Inverse Z-Transform

The inverse Z-Transform is given as

1
x [n ]= ∮ X ( z ) z n−1 dz
2 πj

No need to use above formula… Just remember the z-transform pairs. Those
are enough to give the solution.
Common Z-transform Formulas

x [n] X ( z) ROC
δ [n] 1 All z-plane
z
u[n] |z|>1
z−1

z
a n u [n] |z|>a
z−a

n z
−a u [−n−1] |z|<a
z−a

z 2−cos Ω0 z
cos ⁡(Ω0 n)u [n] |z|>1
z2 −2cos Ω 0 z +1

sin Ω0 z
sin ⁡(Ω0 n)u[n] 2 |z|>1
z −2cos Ω0 z +1

n z 2−rcos Ω0 z
r cos ⁡(Ω 0 n)u [n ] 2 2 |z|>r
z −2rcos Ω0 z +r

rsin Ω 0 z
r n sin ⁡( Ω 0 n) u[ n] |z|>r
z −2rcos Ω 0 z +r 2
2
While finding inverse z-transform ROC-Region of Convergence is more
important.
z
Example: X ( z )=
z−a has two solutions based on where the ROC lies.

If ROC|z|>a , outside the circle, the signal x[n] is Right sided u[n]
z
z an u[n]
z−a ↔

If ROC|z|<a , inside the circle, the signal x[n] is Left sided u[−n−1]
z
z −an u [−n−1]
z−a ↔

NOTE: If there is more than one pole in the X ( z) expression, then we need to
use partial fraction to separate the poles.

Prob: Using partial fraction method, find the inverse z-transform of the
following.
z
i) X ( z )= 2
2 z −3 z +1
, |z|>1

z 1
ii) X ( z )= 2
2 z −3 z +1
, |z|< 2

Sol:
We use partial fraction to separate the two poles in the denominator.
z
X ( z )= 2
2 z −3 z +1

First step: We need to factorize the denominator. (Just find the roots using
calculator)
Note: z 2should not have any co-efficient
z
X ( z )=
3 1
(
2 z 2− z +
2 2 )

z /2
X ( z )=
1
( )
z− ( z−1 )
2

Second step: Divide both sides by ‘z’

X ( z) 1/2
=
z 1
( )
z− ( z−1 )
2

Third step: Apply partial fraction method.

1/2 A B
= +
1 1 ( z−1 )
( )
z− ( z−1 ) z−
2 2 ( )
Cross multiply on RHS we get

1/2
=
( 12 )
A ( z−1 ) + B z −

1
( )
z− ( z−1 )
2 ( z− 12 ) ( z −1)
We get,
1 1
2 ( )
=A ( z −1 )+ B z−
2

For z=1 in above equation we get;

1 1
2
=A (1−1 ) +B 1−( )
2

1 1
2
=B
2()
B=1
 1
For z= 2 in above equation we get;

1 1 1 1
2 2 ( ) (
=A −1 + B −
2 2 )
1 −1
2
=A
2( )
A=−1

Hence we get,
X ( z) −1 1
= +
z 1 ( z−1 )
z−( )
2

Fourth step: Now multiply ‘z’ on both sides

−z z
X ( z )= +
1 ( z −1 )
( )
z−
2

Given ROC is |z|>1

1
For above equation we have two poles z= ∧z=1
2

Both the poles are less than given ROC.

Im{z} Im{z}

ROC ROC

Re{z} Re{z}
1 1/2 1

Hence we can tell that both the expression in X ( z) are Right Sided sequence.
 −z z
X ( z )= +
1 ( z −1 )
( )
z−
2

Taking inverse z-transform:

1 n
x [ n ] =− ()2
n
u [ n ] + ( 1 ) u [n]

1 n
x [ n ] =− ()2
u [ n ] + u[n]

z 1
In 2nd case X ( z )= 2
2 z −3 z +1
, |z|< 2

z
X ( z )= 2
2 z −3 z +1

Will be simplified in same way and we get

−z z
X ( z )= +
1 ( z −1 )
( )
z−
2

1
Given ROC is |z|< 2
1
For above equation we have two poles z= ∧z=1
2

Im{z}

ROC Re{z}
1/2 1

Both the poles are greater than given ROC.

Hence we can tell that both the expression in X ( z) are Left Sided sequence.
−z z
X ( z )= +
1 ( z −1 )
( )
z−
2

Taking inverse z-transform:

1 n
x [ n ] =− −{()
2 } n
u [−n−1 ] + {−( 1 ) u [ −n−1 ] }

1 n
x [n ]=() 2
u [−n−1 ] −u [−n−1]

Prob: Find inverse z-transform of the following

z
iii) X ( z )= |z|>2
( z−1 )( z−2 )2

We use partial fraction to separate the two poles in the denominator.

z
X ( z )=
( z−1 )( z−2 )2

First step: No need to factorize the denominator.

Second step: Divide both sides by ‘z’
X ( z) 1
=
z ( z−1 ) ( z−2 )2

Third step: Apply partial fraction method.

1 A B C
2
= + 2
+
( z−1 )( z−2 ) ( z−1 ) ( z−2 ) ( z−2 )

Cross multiply on RHS we get

 1 A ( z−2 )2+ B ( z−1 ) +C ( z−1 )(z −2)
=
( z−1 )( z−2 )2 ( z−1 ) ( z−2 )2

We get,
1= A ( z−2 )2 + B ( z−1 ) +C ( z−1 ) (z−2)

For z=1 in above equation we get;

1= A ( 1−2 )2+ B ( 0 ) +C (0)

A=1

For z=2 in above equation we get;

1= A ( 0 )+ B ( 2−1 ) +C (0)

B=1

For z=0 in above equation we get;

1= A ( 0−2 )2 +B ( 0−1 ) +C ( 0−1 ) (0−2)

1=4 A−B+ 2C

1=4 ( 1 )−(1)+2 C

−2
C= =−1
2

Hence we get,
X ( z) 1 1 −1
= + +
z 2
( z−1 ) ( z−2 ) ( z−2 )

Fourth step: Now multiply ‘z’ on both sides

z z (−1 ) z
X ( z )= + 2
+
( z−1 ) ( z−2 ) ( z−2 )

Given ROC is |z|>2

For above equation we have three poles z=1∧z =2, 2
All the poles are less than given ROC.

Im{z}

ROC

Re{z}
1 2

Hence we can tell that all three expression in X ( z) are Right Sided sequence.
z z (−1 ) z
X ( z )= + 2
+
( z−1 ) ( z−2 ) ( z−2 )

Taking inverse z-transform:

x [ n ] =u [ n ] + n2 n−1 u [ n ] −2n u[n]

NOTE: we use the formula,

az
2
z n an u [n]
( z−a ) ↔

2z
2
z n 2n u[n]
( z−2 ) ↔

z
2
z n 2n−1 u [n]
( z−2 ) ↔

Prob: Find inverse z-transform of the following

 z 2−3 z 1
X ( z )= ROC <|z|<2
3 2
z 2+ z−1
2

Sol:
We use partial fraction to separate the two poles in the denominator.
z 2−3 z
X z=
( )
3
z 2+ z−1
2

Roots=−2∧1 /2

First step: factorize the denominator.

z ( z−3)
X ( z )=
1
( )
( z+ 2 ) z−
2

Second step: Divide both sides by ‘z’

X ( z) z−3
=
z
( 12 )
( z+ 2 ) z−

Third step: Apply partial fraction method.

z−3 A B
= +
( z +2 )
( 12 )
( z+2 ) z− ( z− 12 )
Cross multiply on RHS we get
1
z−3
=
( 2)
A z− + B ( z +2 )

1 1
( z+2 ) ( z− ) ( z+ 2 ) ( z− )
2 2

We get,
z−3=A z− ( 12 )+ B ( z+2 )
For z=−2, in above equation we get;
1
−2−3= A −2− ( 2 )
+ B (−2+ 2 )

−5=A ( −52 )
A=2

1
For z= 2 , in above equation we get;

1 1 1 1
2 2 2 2(
−3= A − + B +2 ) ( )

−5 5
2
=B
2 ()
B=−1

Hence we get,
X ( z) 2 −1
= +
z ( z+ 2 ) 1
z−
2( )
Fourth step: Now multiply ‘z’ on both sides
2z z
X ( z )= −
( z+ 2 )
( z− 12 )
1
Given ROC is 2
<|z|< 2

1
For above equation we have two poles z=−2∧z= 2
The pole ¿ z∨¿ 2 is greater than given ROC &
1
The pole ¿ z∨¿ 2 is smaller than given ROC.

Pole greater than given ROC → Left Sided sequence

Pole smaller than given ROC → Right Sided sequence

Im{z}

ROC

Re{z}
1/2 2

Hence we can tell that first term in X ( z) is Left Sided sequence and second
term in X ( z) is Right Sided sequence.
2z z
X ( z )= −
( z+ 2 )
( z− 12 )
Taking inverse z-transform:
1 n
n
x [ n ] =−2 (−2 ) u [ −n−1 ] − () 2
u[ n]

1 n
x [ n ] =(−2 )
n+1
u [−n−1 ] − ()
2
u [n]
Prob: Find the inverse z-transform using partial fraction method.
2 z 3−5 z 2 + z+ 3 | |
X z=
( ) z <1
( z−1 ) ( z −2 )

Sol:
First step: Factorize the denominator.
NOTE: In the given problem order of Numerator (power of z) is greater
than order of Denominator.
To perform partial fraction we need to have order of Nr less than order of Dr.
Hence we will use long division method to make proper fraction.
X ( z) can be written as:
2 z 3−5 z 2 + z+ 3
X ( z )=
z 2−3 z +2

1
X ( z )=2 z+ 1+ 2
z −3 z+ 2

Let us perform partial fraction on the fraction,

 1 1
X 1 ( z )= 2
=
z −3 z +2 ( z−1 )( z−2 )

Second step: Divide both sides by ‘z’

X1 (z ) 1
=
z z ( z−1 ) ( z−2 )

Third step: Apply partial fraction method.

1 A B C
= + +
z ( z−1 ) ( z−2 ) z ( z−1 ) ( z−2 )

Cross multiply ion RHS we get

1 A ( z−1 ) ( z−2 ) + B z ( z−2 ) +C z ( z −1 )
=
z ( z−1 ) ( z−2 ) z ( z−1 ) ( z−2 )

We get,
1= A ( z−1 ) ( z−2 ) + B z ( z−2 ) +C z ( z −1 )

For z=0, in above equation we get;

1= A ( 0−1 ) (0−2)

1
A=
2

For z=1, in above equation we get;

1=B 1 (1−2 )

B=−1

For z=2, in above equation we get;

1=C 2 ( 2−1 )

1
C=
2
Hence we get,
X 1 ( z ) 1/2 −1 1/2
= + +
z z ( z−1 ) ( z−2 )

Fourth step: Now multiply ‘z’ on both sides

1/2 z z 1/2 z
X 1 ( z )= − +
z ( z−1 ) ( z−2 )

1 z 1/ 2 z
X 1 ( z )= − +
2 ( z−1 ) ( z−2 )

Now substituting in the equation of X ( z) we get,

1 z 1/ 2 z
X ( z )=2 z+ 1+ − +
2 ( z−1 ) ( z−2 )

3 z 1 /2 z
X ( z )=2 z 1+ − +
2 ( z−1 ) ( z−2 )

Given ROC is |z|<1

For above equation we have two poles¿ z∨¿ 1∧¿ z∨¿ 2
Both the poles are greater than given ROC
Hence we can tell that X ( z) is Left Sided sequence.
Taking inverse z-transform:
3 1
x [ n ] =2 δ [ n+1 ] + δ [ n ] +u [−n−1 ]− 2n u[−n−1]
2 2

Power Series Expansion Method

Prob: Find the inverse z-transform of X ( z )using power series expansion (long
division method)
2+ z −1
X ( z )=
1
1− z−1
2
 1
With ROC|z|> 2 ,

Sol:
2+ z −1 2 z+ 1
X ( z )= =
1 1
1− z−1 z−
2 2

1
Given that ROC|z|> 2 , outside the circle

This means x ( n )is right sided signal.

Hence X [ z ]should contain z−1terms.

Using Long Division Method

Hence we get,
1
X ( z )=2+2 z−1+ z−2+ z−3 +…
2

Taking inverse z-transform we get,

1
x [ n ] =2 δ [ n ] + 2 δ [ n−1 ] +δ [ n−2 ] + δ [ n−3 ] + …
2

1
{
x [ n ] = 2 , 2 ,1 , , …
2 }
Prob: Find the inverse z-transform of X ( z )using power series expansion (long
division method)
2+ z −1
X ( z )=
1
1− z−1
2

1
With ROC|z|< 2 ,

Sol:
2+ z −1 2 z+ 1
X ( z )= =
1 −1 1
1− z z−
2 2

1
Given that ROC|z|< 2 , inside the circle

This means x ( n )is left sided signal.

Hence X ( z)should contain positive powers of zterms.

Using Long Division Method

We get,
X ( z )=−2−8 z−16 z 2−32 z 3−…

Taking inverse z-transform,

x [ n ] =−2 δ [n]−8 δ [n+1]−16 δ[n+2]−32 δ[n+3]−…

x [ n ] ={…−32 ,−16 ,−8 ,−2 }

Prob: Find the inverse z-transform of X ( z )=e z ,with ROC all z except
2

¿ z∨¿ ∞ .

Sol: Using power series expansion of e a

∞
ak a a2 a3
e a=∑ =1+ + + +…
k=0 k! 1 2! 3 !

Similarly we expand the given X ( z )

∞ 3
(z 2) k 2 2 2
z
2
z2 ( z ) ( z )
X ( z )=e =∑ =1+ + + +…
k=0 k ! 1 2! 3!

z2 z 4 z 6
X z =1+ + + +…
( )
1 2 6

Taking Inverse Z-transform we get,

1 1
x [ n ] =δ [ n ] +δ [ n+ 2 ] + δ [ n+ 4 ] + δ [ n+6 ] +…
2 6

This can be written as

1 1
{
x [ n ] = … , ,0 , , 0 , 1, 0 , 1
6 2 }

0 n>0∨n is odd
x [n ]=
−n
{(
1

2
!
otherwise
)
Prob: Find the inverse z-transform of X ( z )=cos ⁡(2 z−1),with ROC all z except
¿ z∨¿ 0.

Sol:
X ( z )=cos ⁡(2 z−1)

We use power series expansion,

x2 x 4 x6
cos ( x )=1− + − +…
2! 4! 6!

Similarly we expand X ( z )
(2 z−1)2 ( 2 z−1 )4 (2 z−1)6
X ( z )=cos ( 2 z−1 ) =1− + − +…
2! 4! 6!

4 z−2 16 z−4 64 z−6

X ( z )=1− + – +…
2! 4! 6!

Taking Inverse Z-transform we get,

2 4
x [ n ] =δ [ n ] −2 δ [ n−2 ] + δ [ n−4 ] − δ [ n−6 ] + …
3 45

This can be written as

2 4
x [ n ] ={1 , 0 ,−2 , 0 , ,0 , , … }
3 45

Prob: Find inverse z-transform of the following using Partial Fraction

method
 1−z −1 −z−2
X ( z )=
(1− 12 z ) (1−2 z
−1 −1
)( 1−z−1 )

For following ROCs

1
a) 1<¿ z∨¿ 2 b) ¿ z∨¿ 2c)¿ z∨¿
2

Sol:
1−z −1 −z−2
X ( z )=
(1− 12 z ) (1−2 z
−1 −1
)( 1−z−1 )

First let us change the expression in terms of z +¿¿,

z−2 ( z 2−z 1−1)

X ( z )=
1
z−3 ( )
z− ( z −2 )( z−1 )
2

z ( z 2−z 1−1)
X ( z )=
1
( )
z− ( z−2 ) ( z−1 )
2

Now compare the order of numerator and denominator.

Because both orders are same z 3there is no need to perform Long division.
First Step: No need to factorize denominator
Second Step: Divide both sides by z
X ( z) ( z 2−z 1−1)
=
z 1
( )
z− ( z−2 ) ( z−1 )
2

Third Step: Partial fraction

z 2−z 1−1 A B C
= + +
1 1 z−2 z−1
( )
z− ( z−2 ) ( z −1 ) z−
2 2
Cross multiply to get,
z 2−z 1−1 1
1 2 ( )
=A ( z −2 )( z−1 ) + B z− ( z−1 ) +C ¿ ¿
( )
z− ( z−2 ) ( z −1 )
2

z 2−z 1−1= A ( z−2 ) ( z−1 ) + B z− ( 12 ) ( z−1 ) +C ( z − 12 )(z−2)

For z=1/2, we get,
1/22−1/21−1=A (1 /2−2 )( 1/2−1 )

−5 3
=A
4 4

−5
A=
3

For z=2, we get,

22−21−1=B 2− ( 12 ) ( 2−1 )
3
1=B
2

2
B=
3

For z=1, we get,

12−11−1=C 1− ( 12 )(1−2)
−1=C ( −12 )
C=2

Hence we get,
X ( z ) −5/3 2/3 2
= + +
z 1 z −2 z−1
z−
2
Third Step: Multiply both sides by z
−5 2
z z
3 3 2z
X ( z )= + +
1 z−2 z−1
z−
2

For the given ROC we need to find inverse z-transform.

a) 1<|z|<2
1
In the X ( z )there are three poles: z= z=2 z=1
2

Given ROC is greater than 1 and smaller than 2

1
Poles z= 2 z=1 are smaller than ROC; hence these two terms are Right side
sequence.

Pole z=2 is greater than ROC; hence this term is Left side sequence
−5 2
z z
3 3 2z
X ( z )= + +
1 z−2 z−1
z−
2

Taking inverse z-transform,

1 n 2
x [n ]=
−5
3 {( ) }
2
n n
u [ n ] + {−( 2 ) u [−n−1 ] }+2 {( 1 ) u [ n ] }
3

−5 1 n 2 n
x [n ]=
3 2 ()u [ n ] − ( 2 ) u [−n−1 ] +2u [n]
3

b) |z|>2
1
In the X ( z )there are three poles: z= z=2 z=1
2
Given ROC is greater than 2

1
All poles z= 2 z=2 z=1are smaller than ROC; hence all three terms are Right
side sequence.
−5 2
z z
3 3 2z
X ( z )= + +
1 z−2 z−1
z−
2

Taking inverse z-transform,

1 n 2 n
x [n ]=
−5
3 {( ) }
2
u [ n ] + {( 2 ) u [ n ] }+2 {u [ n ] }
3

−5 1 n 2 n
x [n ]=
3 2 ()u [ n ] + ( 2 ) u [ n ] +2u [n]
3

b) |z|<1
1
In the X ( z )there are three poles: z= z=2 z=1
2

Given ROC is smaller than 1

1
All poles z= 2 z=2 z=1are greater than ROC; hence all three terms are Left side
sequence.
−5 2
z z
3 3 2z
X ( z )= + +
1 z−2 z−1
z−
2
Taking inverse z-transform,
1 n 2
x [n ]=
−5
3
−{()
2 3} n
u [−n−1 ] + {−( 2 ) u [ −n−1 ] }+2 {−u [ −n−1 ] }

5 1 n 2 n
x [n ]= ()
3 2
u [−n−1 ] − ( 2 ) u [ −n−1 ] −2u [−n−1]
3
Prob: Find inverse z-transform of the following using partial fraction
method
z3 1
X ( z )= ,|z|>
1 2
z−
2

Sol:
In the given expression since numerator is of 3rd order and denominator is of
1st order. We will use long division to convert it to proper fraction.
So we get,

1
z
2 1 4
X ( z )=z + z+
2 1
z−
2

Note: Here we don’t have to go for partial fraction, because we can find
the inverse z-transform.
 1
Given ROC is |z|> 2
1
We have only one pole z= 2

The pole is less than given ROC; hence the term is a Right Sided sequence
1
z
1 4
X ( z )=z 2 + z+
2 1
z−
2

Taking inverse z-transform

1 1 1 n
x [ n ] =δ [ n+2 ] + δ [n+ 1]+
2 ()
4 2
u[n]