meaning in a language.
iii. Phonemes are the smallest units of sound in a language. 
iv. Free Morpheme is Word which is can standi alone. The free morphemes can be
generally considered as the set of separate English word-forms. It has two type: lexical
morpheme and functional morpheme.
v. Bound Morpheme is those which cannot normally stand alone, but which are typically
attached to another form. It also has two type: derivational morphemes and inflectional
morphemes.
vi. Morph is a phonological string (of phonemes) that cannot be broken down into smaller
constituents that have a lexicogrammatical function.
vii. Allomorph is a morph that has a unique set of grammatical or lexical features.
viii. A word formation process are the prosess when new words are being formed.
ix. Affixation,The most common type of derivation is the addition of one or more affixes to
a root, as in the word derivation itself. Affix has two type: A prefix is a group of letters
placed before the root of a word and A suffix is a group of letters placed after the root of
a word.
x. Reduplication is the formation of a new word by doubling a word
xi. Compounding is the joining of two separate words to produce a single word
xii. Blending is typically accomplished by combining the initial part of one word and the last
part of another word
xiii. Clipping is a type of abbreviation of a word in which one part is 'clipped' off the rest, and
the remaining word now means essentially the same thing as what the whole word means
or meant.
xiv. Back formation is the process of shortening a long word by cutting off an affix to form
a new word.
 xv. Acronyms is a type of abbreviation, which are new words formed from the initial letters
of a set of words.
xvi. Coinage is The invention of a totally new term .
xvii. Conversion refers to the process of changing or converting the class of a word without
changing its form
xviii. Morphological Misanalysis is the process that derives new words by moving the part of
speech of a word and no changing of its form.
xix. A proper noun is a noun directly associated with an entity and primarily used to refer to
that entity.
xx. Multiple processes can be a word which created through more than one of the above-
mentioned processes.

3. BERIKAN ULASAN SINGKAT

(I’m really sorry to use English Language, sir. There was a news that tell me if you gave us a
Reviewing Assignment and the due date is 20th March, so I had done my ‘Reviewing’
assignment with English Language. I really want to change into Bahasa Indonesia but It sound so
shame to waste this, because I did this all day and all night by reading and understanding for a
long time.)

A. REVIEWING

MORPHOLOGY

I have red the pdf file and watched the video on SIMARI, and I have concluded all here. In
linguistics, Morphology is the study of words, how they are formed, and their relationship to
other words in the same language. In my mind, Morphology also looks at parts of speech,
intonation and stress, and the ways context can change a word's pronunciation and meaning. Mr
Fatchul’s book said that In morphology, we studied about how to form words based on
theexisting patterns of the language and we also studied to recognize the well–form and ill–form
based on the principles of the language, so why in some sources defined that morphology is the
study of word formation or the study of architecture of words. Morphology differs from
morphological typology, which is the classification of languages based on their use of words,[4]
and lexicology, which is the study of words and how they make up a language's vocabulary.
 MORPHOMES VS PHONEMES

Morphemes are the smallest units of meaning in a language.  Phonemes are the smallest
units of sound in a language. Study.com said that the difference between phonemes and
morphemes is that phonemes are individual sound units, while morphemes are distinct units of a
word that have their own meaning. I’m really sure if a phoneme does not have to have a distinct
meaning because it is simply a sound.

 Morpheme Example:
"Submarine" is a word made up of two morphemes: Sub and marine.
There are two morphemes: sub and marine. However, in the same word there are eight
phonemes: s, u, b, m, a, r, i, n (e is silent).

“Unforgettable” for instance is made up of three morphemes and twelve phonemes.

 Type of Morpheme

a. Free Morpheme
They can stand alone as a word The free morphemes can be generally considered as the set of
separate English word-forms. For example: dog, cat, whale.

b. Bound Morpheme
Those which cannot normally stand alone, but which are typically attached to another form, e.g.
re-, -ist, -ed, -s. This last set known as affixes. When they are used with bound morphemes, the
basic word-form involved is technically known as the stem. An example of a "free base"
morpheme is woman in the word womanly. An example of a "bound base" morpheme is -sent
in the word dissent.
 What we have described as free morphemes fall into two categories. The first category
is that set of ordinary nouns, adjectives and verbs which we think of as the words which carry
the ‘content’ of messages we convey. These free morphemes are called lexical morphemes and
some examples are: girl, woman, house, motorcycle, camel, cat, lion, crocodile, happy, tall,
beautiful, green, sincere, close, watch, teach, ride.

The other group of free morphemes are called functional morphemes. Examples are:
and, but, or, while, because, at, in, near, above, an, the, this, it, we. This set consists largely of
the functional words in the language such as conjunctions, prepositions, articles, and
pronouns.

The set of affixes which fall into the ‘bound’ category can also be divided into two types.
The first type is the derivational morphemes. These are used to make new words in the
language and are often used to make words of a different grammatical category from the stem. A
list of derivational morphemes will include suffixes such as the –ish in foolish, the –ly in slowly
and the – ment in agreement. It will also include prefixes such as re-, pre-, ex-, dis-, im-, un- and
many more.

The second set of ‘bound morphemes’ contains what are called inflectional morphemes.
There are a large number of derivational affixes in English. In contrast, there are only eight
"inflectional affixes" in English, and these are all suffixes. English has the following inflectional
suffixes, which serve a variety of grammatical functions when added to specific types of words.
These grammatical functions are shown to the right of each suffix.

-s     noun plural

I red much about these two contents. I have concluded that a morph is a phonological
string (of phonemes) that cannot be broken down into smaller constituents that have a
lexicogrammatical function. In some sense it corresponds to a word-form. An allomorph is a
morph that has a unique set of grammatical or lexical features. All allomorphs with the same set
of features forms a morpheme. A morpheme, then, is a set of allomorphs that have the same set
of features.

WORD – FORMATION PROCESSES

In the previous paragraph of this section on morphology, we have been looking at how words
are put together out of smaller parts. We have seen that English makes use of derivational
morphemes to create more words than would exist with only free morphemes, and of course,
English is not the only language that enlarges its vocabulary in this way. Now, Because these
combinations are rule-governed, we can say that a process is at work, namely, a word formation
process, since new words are being formed. What we will consider in this section are the ways
in which languages create new words from bound and free morphemes. I observed in many
sources about Word – Formation Processes and I got several definition below:

a. Affixation

The most common type of derivation is the addition of one or more affixes to a root, as in the
word derivation itself. This process is called affixation, a term which covers both prefixation
and suffixation.

 A prefix is a group of letters placed before the root of a word. For example, the word
“unhappy” consists of the prefix “un-” [which means “not”] combined with the root
(or stem) word “happy”; the word “unhappy” means “not happy.”

 A suffix is a group of letters placed after the root of a word. For example, the word
flavorless consists of the root word “flavor” combined with the suffix “-less” [which
means “without”]; the word “flavorless” means “having no flavor.”
 b. Reduplication

Reduplication is the formation of a new word by doubling a word, either with change of initial
consonants (teenie-weenie, walkie-talkie), with change of vowel (chit-chat, zig-zag) or without
change (night-night, so-so and win-win).

c. Compounding

Compounding is the joining of two separate words to produce a single word. Examples:
brainwash, bookworm, busybody, Facebook , fingerprint , loanword, and seasick

d. Blending

Blending is typically accomplished by combining the initial part of one word and the last part of
another word. Examples: brunch (breakfast + lunch), kidult (kid + adult), edutainment
(education + entertainment), and emoticon (emotion + icon)

e. Clipping

Clipping is a type of abbreviation of a word in which one part is 'clipped' off the rest, and the
remaining word now means essentially the same thing as what the whole word means or meant.
For example, the word rifle is a fairly modern clipping of an earlier compound rifle gun, meaning
a gun with a rifled barrel. (Rifled means having a spiral groove causing the bullet to spin, and
thus making it more accurate.) Another clipping is burger, formed by clipping off the beginning
of the word hamburger. (This clipping could only come about once hamburg+er was reanalyzed
as ham+burger.)

f. Back Formation

Back formation is the process of shortening a long word by cutting off an affix to form a new
word. The new word has a different part of speech from the original word. Examples: televise ←
television, donate ← donation, babysit ← babysitter, and backform ← backformation
 g. Acronyms

Acronyms is a type of abbreviation, which are new words formed from the initial letters of a set
of words. They are pronounced as new single words. Examples: NATO (The North Atlantic
Treaty Organization), NOW (National Organization of Women).

h. Coinage

The invention of a totally new term is called coinage. The most typical sources are invented trade
names for commercial products that become general terms. Examples: aspirin

i. Conversion

Conversion refers to the process of changing or converting the class of a word without changing
its form. The word email, for instance, can be used as a verb. in Modern English though it was
only a noun in the past. Example:

Noun to verb: bottle (The wine was brewed in France but bottled in Hong Kong.)

Verb to noun: hit (He scored a hit in his first shot.)

Adjective to noun: regular (I am one of the regulars at the pubs in Tsim Sha Tsui.)

Adjective to verb: empty (Can you empty the bin for me, please?)

MORPHOLOGICAL MISANALYSIS (FALSE ETYMOLOGY)

Morphological Misanalysis is the process that derives new words by moving the part of
speech of a word and no changing of its form. This can be because of actual misunderstanding,
when we analyze a word that has a similar sound or words from dialog or listen a song. These
misanalyses can introduce words or morphemes. For example, the suffix –burger. (Hamburgeris
a clipping from Hamburger Steak.) -burgerhas since been added to other types of foods:
cheeseburger, veggieburger, steakburger.
 PROPER NAMES

A proper noun is a noun directly associated with an entity and primarily used to refer to
that entity, such as London, Jupiter, Sharon, or Microsoft, as distinguished from a common noun,
which is a noun directly associated with a class of entities and primarily used to refer to instances
of a specific class. It can also be many places, inventions, activities, etc., are named for persons
somehow connected with them. Unchanged names of actual people: ampere, bloomer, bowie
(knife),cardigan, davenport, derby, derringer, graham (flour),guy, valentine, watt, zeppelin.

MULTIPLE PROCESS

This journal said: Although we have concentrated on each of these word-formation processes
in isolation, it is possible to trace the operation of more than one process at work in the creation
of a particular word. I’m really sure about that. Multiple processes can be a word which created
through more than one of the above-mentioned processes. Mr. Fatchul explain on his book that If
you hear someone complain that problems with the project have snowballed, the final term can
be noted as an example of ‘compounding’, whereby snow and ball have been combined to form
the noun snowball, which has then undergone ‘conversion’ to be used as a verb. Forms which
begin as ‘acronyms’ can also undergo other processes, as in the use of lase as a verb, the result of
‘back formation’ from laser.

4. MATERI-MATERI APA YANG BELUM DAPAT DIPAHAMI SECARA BAIK.

Honestly, this material is easy, but it is very difficult to understand because we are not
explained about the previous material and are concerned with the beginning of learning about
linguistics. I have to read many times to understand the sentence in the material, because some
sentences use unfamiliar and complex languages. I also find if it difficult to relate the discussion
and its types because there are no numbers or pointer bullets to difference. We know everything
that becomes part of the word (or sentence) and it's easy to classify it all.
I had some difficulity when I understood the Morph and Allomorph. Any articles said
that that a morph is a phonological string (of phonemes) that cannot be broken down into
smaller constituents that have a lexicogrammatical function. In some sense it corresponds to a
word-form. An allomorph is a morph that has a unique set of grammatical or lexical features. I
HAVE NO IDEA ABOUT THIS, it really really makes me sad. I didn’t get any examples about
this and that’s the trouble.

Overall, this material is very good for teaching students about Marphology and everything
related to it. If this material is explained directly before this task is done, it will add to the
percentage of students' understanding to continue doing this task easily. I don’t mind if this
material looked so awfull because the parts are so many, because I believe when we are trying so
hard to study in Allah’s way, he will help us.