A.

Chosen Era

5th Republic of the Philippines

B. Title of the Historical Research

Who Is Corazon Aquino More Than Being The Face of Democracy?

C. Statement of the Problem

Cory Aquino created a big change in the Philippine History. It includes being the first

woman president not only in Philippines but also in Asia, being very well known for leading the

People Power Revolution, and changing the system of government of the Philippines from

dictatorship to democracy when she became the president. That is also why she became and

called by the people as the “Face of Democracy” because of her revolutionary acts, speeches,

and ways of ruling the country.

When we say Cory Aquino, the first word that always come into our minds are the words

“People Power” and “democracy.” But is Cory Aquino known for just being the face of

democracy and nothing more than democracy? Due to this, the researchers came out to specific

research question:

Who is Pres. Corazon C. Aquino more than being known as the one who restored the

democracy in the Philippines after Martial Law?

D. Specific Questions:

The following are questions that will help and support the statement of the problem made

by the researchers:
 1. Was the restoration of democracy that Cory Aquino had given to the Filipinos during her

administration was good enough to prove that she really made a big change for the

Philippines?

2. In what way did she restore the Philippine government from having a political repression

due to Martial Law?

3. What were her contributions to the country as a President of the Philippines in terms of:

 Social

 Political

 Economical

 Others

4. From the events during People Power Revolution and after her election, what were her

promises or platforms that was made into action?

5. What were the failures and unfulfilled promises of Cory Aquino's regime?

E. Chapter I: Introduction

Historical Background

Who is Cory Aquino?

Maria Corazon Sumulong Cojuangco was her maiden name but she was already widely

known as Corazon Aquino – the eleventh but the first woman president of the Philippines. She

was born on January 25, 1933 into a wealthy, politically prominent family based in Paniqui,

Tarlac, Central Luzon. She was the sixth child of Don Jose Cojuangco y Chichioco Sr, a former

congressman, and Demetria Sumulong, a pharmacist and member of a politically famous clan

from Rizal province. In educational terms, she went to St. Scholastica’s College in Manila for
grade school. During her secondary education, she transferred to Assumption Convent for her

high school studies. Afterwards, she and her family went to United States where she continued

her secondary education and graduated from New York City’s Notre Dame Convent School. She

then pursued her college education graduating from the College of Mount Saint Vincent in 1953

in New York, with a major in French and minor in Mathematics.

From the United States, she returned to the Philippines and eventually studied Law at Far

Eastern University in 1953. Later then, she met Benigno "Ninoy" S. Aquino Jr., son of the late

Speaker Benigno S. Aquino Sr. and the grandson of General Servillano Aquino. She quit

studying Law within a year and then got married with Benigno Aquino Jr. in the Our Lady of

Sorrows Church in Pasay. Together, they’ve brought and raised up five children starting from the

eldest named Maria Elena (“Ballsy”), Aurora Corazon (“Pinky”), Benigno Simeon III

(“Noynoy”), Victoria Elisa (“Viel”), and Kristina Bernadette (“Kris”).

As Face of Democracy

The bloodless uprising called People Power Revolution happened on February 25, 1986.

It was when Cory Aquino lost her husband has been assassinated on the Manila International

Airport (formerly known as Ninoy Aquino International Airport). And that encouraged Cory to

enter the politics for the investigation behind the assassination of her husband. The revolution

has been the result of the long agonizing, and painful, and life threatening abuses by the Marcos

administration. Due to the authoritarian government that suppressed the rights of the citizens,

Aquino thought that Marcos should be stopped and be ousted from his place as the President.

The Philippines turned to the ballots to vote for who they would like to run the country

on February 7, 1986. On the Election Day, National Citizens' Movement for Free Elections
(NAMFREL) guarded the ballot boxes while the Board of Election Inspector (BEI) administered

each precinct wherein they were tasked to overlook the voting and to prevent irregularities. The

result tabulated by the Commission on Elections declared Marcos as the winner together with the

Batasang Pambansa. The NAMFREL’s tally, however, showed Aquino in the lead with half a

million lead or almost 70% of the votes canvassed. This resulted sharp reactions and criticisms

from both local and foreign countries believing that it was a rampant cheating and an electoral

fraud. The Catholic Church represented by the Archbishop Jaime Cardinal Sin along with priests

and nuns, they led the half a million people who believed on restoring the democracy throughout

the country. The Radio Veritas aired the message of Cardinal Sin and summoned the people to

EDSA to support Cory’s fight. On the following days, hundreds of thousand massed in EDSA,

calling for the ouster of the former President and the boycott of their regime. Aquino flew back

to Manila after learning about the defection of Marcos to takeover of the government. After the

three days peaceful uprising, she sworn in as the 11th President of the Philippines

Knowing that Martial Law and the administration of former President, Ferdinand Marcos,

was said to be the time that many abuses occur most especially in power, authority, rights, and

brutality in which a lot of people suffered. Her husband, Ninoy Aquino, and Cory Aquino herself

stood against them and fight for the Filipinos’ rights. Though Ninoy Aquino died, there was still

a woman who continued what he was fighting for. She led the Revolution and ran as a candidate

of presidency against Ferdinand Marcos. Aquino won and elected as the new President of

Philippines after the long run of President Marcos serving the country for 20-21 years.

Due to what Cory Aquino has shown and had done during the term of Marcos, she was

called as the "Icon of Democracy" or "The Face of Democracy.” She reinstated the system of
government from dictatorship to democracy and also focused on rebuilding the nation.

According to a part of her speech:

"My first duty is to protect the state and yes, to protect democracy, even from those who

would abuse its highest guarantee in order to destroy it.”(Aquino, 1991)

In this saying, it proved that her goal was to protect the democracy that people were

experiencing in which she would not allow anyone to destroy what she rebuild.

With her lack of experiences in politics, a lot of criticism were outflowing to her. She did

not let it defeat her rather she focused on reassembling the democracy after a hellish

administration that contained a lot of bad sayings about the past administration before her. For

communist rebel, she did so many peace talks with them stating her belief that there is no need

for a gun, believing that they don’t need to go under war but rather just to talk. She was also

more on making the image of government to Filipinos to change and make the people to start

trusting the government again since the last regime had an unpleasant relationship between the

people and the government itself.

In other words, with the power trusted to Cory Aquino and the strength to rule the

country after the reigning of the dictator Marcos, she tried to rebuild the democracy that Filipinos

already have before. Aquino brought back the power for the people to choose the most deserving

leader to handle the job and obligations. She governed the country for six years even though a lot

of people still want her for reelection and become the president again. However, Aquino declined

the requests for her and wanted to set an example to both citizens and politicians that the

presidency was not a lifetime position. Though she was criticized as unexperienced president,

there is no doubt, that she was really the “Face of Democracy” here in the Philippines because of

what she did for the country.

Cory Aquino became active and outspoken in various political demonstrations and

protest against the Marcos regime after the assassination of her husband. She began to take the

leadership left by her husband Ninoy and started to become the front man of the anti-Marcos

political opposition. During the campaign period, Aquino, together with his running-mate

Salvador Laurel, has her own agenda that if ever she wins the Presidential election, she will run a

government that would be exactly opposite of the Marcos' administration. The Aquino-Laurel

campaign was believed to center around the principle of morality in leadership.

After she won the Presidency, Aquino held her inauguration speech where she simply

stated her motives to rebuild the country by the means of uniting strength of the Filipino similar

to the way how they overturn the tyranny and shattered the dictatorship. Her objectives also

include restoring the protection and fulfillment of the lost rights and liberties of the people. Half

a year after her proclamation for Presidency, she delivered a historic speech to the United States

Congress seeking a help to the America for the preservation of freedom for the country. From the

Official Gazette, Aquino's administration wanted to give a strong emphasis and concern for

human rights and civil liberties. As her main goal to bring back the democracy and freedom to

the nation, Cory said:

“We have swept away absolute power by a limited revolution that respected the life and

freedom of every Filipino. Now, we are restoring full constitutional government. Again, as we

restored democracy by the ways of democracy, so are we completing the Constitutional

structures of our new democracy under a constitution that already gives full respect to the Bill of

Rights.” (Aquino, 1986)

insurgency through political initiatives and local reintegration programs as she believed that they

were a threat to young soldiers and to the new freedom. On the economic instability of the

country, she decided that the Philippines would take the $26 billion foreign debt incurred during

Marcos' time because since we fought for honor, we should also honor it even if it did not have a

benefit for the nation.

Aquino wanted to focus not only in bringing back the old system of government but also

to solve the political problems, social injustices, and economic difficulties that needed to be

fixed. When she already achieved the restoration of democracy, it became her key on preserving

what was lost from the people. It became her instrument to implement new laws and projects that

would benefit most of the Filipino. She wanted to tell the people that the newly established of the

New Republic has the objective of rising the Filipino citizens from being deprived of their

freedom, rights, and liberties by giving them back the democracy that the people were begging

for.

Contributions

Political

As her goal to rebuild the government, she planned to have a big change in order for it to

attain. Some of her political contributions as a president are the following:

 Creating New Constitution

One of the acts done by Cory Aquino while she was in term was that creation of a new

constitution in which it value the lives of each Filipino and treating them as human and

respecting their rights which is not applicable to the term of Marcos Administration.
  Freedom to Choose

She gave people the freedom to choose from electing government officials. Through this,

the people will have the chance to elect who they think should run for the position. Though there

were issues about having irregularities, the government make sure for the election to be

successful with the help of the COMELEC to ensure the credibility, honest, and fair election

until now.

 Freedom of Expression

During the Martial Law, the freedom of expression was deprived from the citizens. This

was one of the rights restored by Aquino. Newspaper writers, journalist, newscasters, and anyone

related to the field was given their freedom to speak for what they believe.

 Office of Peace Commission

The OPC’s main task is to solve problems by ways of non-military action and violence. It

aims to do peace talks to solve problems most especially for those arising a war which is

prevented by the administration itself.

 Go-NGO Partnership

Through this, the NGOs have involvement to the programs of the government. In the

past administration, the NGOs became less participative in the programs of the government.

NGOs were considered enemy during that time because of their acts that have been taken by the

Marcos administration as acts of rebellion. But when Aquino became the president, the

administration gave way for them to have a connection with the government. The Go-NGO

partnership contributed a lot in terms of programs and considered a great contribution until now.

The contributions of Cory Aquino maybe created long time ago but they are still

beneficial until now. The Constitution which until now protect the people in any harm. The right
to choose of officials is still being protected and used until now for electing the right person to

run the government based on the voters’ belief. The freedom of expression is currently used not

only newscasters, journalist, and writers but also for everyone most especially in social media,

debates, rallies, and etc. which let themselves to express, stand, and prove what they believe in.

The OPC in which proves that violence is not the key in solving issues. The Go-NGO

Partnership still build more projects and programs to the country. These stated facts are proofs

that we may say the she is not the best President. Though it proves that she is more than

democracy and she is more than what everyone knows about her. The mindset of the people have

when they hear the name of Corazon Aquino that she is just “known for People Power” is not

true. It is because the lack of information and time of the Filipino to know more about Cory

Aquino that is why she is just remembered by the People Power Revolution, but in reality she is

more than what she did in the EDSA uprising.

Social

This is one and known social contributions of President Corazon Aquino during her term,

The Family Code.

The Family Code is more on about how do people should define a family. It answers

questions like “What is within a family? What are the rights of each member of the family? What

are the roles of each?” It also includes family planning and the rights of the child in the family. It

also talks about what happens when a family will take certain circumstances and etc.

Though having a family is mostly enjoying and happy to most of the people, the idea of

having it broken should not be forgotten. Until now, there are families that are working and some

of them are unemployed. But that is the purpose of the Family Code made by Aquino herself.
Family planning is really important. Without proper family planning, sometimes it goes to legal

separation. The Family Code gives solution to until now, a lot of family is experiencing. The

impact of Family Code is actually great if a lot people will read this before making up their own

family. Those who are planning to make a family should know the role of each part inside and

outside of it. Though it focuses more in small portion compare to her plans in the government, it

still prove that Aquino is more than the face of democracy because when a political leader wants

to fix the bigger component which is the government, he or she should start first in fixing the

smallest unit of the society which is the family. And the Code made by Cory Aquino proved that.

Education

According to her speech held at the Philippine Normal College last March 31, 1987,

Aquino said giving education that deserves in a free nation was also on one of her priorities

when she ran for Presidency. She believed that learning is the way for us to become free: Free

from the poverty and oppression imposed by ignorance, free to be all we can be as a gifted and

daring people. She addressed the teachers training in for elementary and secondary schools that

their work is foundational and therefore can affect the future of a child – also to our nation.

Aquino said;

“I want that foundation solidly built, well grounded in the basics of education: reading,

writing and mathematics – in the two languages of our country, English and Pilipino. These are

the basic skills that liberate the tremendous potential of the average Filipino child – to contribute

as an adult to the liberation of the country from underdevelopment; and to his own liberation

from poverty.” (Aquino, 1987)

education, inequality in access to books, classrooms, and subsidies. To further enhance and

improve the educational performance in the country, Aquino's administration developed policies

and programs to increase the access to education for the students and out-of-school youth. The

contributions of Aquino on the education are as follows:

 From the 1987 Constitutional, it includes the provisions for education entitled "Article

XIV: Education, Science and Technology, Arts, Culture, and Sports." It states the

protection and promotion of all the citizens' rights to quality education and to make such

education accessible to all.

 The National Committee on Education for All launched the Philippine Plan of Action for

Education for All (EFA) that has the objective to set education efforts on a revolutionary

course by forming a grand alliance among all the sectors.

 Government organizations such as National Manpower and Youth Council (NMYC),

Department of Labor and Employment (DOLE), and Department of Education, Culture,

and Sports (DECS) continued to provide education and learning opportunities for out-of-

school youth, unemployed, and underemployed adults with their programs. (“The Aquino

Management of the Presidency”, 1992)

 Other region-specific projects were the mobile schools and "Magbasa Kita" that gave

educational services and reached out to the needs of the nomadic tribes.

These are just some of the programs and projects accomplished by Aquino that until now,

they are still operating and helping the educational needs of the children and youth. She was also

aware of the educational needs of the Filipino children especially of those who live in the poor
sector that have no enough money to study. Even for undergraduate adults, her administration

made training programs for them to learn and work at the same time. Her contributions on

education helped to make a change for the youth to continue being able to acquire more

knowledge and skills for the future of our nation.

Economy

After the dictatorship of former president, Ferdinand Marcos, Corazon Aquino took over

the presidency with a title “The First Lady President of the Philippines”. According to

countrystudies.us (n.d.), Aquino entered the presidency with a mandate to undertake a new

direction in economic policy. At first, the cabinet members were individuals from across the

political spectrum, but after some time, it became increasingly homogeneous, particularly with

focus on the economical perspective. Foreign policy was reflected focusing on attracting foreign

loans. The president quoted in her 1989 State of the Nation Address, “The poor had not benefited

from the economic recovery that had taken place since 1986. The gap between the rich and the

poor had widened, and the proportion of malnourished pre-school children had grown.”

Financial experts from the National Economic and Development Authority (NEDA),

guaranteed that monetary recuperation would be troublesome, if certainly feasible, to accomplish

in a brief time frame. The Philippines was in $26 billion outside obligation at the time Aquino

took office making it a standout amongst the most vexatious issues in her organization. The

president rejected disavowal; as the Philippines would respect every outside obligation. NEDA

financial specialists contended that wide based spending increments were important to get the

economy moving once more. Getting this goal required redistribution of riches descending

through land change. Aquino's crusade guarantees gave out elevated standards that an important
program would be executed. Under the 1987 constitution, Aquino had the ability to declare

substantive land change program. She decided to just give an expansive system until the last

minute before making the declaration. The after effect of this was the sanctioning of a frail,

escape clause ridden bit of enactment.

A pivot was acquired in 1986 as the financial development was low at 1.9% at that point

moved to 5.9% and 6.7% for the following two years separately. Amid 1986 and 1987,

utilization drove the development procedure, however speculation started to increment. As

referred by Hays (2015), the Aquino Administration had all the earmarks of being not able work

with the congress to conquer the nation's monetary troubles. Jesus Estanislao, Secretary of

Finance, presented a bundle of new duty measures. Aquino consented to look for a decrease in

the spending hole without new expenses. It was asserted that Aquino and her consultants had no

monetary arrangement, then again, the congress was said to be reluctant to work with the

president. The Congress chose under the 1987 Constitution demonstrated that only 31 out of 200

individuals from the House of Representatives were not recently chosen authorities. As the

nation entered the 1990s, an urgent inquiry for the economy was either the world class would

confine its political exercises for monetary favorable position or would produce its financial and

political interests that would make a dynamic economy.

Based from the sources that the researchers have gathered, Aquino’s contribution in the

economy of the Philippines was low. Increasing only 4.8% from 1.9% for two years in financial

development. Though this change in the economy, her contributions are far more than expected

based on her democratic acts. Her objective for the Filipinos to grow from poor made her more

than just a face of democracy doing everything in her power to help the people in need to make

the Philippines alive again.

When it comes to disease control, the Aquino administration have expanded and gave better

services. There were innovations that happened such as introducing the Multi-Drug Therapy

(MDT). And with the adoption of the Short-Course Chemotherapy (SCC) for tuberculosis (TB)

The Aquino’s administration brought medical innovations by introducing MDT, SCC. Their aim

is to provide medical services that could be the cure to the illness that most Filipinos are

suffering from. MDT aims to cure the controlling disease that mainly affects the skin, peripheral

nerves, mucosal surfaces of the upper respiratory tract and eyes then as for SCC it stands for

short-course therapy that aims too to have 6-months treatment regimen for patients with

tuberculosis. Having medical drug therapy and short-course chemotherapy could help Filipinos

in need of immediate treatment before it gets worse.

The administration formulated the Philippine National Drug Policy, and allowed the

passage of the Generics Act. The PNDP that the administration has come up with mainly wants

to ensure the safety of the consumers and physicians by having all the right information for

consumers to know what they're are safe plus it guarantees that generic prescription and

dispensing the proper things customers must know and it is located in the inside and outside for a

quick background where people would already see the details if the prescribed medical drug is

the correct one for them.

Failures and Unfulfilled Promises of Cory Aquino as a President

Most of the Filipino people take the EDSA People Power Revolution as an achievement

of the nation who decided to unite and put an end to dictatorship but also with amid high
expectations that Aquino would be able to right all of the wrong in the Philippine government.

Much criticism came her way after February 1986 as she responded to the difficult task in

leading the country. Unfortunately, just like the other leader, Aquino also had some unfulfilled

promises and failures to complete the task that the people expected her to do.

 Justice System

Political analyst Ramon Casiple said that among several compromises, the Cory

Aquino’s administration also failed miserably in prosecuting the human rights violators

that victimized thousands of Filipinos. He noted that under the revolutionary government,

Aquino could have done anything without legal impediment in order for the Filipinos to

attain justice, but she did not. He argued, “What was supposedly People Power became a

mere battle of the elite groups and the set up in the past 30 years was basically what we

call the ‘Elite Democracy’ wherein you have the anti-Marcos and the Marcos elite.” The

limitation of Aquino’s elite democracy was showcased in the failure of the Aquino

Government to dispense justice even in the case of the assassination of her own husband,

former Senator Ninoy Aquino; the assassination of labor leader Rolando Olalia and his

driver 32 years ago; the assassination of a well-known anti-dictatorship activist and a

student leader Lean Alejandro; the massacre of farmers at Mendiola within a year after

the EDSA uprising.

 Mendiola Massacre

During the start of Aquino’s term, the Constitutional Commission approved

Section 21 under Article II, which states that “The State shall promote comprehensive

rural development and agrarian reform.” leading to the drafting of Comprehensive

Agrarian Reform Program (CARP). The farmers pushed to the new government
 amendments in the agrarian law. However, their representatives were told to wait for the

finalization of the new Philippine Constitution and the new Congress, which made the

farmers suspicious of this indecisiveness. Aquino's Executive Order No. 229 failed to

address the root of agrarian problems of the country, disappointing the farmers and

causing them to protest against the administration. On January 22, 1987, a militant’s

farmers’ group led by Jaime Tadeo composing of thousands of farmers and peasants

marched toward Malacañang to bring their demands about the genuine agrarian reform

from Aquino government. An otherwise peaceful mobilization on Mendiola, Manila were

instead met by government forces turned into a bloody dispersal that took the lives of 13

farmers.

 Refusal to give Hacienda Luisita to the Farmers

In 1986, Cory Aquino promised that the Hacienda Luisita will be distributed to

the farmers. But in 1987, she issued Presidential Proclamation 131 and Executive Order

No. 229, which allows landowners to comply with Land Reform Law without giving land

to the farmers. Hacienda Luisita took this option and was not distributed to the farmers.

 Black Outs

Aquino's Presidency sometimes also failed to provide even the most basic

services, including garbage collection and electricity in Manila. The city experienced

blackouts of 7 to 12 hours that brought numerous businesses were a halt and as associated

to El Niño. By the end of Aquino’s term in June 1992, businesses in Manila and nearby

provinces have lost nearly $800 million since March 1992. It was only during the time of

Pres. Fidel Ramos that the government solved the severe power outages.
 Natural Disasters

During her reign, Aquino faced a lot of natural disasters and calamities. A series

of flashfloods struck the northern regions of Luzon resulted to the deaths of 36 persons

when Typhoon Miding went slowly in August 1986 that lasted for 21 days. In November

1987, Supertyphoon Sisang hit the Luzon killing almost 1,036 people and destroying

farms and coastal villages, turning as the deadliest super typhoon of the 20th century. A

series of air disasters also happened the same year when Philippine Airlines PR 206

crashed into a mountain in Benguet killing 50 passengers on board. Among the largest

volcanic eruption occurred in the country was the 1991 eruption of Mount Pinatubo

killing around 300 people and causing long-term devastation of agricultural lands in

Central Luzon. These natural disasters had shown the inability of Aquino’s government

to cope with a crisis. Not only because their relief services was stagnant, but she was

further embarrassed when military troops from Clark Air Base and the Subic Bay Naval

Station, the two major American bases in the Philippines, arrived on the affected areas

first, accentuating her dependence on the United States.

As a President, having a failures and mistakes on handling a country with

abundance of issues and problems are ineluctable. She handled her job with shrewdness,

wit, faith, and not by violence and iron hand. Aquino may have failed to do some of her

duties in serving the nation, but it still cannot outstand her contributions and

accomplishments for reconstructing the Philippines.

As they say, Cory was mainly responsible for regaining democracy after the 20-year

Marcos dictatorship. Many Filipino loved her for coming into their lives when the nation was

deep in turmoil, confusion, and hopelessness brought about by the authoritarian government.

Furthermore, she was more recognized as the “Face of Democracy” due to the EDSA uprising.

The peaceful and calmness-under-pressure manner by which Aquino came into power drew

international acclaim and admiration not only for her but for the Filipino people as well. But just

like other government leaders, it is inevitable to have criticisms, judgments, and condemnation

about her character and the administration. For many Filipinos, President Aquino's legacy is

recognized both as a good and bad in the history of the Philippine government.

“Nothing has changed during her term” – a refrain people often say in towns and villages.

Criticisms about her mostly sound sorrowful than angry, and disappointed rather than

antagonistic. A noted commentator, Luis Beltran said ''She is sincere, moral and honest, but the

presidency is obviously beyond her, beyond her capabilities, beyond her experience.'' Until now,

she is still criticized as an ineffectual, feeble leader, and having an indecisive style of

government.

While Aquino's incumbency marked more by problems than progress, her

accomplishments should not be underestimated. Big or small accomplishments, she also had a

contributions for rebuilding the country. Today, the Philippines enjoys a bicameral Congress, an

independent judiciary, a free press, and a new constitution. The democratic foundation she has

built continues to be used until now as a platform for further economic growth and social change.
Many of the nation’s problems confronted by Aquino were already inherited – widespread

poverty, wage inequalities, communist insurgency, and many more.

Despite of the nation’s ills and the pressure from the people’s expectation put on her, she

was unwavering in her belief that she can change the country for the better. She was an

instrument to become the face of the opposition, against a regime that had been trampling on

human rights for two decades. Her honors and praises were numerous – the first woman

president of the country, a Magsaysay awardee, Time’s Woman of the Year, but Aquino should

also be remembered not only from the hope that she offered and her noble fight to restore the

democracy but also from the jobs and duties that she had fulfilled which most of us have not

recognized

Significance of the Study

The study wants to help readers to further understand the impact of President Cory

Aquino to the Philippines and to understand the true image of her both as a person being the Face

of Democracy and as a President of the Philippines. The researchers want to know if the winning

of Cory Aquino for presidency made a big change for the country or if she was just an

inexperienced president who ran a country without doing things that will make the country grow.

It also tackles about her accomplishments and contributions to the country beyond the events

during the People Power Revolution.

This can be beneficial for Filipino people especially for political analysts to also

formulate their own inquiry about the Aquino administration if they really made a big change for

the country. It can create further arguments and make their own judgements referring to the said

topic. For students, they will be aware of what really happened during Aquino’s time as
President of the Philippines. The teachers will have a deeper understanding of the administration

of Cory Aquino in a way that they could analyze and have some more conclusions as to what the

late president has really been before and after the EDSA uprising.

This can also serve as a basis for the future administrations. Political leaders may also

know what other problems of the Philippines that remains to be done. This may help them have

an examination about the leadership of Aquino to create their own agenda and to improve their

style of leading the country. Lastly, the proposed study can also serve as a guide to help the

future researchers who will be researching on the same topic.

Primary Sources:

Documents

Aquino, C. C. (1987). “Speeches of President Corazon C. Aquino : January 16 – March 31,

1987.” (Manila : Office of the President of the Philippines)

Aquino, C. C. (1989). “Speeches of President Corazon C. Aquino : August – December 1989.”

(Manila: Office of the President of the Philippines)

Video Recording

Aquino, C. C.(1991). President Cory Aquino Before the US Congress. Retrieved from:

https://youtu.be/4ZnnvbKyNCQ.

Secondary Sources:

Thesis

Encarnacion, R.(1991). The Political, Educational and Religious Philosophies of President

Corazon C. Aquino as Reflected in Her Speeches (M.A. Education Management, Thesis). San

Nicolas College, Surigao City.

Websites
(1986, Sept. 18). Speech of Her Excellency Corazon C. Aquino President of the Philippines

During the Joint Session of the United States Congress. Retrieved from

https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/1986/09/18/speech-of-president-corazon-aquino-during-the-

joint-session-of-the-u-s-congress-september-18-1986/?

fbclid=IwAR01lWUekZdqxlfRcw5GSMn4M7ZqDR3loB5PPsXovvVydcq3r8IvPr-t2f8

(1992, June). The AQUINO MANAGEMENT Of The PRESIDENCY. Retrieved from

http://malacanang.gov.ph/wp-content/uploads/ThePresidentReport.pdf

(2009, July 31). Cory Aquino: Natural and Man-Made Disasters. Retrieved from

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